This document summarizes a study on mitigating sideband noise interference in a co-located network involving CDMA2000 and WCDMA systems. Measurements were taken at a co-located site and an unco-located site. At the co-located site, the CDMA2000 transmitter signal was found to degrade the WCDMA receiver's sensitivity by 1.01 dB and reduce its minimum demodulation C/I ratio by 2.01 dB (a 30% degradation). To address this, the study proposes applying a Butterworth band pass filter to attenuate interfering signals by at least 52 dB as required to prevent degradation of the WCDMA network's performance.
BBPF Technique for Transmitter Noise Reduction in a Site-Shared Wireless Netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
The document discusses transmitter noise reduction in a site-shared wireless network using CDMA2000 and WCDMA networks. It introduces using a digital Butterworth band pass filter (BBPF) technique to attenuate transmitter noise from the CDMA2000 downlink frequency affecting the WCDMA uplink frequency. Measurements showed the CDMA2000 downlink overlapping the WCDMA uplink band by 20MHz, interfering in a co-located setting. The BBPF achieved 52dB rejection at a 5MHz guard band offset, attenuating undesired signals. Noise cancellation performance criteria evaluated the BBPF, obtaining low amplitude imbalance, phase error and time delay mismatch within specifications.
Coverage and Capacity Performance Degradation on a Co-Located Network Involvi...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract—Coverage and capacity performance in a cellular network determines the system potentials. If the coverage radius is limited, end users suffer poor service quality, if the system capacity reduces, fewer subscribers will be accommodated. This paper investigated the performance effects of the noise rise caused by the spurious emission from a co-located jammer involving downlink frequency of CDMA2000 and uplink frequency of WCDMA operating at 1.9GHz. Measurements were carried out to evaluate the impact on the coverage radius and the system capacity.
IRJET - Comparative Study of Rural Macrocell (RMA) and Urban Macrocell (U...IRJET Journal
This document provides a comparative study of rural macrocell (RMa) and urban macrocell (UMa) propagations for millimeter wave 5G cellular networks. It analyzes the performance of RMa and UMa based on their power delay profiles (PDP) for specific frequencies between 16-82 GHz. The study is done for line of sight communication. Simulations are performed using the NYUSIM software which uses MATLAB. Parameters like pathloss, pathloss exponent, and received power are used to measure performance. The results show characteristic curves for each frequency band in both RMa and UMa propagations. The outcomes are compared to determine the most effective frequency bands for 5G cellular communication based on propagation type.
Higher order mode dielectric resonator antenna excited using microstrip linejournalBEEI
In this paper, the square-shaped dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) operating on higher order (푇퐸훿13) mode for the fifth generation (5G) communication applications is presented. The proposed DR antenna is excited by using a microstrip feed line and designed at the operating frequency of 28 GHz. The Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 material having a thickness of 0.254mm and a dielectric constant of 2.2 is used for the substrate. The commercial CST microwave studio (CST MWS) is used for the optimization and simulation of the antenna design. The reflection coefficient, antenna gain, radiation efficiency, VSWR and radiation pattern are studied. A -10dB bandwidth of 4.6% (1.3 GHz) for VSWR<2 with a gain of 5 dBi and radiation efficiency of 89%. The proposed antenna design is suitable for future 5G wireless communication applications.
K Coverage Probability of 5G Wireless Cognitive Radio Network under Shadow Fa...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings,foliage and terrain.Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters.Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations,so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean.The present section deals with the performance analysis of fifth generation wireless cognitive radio network on the basis of signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
Massive MIMO-Based 5G Networks: Energy Harvesting Base Stations with Minimum ...IJASRD Journal
The degree of CSI available to Transmitter and Receiver is influenced by the capacity of MIMO (Multiple Input and Multiple Output). The maximizing Energy Efficiency (EE) is to optimum transmission strategy for multiple user Massive MIMO system are to be optimized in radio frequency energy harvesting network. The grid energy permits requite for the changeability and intermittent the harvest energy. Hence, the quality of service constraint has to been solved under the problem of power grid expenditure reduction. In hybrid Massive MIMO system focuses on Energy efficient maximization where Massive MIMO employs where there are two other promising 5G technologies: assorted networks and millimeter wave. For achieving larger Energy Efficiency gains multiple opportunities open up than with conservative Massive MIMO systems. A sarcastic psychoanalysis of the Energy Efficient development approach considering combination Massive MIMO scheme permits as to verify various open research tribulation it will immensely help users in using energy-efficient 5G deployments.
The effects of rain fade on millimetre wave channel in tropical climatejournalBEEI
The main objective of this paper to determine multipath and time-varying channel behaviour of short-terrestrial millimetre-wave point-to-point radio links. In an attempt to invigorate the impact of rain attenuation on mm-wave channel parameters such as the RMS delay spread, path loss received power strength and Rician distribution with a K factor. A brief analysis of rain fading was presented based on the simultaneous measurement of one-minute rain rate and its effects on a short experimental link of 38 GHz. Rain fade average is observed as high as 16 dB for 300 m path at about 125 mm/hr rain intensity. The statistical spatial channel mode (SSCM) simulation software was utilized for an operating frequency of 38 GHz. To generate of power delay profile (PDP). For both omnidirectional and directional antenna. The RMS delay spread and path loss has been estimated using the environmental parameters of Kuala Lumpur city which illustrates the theoretical performances of 5G in Malaysia. It is observed that RMS delay spread, path loss received power strength and K factor effected dramatically by rain fade. (SSCM) simulation software has to be modified to consider rain fade dynamic characteristics to achieve ultra-reliability requirements of outdoor applications in the tropical regions. This study is important for understanding signal propagation phenomena in short distance and enabling the utilization of the millimetre wave band for an urban micro-cellular environment for 5G communication system.
Radio field strength propagation data and pathloss calculation methods in umt...Alexander Decker
This document discusses radio signal path loss prediction methods for UMTS networks. It conducted field measurements of signal strength in a UMTS network in Benin City, Nigeria to collect propagation data. It then used this data to calculate path loss and compared the results to several existing path loss prediction models, finding that the Okumura-Hata model provided the closest predictions for the environment studied, showing its suitability for path loss analysis in UMTS networks in urban areas.
BBPF Technique for Transmitter Noise Reduction in a Site-Shared Wireless Netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
The document discusses transmitter noise reduction in a site-shared wireless network using CDMA2000 and WCDMA networks. It introduces using a digital Butterworth band pass filter (BBPF) technique to attenuate transmitter noise from the CDMA2000 downlink frequency affecting the WCDMA uplink frequency. Measurements showed the CDMA2000 downlink overlapping the WCDMA uplink band by 20MHz, interfering in a co-located setting. The BBPF achieved 52dB rejection at a 5MHz guard band offset, attenuating undesired signals. Noise cancellation performance criteria evaluated the BBPF, obtaining low amplitude imbalance, phase error and time delay mismatch within specifications.
Coverage and Capacity Performance Degradation on a Co-Located Network Involvi...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract—Coverage and capacity performance in a cellular network determines the system potentials. If the coverage radius is limited, end users suffer poor service quality, if the system capacity reduces, fewer subscribers will be accommodated. This paper investigated the performance effects of the noise rise caused by the spurious emission from a co-located jammer involving downlink frequency of CDMA2000 and uplink frequency of WCDMA operating at 1.9GHz. Measurements were carried out to evaluate the impact on the coverage radius and the system capacity.
IRJET - Comparative Study of Rural Macrocell (RMA) and Urban Macrocell (U...IRJET Journal
This document provides a comparative study of rural macrocell (RMa) and urban macrocell (UMa) propagations for millimeter wave 5G cellular networks. It analyzes the performance of RMa and UMa based on their power delay profiles (PDP) for specific frequencies between 16-82 GHz. The study is done for line of sight communication. Simulations are performed using the NYUSIM software which uses MATLAB. Parameters like pathloss, pathloss exponent, and received power are used to measure performance. The results show characteristic curves for each frequency band in both RMa and UMa propagations. The outcomes are compared to determine the most effective frequency bands for 5G cellular communication based on propagation type.
Higher order mode dielectric resonator antenna excited using microstrip linejournalBEEI
In this paper, the square-shaped dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) operating on higher order (푇퐸훿13) mode for the fifth generation (5G) communication applications is presented. The proposed DR antenna is excited by using a microstrip feed line and designed at the operating frequency of 28 GHz. The Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 material having a thickness of 0.254mm and a dielectric constant of 2.2 is used for the substrate. The commercial CST microwave studio (CST MWS) is used for the optimization and simulation of the antenna design. The reflection coefficient, antenna gain, radiation efficiency, VSWR and radiation pattern are studied. A -10dB bandwidth of 4.6% (1.3 GHz) for VSWR<2 with a gain of 5 dBi and radiation efficiency of 89%. The proposed antenna design is suitable for future 5G wireless communication applications.
K Coverage Probability of 5G Wireless Cognitive Radio Network under Shadow Fa...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings,foliage and terrain.Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters.Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations,so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean.The present section deals with the performance analysis of fifth generation wireless cognitive radio network on the basis of signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
Massive MIMO-Based 5G Networks: Energy Harvesting Base Stations with Minimum ...IJASRD Journal
The degree of CSI available to Transmitter and Receiver is influenced by the capacity of MIMO (Multiple Input and Multiple Output). The maximizing Energy Efficiency (EE) is to optimum transmission strategy for multiple user Massive MIMO system are to be optimized in radio frequency energy harvesting network. The grid energy permits requite for the changeability and intermittent the harvest energy. Hence, the quality of service constraint has to been solved under the problem of power grid expenditure reduction. In hybrid Massive MIMO system focuses on Energy efficient maximization where Massive MIMO employs where there are two other promising 5G technologies: assorted networks and millimeter wave. For achieving larger Energy Efficiency gains multiple opportunities open up than with conservative Massive MIMO systems. A sarcastic psychoanalysis of the Energy Efficient development approach considering combination Massive MIMO scheme permits as to verify various open research tribulation it will immensely help users in using energy-efficient 5G deployments.
The effects of rain fade on millimetre wave channel in tropical climatejournalBEEI
The main objective of this paper to determine multipath and time-varying channel behaviour of short-terrestrial millimetre-wave point-to-point radio links. In an attempt to invigorate the impact of rain attenuation on mm-wave channel parameters such as the RMS delay spread, path loss received power strength and Rician distribution with a K factor. A brief analysis of rain fading was presented based on the simultaneous measurement of one-minute rain rate and its effects on a short experimental link of 38 GHz. Rain fade average is observed as high as 16 dB for 300 m path at about 125 mm/hr rain intensity. The statistical spatial channel mode (SSCM) simulation software was utilized for an operating frequency of 38 GHz. To generate of power delay profile (PDP). For both omnidirectional and directional antenna. The RMS delay spread and path loss has been estimated using the environmental parameters of Kuala Lumpur city which illustrates the theoretical performances of 5G in Malaysia. It is observed that RMS delay spread, path loss received power strength and K factor effected dramatically by rain fade. (SSCM) simulation software has to be modified to consider rain fade dynamic characteristics to achieve ultra-reliability requirements of outdoor applications in the tropical regions. This study is important for understanding signal propagation phenomena in short distance and enabling the utilization of the millimetre wave band for an urban micro-cellular environment for 5G communication system.
Radio field strength propagation data and pathloss calculation methods in umt...Alexander Decker
This document discusses radio signal path loss prediction methods for UMTS networks. It conducted field measurements of signal strength in a UMTS network in Benin City, Nigeria to collect propagation data. It then used this data to calculate path loss and compared the results to several existing path loss prediction models, finding that the Okumura-Hata model provided the closest predictions for the environment studied, showing its suitability for path loss analysis in UMTS networks in urban areas.
This document discusses various topics related to wireless communication including:
1. The electromagnetic spectrum and different frequency ranges including radio, microwave, infrared, visible light, UV rays, X-rays, and gamma rays.
2. Antenna basics and properties of EM waves such as carrying energy and momentum, propagating through oscillating electric and magnetic fields, and traveling at the speed of light.
3. Examples of radio communication services including AM/FM, walkie-talkies, GSM, WiFi, satellites, and wireless local loop technologies.
4. Multiple access techniques for wireless networks such as TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA are discussed along with CDMA evolution and differences between GSM
Substrate integrate waveguide and microstrip antennas at 28 GHzjournalBEEI
In this paper, two antennas are designed using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and microstrip technology at 28 GHz. Parametric study for both antennas is presented to demonstrate the performance at millimeter wave frequency for wireless communication network (5G application). Roger RT5880 substrates with permittivity 2.2 and loss tangent 0.0009 are used to implement the antennas with two thicknesses of 0.508 mm and 0.127 mm respectively. Both antennas have the same size of substrate 12x12 mm with a full ground plane was used. Structures designs have been done by using computer simulation technology (CST). The simulation results showed that the antenna with SIW and roger RT 5880 substrate thickness 0.508 has better performance in term of return loss and radiation pattern than the microstrip patch antenna at 28 GHz. A return loss more than -10 dB and the gain are 6.4 dB obtained with wide bandwidth range of (27.4-28.7) GHz. This proving to increase the realized gain by implementing SIW at millimeter wave band for 5G application network.
Propagation Path Loss Modeling and Outdoor Coverage Measurements Review in Mi...IJECEIAES
The global bandwidth inadequacy facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks, and mmWave band is one of the promising candidates due to wide spectrum. This paper presents propagation path loss and outdoor coverage and link budget measurements for frequencies above 6 GHz (mm-wave bands) using directional horn antennas at the transmitter and omnidirectional antennas at the receiver. This work presents measurements showing the propagation time delay spread and path loss as a function of separation distance for different frequencies and antenna pointing angles for many types of real-world environments. The data presented here show that at 28 GHz, 38 GHz and 60 GHz, unobstructed Line of Site (LOS) channels obey free space propagation path loss while non-LOS (NLOS) channels have large multipath delay spreads and can utilize many different pointing angles to provide propagation links. At 60 GHz, there is more path loss and smaller delay spreads. Power delay profiles PDPs were measured at every individual pointing angle for each TX and RX location, and integrating each of the PDPs to obtain received power as a function of pointing angle. The result shows that the mean RMS delay spread varies between 7.2 ns and 74.4 ns for 60 GHz and 28 GHz respectively in NLOS scenario.
Design of substrate integrated waveguide withMinkowski-Sierpinski fractal ant...journalBEEI
This paper presents a new design of patch antenna using Minkowski-Sierpinski fractal technique with substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) to resonate at 60 GHz. The antenna is proposed to be used for wireless body area network applications (WBAN). The proposed antenna is implemented using Rogers 5880 substrate with permittivity of (εr) of 2.2 and loss tangent is 0.0004, height of the substrate is 0.381 mm. Computer simulation technology-Microwave Studio (CST-MW) is used to simulate the proposed antenna. The simulated results show a wide bandwidth of 3.5 GHz between the ranges of (58.3-61.7) GHz, with a good return loss of more than -10 dB. A simulated gain of 7.9 dB is achieved with a linear antenna efficiency of 91%. This proposed antenna is used to improve the quality of radiation pattern, bandwidth, and gain at millimetre wave (mm-Wave) band for WBAN applications.
Millimeter wave technology enables 5G communication by utilizing spectrum in the 30-300 GHz range. It allows for significantly wider channel bandwidths than 4G. Issues include high propagation losses that can be mitigated by beamforming and network densification. Initial 5G deployments may use a hybrid system with millimeter wave for high-speed data and 4G for control to address challenges like device power constraints. Narrow beams reduce interference but make initial access difficult, requiring techniques like MIMO. Building penetration is limited at millimeter wave frequencies.
An overview of Massive MIMO technology and it's scope for the next generations of wireless communications. Presented at a seminar in Ulm University in the department of Communications Engineering.
This document provides an overview of massive MIMO technology in 5G networks. It begins with an introduction to 5G and a literature review. It then discusses 5G technology, including spectrum deployment, features, architecture and challenges. It also covers MIMO in 4G LTE networks. The main topic of massive MIMO in 5G is then explained, including its construction, operation modes, limitations and the issue of pilot contamination. Applications and the scope of massive MIMO are discussed before concluding with a summary of the key points.
IRJET- Microstrip Coupled Band Pass Filter for the Application in Communicati...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a microstrip coupled band pass filter for communication systems. It begins with an introduction to filters and microwave frequencies used in communication. It then discusses the design of the proposed three-layer microstrip filter operating at 8.1 GHz. Simulation results showing S-parameters, impedance, VSWR, and effective medium parameters are presented. The filter provides good stop band rejection and impulse response. In conclusion, the compact novel filter design is suitable for applications such as wireless LAN and satellite communication.
Performance Evaluation of QoS parameters in UMTS Network Using Qualnetijdpsjournal
A UMTS network based on the Wide Band-CDMA technology is a 3rd generation telecommunication system which provides various multimedia applications along with the conventional
telephony service. These various multimedia applications fall into four different categories, which are
differentiated from each other on the basis of required bit rate and delay tolerance etc. parameters. In
order to get best Quality of Service (QoS) for a particular application running on the subscriber
equipment the parameters of the respective category to which the application belong need to be in a
required range. In this work the performance of a UMTS network scenario is evaluated by using various values of the precedence bits of the CBR application. The simulation tool used is QUALNET 5.0. The performance of the scenario according to the respective precedence bits is analyzed by four metrics: average jitter, end to end delay, throughput and UMTS signals received and forwarded to MAC. The comparative analysis of all the four metrics according to the precedence bit values will be carried out and it will be concluded in the last section that which precedence bit gives the best performance for the simulated UMTS network scenario.
This document discusses different types of transmission media, including guided media like twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. It also discusses unguided or wireless media that transmit electromagnetic waves without a physical conductor, including radio waves, microwaves, and infrared signals. Each type of transmission media has different characteristics and applications in communication networks.
This document discusses different types of transmission media, including guided media like twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. It also discusses unguided or wireless media that transmit electromagnetic waves without a physical conductor, including radio waves, microwaves, and infrared signals. Each type of transmission media has different characteristics and applications in communication networks.
A miniaturized printed UWB antenna with dual notching for X-b and and aeronau...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document presents a miniaturized printed ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip antenna with dual notched bands for X-band and aeronautical radio navigation applications. The antenna is 19x25 mm in size and achieves a bandwidth of 112% from 3-10.6 GHz. It incorporates two window-shaped microstrip closed ring resonators on the ground plane to create dual notch bands. The first notch band from 7-8.1 GHz rejects interference from the X-band downlink of 7.25-7.74 GHz. The second notch band from 8.6-9.4 GHz rejects interference from aeronautical radio navigation systems operating from 8.7-9.2 GHz.
The document discusses trends in energy efficiency for 5G networks. It notes that mobile data traffic is increasing exponentially while power consumption is only improving 10x per decade. Fundamental technology limits may lead to saturation of energy efficiency improvements. 5G networks will see a shift toward small cells where computation power becomes significant. Future designs will require trade-offs between performance and energy efficiency due to these limits.
Evaluation of Percentage Capacity Loss on LTE Network Caused by Intermodulati...Onyebuchi nosiri
The document evaluates the capacity loss of an LTE network (VISAFONE) due to interference from neighboring networks. It finds that third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) between the downlink of an LTE network (INTERCELLULAR) and the uplink of a GSM network (ETISALAT) generates interfering frequencies within the victim receiver's passband. MATLAB simulations were run to evaluate capacity loss at the VISAFONE LTE receiver for distances from 500m to 3000m between the interfering networks. Results showed 80% capacity loss at 500m, decreasing to 5.97% at 3000m, demonstrating that closer distances lead to more severe interference and capacity degradation for the victim LTE network.
This document provides an overview of telecommunication services from Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) in India. It discusses BSNL's background and market share. It also summarizes leased lines, managed leased line networks, wireless technologies including GSM, UMTS, LTE, and call forwarding services.
Enabling full-duplex in multiple access technique for 5G wireless networks ov...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document analyzes the performance of a two-user non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) network where one user is served directly by the base station and the other is served via an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relay operating in full-duplex mode. It derives the exact outage probabilities of the two users under Rician fading channels. The analysis provides guidelines for designing UAV-enabled wireless networks using NOMA techniques. Key results include the outage probabilities accounting for interference at both the UAV relay and users under different self-interference conditions at the relay.
BBPF Technique for Transmitter Noise Reduction in a Site-Shared Wireless Netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract Infrastructure sharing approach has been adopted by wireless communication service providers as a panacea to reduce the huge cost involved in building new cell sites. The paper was designed at providing adequate solution to mitigate the transmitter noise effect involving downlink frequency of CDMA-2000 in the frequency range (1960-1990MHz) and uplink WCDMA in the frequency range (1920-1980MHz) in a co-located network. The paper further introduced the application of a digital BBPF as a technique to attenuate the significant effects of the transmitter noise. BBPF technique was considered more suitable among the Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters such as Chebyshev I and II, Elliptic and Bessel filters due to its attributes to least amount of phase distortion. Practical measurements conducted in two difference scenarios demonstrated the significant effects of the downlink frequency of CDMA2000 on the uplink frequency of the WCDMA network. A 52dB rejection at 5MHz guard band offset from the low side edge of the pass band was obtained as the undesired signal magnitude required to be attenuated. Conversely, an NCP criterion was introduced to evaluate the various performance characteristics at 52dB which gave rise to amplitude imbalance of 0.03dB, phase error of 0.140 and time delay mismatch of 0.07ns respectively. The values obtained in the study showed that the magnitude specification at 52dB rejection can to a larger extent attenuate the sideband noise components present in the WCDMA receiver front end.
Coverage and Capacity Performance Degradation on a Co-Located Network Involvi...Onyebuchi nosiri
The document investigates the performance effects of noise rise caused by spurious emission from a co-located jammer on the coverage radius and system capacity of a CDMA2000 and WCDMA network. Measurements were taken to evaluate the impact of increasing noise rise on these parameters. The results showed that as noise rise increased due to spurious emission, the coverage radius and number of supported users decreased, reducing system capacity. A noise rise of 2dB represented a 15 user reduction and 33% lower capacity. The study concludes noise rise degradation impacts must be controlled to maintain desired coverage area and capacity performance.
Impact of Next Generation Cognitive Radio Network on the Wireless Green Eco s...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings, foliage and terrain. Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters. Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations, so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean. The present paper deals with the performance analysis of impact of next generation wireless cognitive radio network on wireless green eco system through signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
The study evaluated interference in a dense heterogeneous network using third-generation universal mobile telecommunication systems (UMTS) and fourth-generation long term evolution (LTE) networks LTE. The UMTs/LTE heterogeneous network determines the level of interference when the two communication systems coexist and how to improve the network by migrating from UMTs to LTE, which has a faster download speed and larger capacity. Techno lite 8 on third generation (3G) and Infinix Pro 6 on fourth generation (4G) were used to measure network the received signal strength (RSS) during site investigation. UE interference was detected and traced using a spectrum analyzer. UMTS and LTE path loss exponents are 2.6 and 3.2. Shannon's capacity theorem calculated LTE and UMTS capacity. When signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) was used as a quality of service (QoS) indicator, MATLAB channel capacity plots did not match Shannon's due to neighboring interference. UMTS had an R2 of 0.54 and LTE 0.57 for the Shannon channel capacity equation. Adjacent channel interference (ACI) user devices reduce network capacity, lowering QoS for other customers.
This document discusses various topics related to wireless communication including:
1. The electromagnetic spectrum and different frequency ranges including radio, microwave, infrared, visible light, UV rays, X-rays, and gamma rays.
2. Antenna basics and properties of EM waves such as carrying energy and momentum, propagating through oscillating electric and magnetic fields, and traveling at the speed of light.
3. Examples of radio communication services including AM/FM, walkie-talkies, GSM, WiFi, satellites, and wireless local loop technologies.
4. Multiple access techniques for wireless networks such as TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA are discussed along with CDMA evolution and differences between GSM
Substrate integrate waveguide and microstrip antennas at 28 GHzjournalBEEI
In this paper, two antennas are designed using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and microstrip technology at 28 GHz. Parametric study for both antennas is presented to demonstrate the performance at millimeter wave frequency for wireless communication network (5G application). Roger RT5880 substrates with permittivity 2.2 and loss tangent 0.0009 are used to implement the antennas with two thicknesses of 0.508 mm and 0.127 mm respectively. Both antennas have the same size of substrate 12x12 mm with a full ground plane was used. Structures designs have been done by using computer simulation technology (CST). The simulation results showed that the antenna with SIW and roger RT 5880 substrate thickness 0.508 has better performance in term of return loss and radiation pattern than the microstrip patch antenna at 28 GHz. A return loss more than -10 dB and the gain are 6.4 dB obtained with wide bandwidth range of (27.4-28.7) GHz. This proving to increase the realized gain by implementing SIW at millimeter wave band for 5G application network.
Propagation Path Loss Modeling and Outdoor Coverage Measurements Review in Mi...IJECEIAES
The global bandwidth inadequacy facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks, and mmWave band is one of the promising candidates due to wide spectrum. This paper presents propagation path loss and outdoor coverage and link budget measurements for frequencies above 6 GHz (mm-wave bands) using directional horn antennas at the transmitter and omnidirectional antennas at the receiver. This work presents measurements showing the propagation time delay spread and path loss as a function of separation distance for different frequencies and antenna pointing angles for many types of real-world environments. The data presented here show that at 28 GHz, 38 GHz and 60 GHz, unobstructed Line of Site (LOS) channels obey free space propagation path loss while non-LOS (NLOS) channels have large multipath delay spreads and can utilize many different pointing angles to provide propagation links. At 60 GHz, there is more path loss and smaller delay spreads. Power delay profiles PDPs were measured at every individual pointing angle for each TX and RX location, and integrating each of the PDPs to obtain received power as a function of pointing angle. The result shows that the mean RMS delay spread varies between 7.2 ns and 74.4 ns for 60 GHz and 28 GHz respectively in NLOS scenario.
Design of substrate integrated waveguide withMinkowski-Sierpinski fractal ant...journalBEEI
This paper presents a new design of patch antenna using Minkowski-Sierpinski fractal technique with substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) to resonate at 60 GHz. The antenna is proposed to be used for wireless body area network applications (WBAN). The proposed antenna is implemented using Rogers 5880 substrate with permittivity of (εr) of 2.2 and loss tangent is 0.0004, height of the substrate is 0.381 mm. Computer simulation technology-Microwave Studio (CST-MW) is used to simulate the proposed antenna. The simulated results show a wide bandwidth of 3.5 GHz between the ranges of (58.3-61.7) GHz, with a good return loss of more than -10 dB. A simulated gain of 7.9 dB is achieved with a linear antenna efficiency of 91%. This proposed antenna is used to improve the quality of radiation pattern, bandwidth, and gain at millimetre wave (mm-Wave) band for WBAN applications.
Millimeter wave technology enables 5G communication by utilizing spectrum in the 30-300 GHz range. It allows for significantly wider channel bandwidths than 4G. Issues include high propagation losses that can be mitigated by beamforming and network densification. Initial 5G deployments may use a hybrid system with millimeter wave for high-speed data and 4G for control to address challenges like device power constraints. Narrow beams reduce interference but make initial access difficult, requiring techniques like MIMO. Building penetration is limited at millimeter wave frequencies.
An overview of Massive MIMO technology and it's scope for the next generations of wireless communications. Presented at a seminar in Ulm University in the department of Communications Engineering.
This document provides an overview of massive MIMO technology in 5G networks. It begins with an introduction to 5G and a literature review. It then discusses 5G technology, including spectrum deployment, features, architecture and challenges. It also covers MIMO in 4G LTE networks. The main topic of massive MIMO in 5G is then explained, including its construction, operation modes, limitations and the issue of pilot contamination. Applications and the scope of massive MIMO are discussed before concluding with a summary of the key points.
IRJET- Microstrip Coupled Band Pass Filter for the Application in Communicati...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a microstrip coupled band pass filter for communication systems. It begins with an introduction to filters and microwave frequencies used in communication. It then discusses the design of the proposed three-layer microstrip filter operating at 8.1 GHz. Simulation results showing S-parameters, impedance, VSWR, and effective medium parameters are presented. The filter provides good stop band rejection and impulse response. In conclusion, the compact novel filter design is suitable for applications such as wireless LAN and satellite communication.
Performance Evaluation of QoS parameters in UMTS Network Using Qualnetijdpsjournal
A UMTS network based on the Wide Band-CDMA technology is a 3rd generation telecommunication system which provides various multimedia applications along with the conventional
telephony service. These various multimedia applications fall into four different categories, which are
differentiated from each other on the basis of required bit rate and delay tolerance etc. parameters. In
order to get best Quality of Service (QoS) for a particular application running on the subscriber
equipment the parameters of the respective category to which the application belong need to be in a
required range. In this work the performance of a UMTS network scenario is evaluated by using various values of the precedence bits of the CBR application. The simulation tool used is QUALNET 5.0. The performance of the scenario according to the respective precedence bits is analyzed by four metrics: average jitter, end to end delay, throughput and UMTS signals received and forwarded to MAC. The comparative analysis of all the four metrics according to the precedence bit values will be carried out and it will be concluded in the last section that which precedence bit gives the best performance for the simulated UMTS network scenario.
This document discusses different types of transmission media, including guided media like twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. It also discusses unguided or wireless media that transmit electromagnetic waves without a physical conductor, including radio waves, microwaves, and infrared signals. Each type of transmission media has different characteristics and applications in communication networks.
This document discusses different types of transmission media, including guided media like twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. It also discusses unguided or wireless media that transmit electromagnetic waves without a physical conductor, including radio waves, microwaves, and infrared signals. Each type of transmission media has different characteristics and applications in communication networks.
A miniaturized printed UWB antenna with dual notching for X-b and and aeronau...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document presents a miniaturized printed ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip antenna with dual notched bands for X-band and aeronautical radio navigation applications. The antenna is 19x25 mm in size and achieves a bandwidth of 112% from 3-10.6 GHz. It incorporates two window-shaped microstrip closed ring resonators on the ground plane to create dual notch bands. The first notch band from 7-8.1 GHz rejects interference from the X-band downlink of 7.25-7.74 GHz. The second notch band from 8.6-9.4 GHz rejects interference from aeronautical radio navigation systems operating from 8.7-9.2 GHz.
The document discusses trends in energy efficiency for 5G networks. It notes that mobile data traffic is increasing exponentially while power consumption is only improving 10x per decade. Fundamental technology limits may lead to saturation of energy efficiency improvements. 5G networks will see a shift toward small cells where computation power becomes significant. Future designs will require trade-offs between performance and energy efficiency due to these limits.
Evaluation of Percentage Capacity Loss on LTE Network Caused by Intermodulati...Onyebuchi nosiri
The document evaluates the capacity loss of an LTE network (VISAFONE) due to interference from neighboring networks. It finds that third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) between the downlink of an LTE network (INTERCELLULAR) and the uplink of a GSM network (ETISALAT) generates interfering frequencies within the victim receiver's passband. MATLAB simulations were run to evaluate capacity loss at the VISAFONE LTE receiver for distances from 500m to 3000m between the interfering networks. Results showed 80% capacity loss at 500m, decreasing to 5.97% at 3000m, demonstrating that closer distances lead to more severe interference and capacity degradation for the victim LTE network.
This document provides an overview of telecommunication services from Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) in India. It discusses BSNL's background and market share. It also summarizes leased lines, managed leased line networks, wireless technologies including GSM, UMTS, LTE, and call forwarding services.
Enabling full-duplex in multiple access technique for 5G wireless networks ov...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document analyzes the performance of a two-user non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) network where one user is served directly by the base station and the other is served via an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relay operating in full-duplex mode. It derives the exact outage probabilities of the two users under Rician fading channels. The analysis provides guidelines for designing UAV-enabled wireless networks using NOMA techniques. Key results include the outage probabilities accounting for interference at both the UAV relay and users under different self-interference conditions at the relay.
BBPF Technique for Transmitter Noise Reduction in a Site-Shared Wireless Netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract Infrastructure sharing approach has been adopted by wireless communication service providers as a panacea to reduce the huge cost involved in building new cell sites. The paper was designed at providing adequate solution to mitigate the transmitter noise effect involving downlink frequency of CDMA-2000 in the frequency range (1960-1990MHz) and uplink WCDMA in the frequency range (1920-1980MHz) in a co-located network. The paper further introduced the application of a digital BBPF as a technique to attenuate the significant effects of the transmitter noise. BBPF technique was considered more suitable among the Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters such as Chebyshev I and II, Elliptic and Bessel filters due to its attributes to least amount of phase distortion. Practical measurements conducted in two difference scenarios demonstrated the significant effects of the downlink frequency of CDMA2000 on the uplink frequency of the WCDMA network. A 52dB rejection at 5MHz guard band offset from the low side edge of the pass band was obtained as the undesired signal magnitude required to be attenuated. Conversely, an NCP criterion was introduced to evaluate the various performance characteristics at 52dB which gave rise to amplitude imbalance of 0.03dB, phase error of 0.140 and time delay mismatch of 0.07ns respectively. The values obtained in the study showed that the magnitude specification at 52dB rejection can to a larger extent attenuate the sideband noise components present in the WCDMA receiver front end.
Coverage and Capacity Performance Degradation on a Co-Located Network Involvi...Onyebuchi nosiri
The document investigates the performance effects of noise rise caused by spurious emission from a co-located jammer on the coverage radius and system capacity of a CDMA2000 and WCDMA network. Measurements were taken to evaluate the impact of increasing noise rise on these parameters. The results showed that as noise rise increased due to spurious emission, the coverage radius and number of supported users decreased, reducing system capacity. A noise rise of 2dB represented a 15 user reduction and 33% lower capacity. The study concludes noise rise degradation impacts must be controlled to maintain desired coverage area and capacity performance.
Impact of Next Generation Cognitive Radio Network on the Wireless Green Eco s...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings, foliage and terrain. Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters. Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations, so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean. The present paper deals with the performance analysis of impact of next generation wireless cognitive radio network on wireless green eco system through signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
The study evaluated interference in a dense heterogeneous network using third-generation universal mobile telecommunication systems (UMTS) and fourth-generation long term evolution (LTE) networks LTE. The UMTs/LTE heterogeneous network determines the level of interference when the two communication systems coexist and how to improve the network by migrating from UMTs to LTE, which has a faster download speed and larger capacity. Techno lite 8 on third generation (3G) and Infinix Pro 6 on fourth generation (4G) were used to measure network the received signal strength (RSS) during site investigation. UE interference was detected and traced using a spectrum analyzer. UMTS and LTE path loss exponents are 2.6 and 3.2. Shannon's capacity theorem calculated LTE and UMTS capacity. When signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) was used as a quality of service (QoS) indicator, MATLAB channel capacity plots did not match Shannon's due to neighboring interference. UMTS had an R2 of 0.54 and LTE 0.57 for the Shannon channel capacity equation. Adjacent channel interference (ACI) user devices reduce network capacity, lowering QoS for other customers.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RECEIVED POWER IN AN ANTENNA DOWN- TILT ON CELLULAR N...IRJET Journal
This document discusses statistical analysis of received power in antenna down-tilt for cellular networks. It begins by providing background on 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G mobile networks and their components. It then discusses radio propagation models and how antenna down-tilt works to improve network performance by optimizing the signal level within a cell and minimizing it elsewhere. The effect of down-tilt angle on received power and signal-to-noise/interference ratios is examined. Formulas for calculating the optimal down-tilt angle based on factors like base station height, cell radius, and antenna beamwidth are also provided. Data collected from test cellular sites is analyzed before and after antenna parameter adjustments to demonstrate the impact of down-tilt
Mechanisms and Industry Solutions for RF Interference in a Co-located Network Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract-Radio frequency interference (RFI) in a co-located network is a major challenge faced by cellular network operators. The RFI issues are prominent when the radio frequency transceivers consisting of two or more co-located networks operate within close or adjacent frequency bands. This paper presents the mechanisms of RFI caused by spurious emission and receiver blocking in a colocated network and proffer industry solution through the application of various mitigation techniques. One method may reduce a particular type of interference to a certain level, a combination of two or more methods can conveniently reduce the interference to an acceptable level.
This document discusses the design of terrestrial microwave links. It begins with an introduction to microwave links and their basic components - transmitters, towers, antennas, and receivers. Antennas must have line-of-sight between sites. The document then covers topics like frequency standards, polarization, antenna types, link budgets, and operating frequencies. It provides block diagrams of transmitter and receiver base stations. Key components like mixers, filters, amplifiers and their functions are described. Signal spreading in W-CDMA systems is also explained. Technical characteristics of microwave point-to-point links are outlined.
Evaluation of Percentage Capacity Loss on LTE Network Caused by Intermodulati...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract- The paper evaluates the effects of third order Intermodulation Distortion (IMD3) on the Long Term Evolution (LTE) receiver due to coexistence between LTE and GSM networks. Amongst the various existing IMD orders which include first order, second order, third order, fifth order and seventh order. Third order is known to have the greatest distortion effects on a receiver due to its strength and its proximity to the frequency band of interest. It occurs as a result of the non-linear behavior of components or circuit at both the transmitter and receiver ends of wireless communication networks. IMD has potential negative effects on a victim receiver which majorly leads to increase in noise floor level and system capacity degradation. Deterministic approach was implemented in the work assuming worst case scenario. MATLAB software simulation was deployed to evaluate the capacity loss at the receiver end relative to a range of distances apart. Results obtained showed severe uplink capacity degradation when VISAFONE LTE network was interfered by INTERCELLULAR LTE downlink and ETISALAT GSM uplink. Various distances ranging from 500m to 3000m were varied between the ETISALAT GSM network and the VISAFONE LTE network. The results obtained showed that at 500 meters, the percentage capacity degradation was as high as 80. The least percentage capacity loss was obtained as 5.97 at 3000 meters.
A novel frequency reconfigurable antenna for smart grid applications in TV w...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design and analysis of a frequency reconfigurable, aperture coupled rectangular patch antenna for use in smart grid applications in TV white space bands. The proposed antenna model has been realized on multi-substrate layers of Polylactic acid (PLA) material (εr=2.65, tanδ=0.003) with a ground plane sandwiched in between them. An aperture has been made in the ground plane for coupling energy to the patch. The overall system dimensions are 270×270 mm. The feature of frequency reconfigurability has been achieved by incorporating a switch and varying the reactance of the feed line on the bottom substrate. A rectangular slot on the long feed line improves impedance matching. The ON and OFF states of the switch provide two operating frequency bands namely 630.13 to 636.7 MHz and 619.16 to 625.3 MHz respectively. The proposed aperture coupled reconfigurable system operates with a maximum gain of 6.4 dB and average efficiency of 78.5% in both bands. The measured results are satisfactory and the proposed antenna will be suitable for operation in the smart grid environment.
CDMA Based Secure Cellular Communication via Satellite LinkIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed CDMA-based cellular communication system using a satellite link between the base station transceiver (BTS) and base station controller (BSC) to enable communication during natural disasters when the terrestrial link may be damaged. Specifically:
1) A portable/compact BTS integrated with core and radio network functions would connect via satellite to the BSC, allowing instant restoration of the communication link when the normal BTS-BSC link is disrupted, such as during floods, cyclones, or tsunamis.
2) The system would use commercially available CDMA mobile handsets within a limited coverage area provided by a micro/pico BTS connected to a portable satellite terminal like
SINR Analysis and Interference Management of Macrocell Cellular Networks in D...umere15
This document analyzes signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and interference management in 5G macrocell cellular networks operating at 30 GHz in dense urban environments. It first investigates appropriate interference models for predicting outage events. It then creates a network simulation with 19 sites based on real geospatial data from NIT Srinagar, with each site having multiple cells. SINR maps are generated and compared for single antennas versus antenna arrays. The interference ball model is used to simplify interference calculation by only considering nearby interferers. Configuration parameters from ITU-R reports are used to simulate the network according to dense urban specifications.
WIFI TRANSMIT POWER AND ITS EFFECT ON CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCEIJCNCJournal
The mass adoption of WiFi (IEEE 802.11) technology has increased numbers of devices simultaneously
attempting to use high-bandwidth applications such as video streaming in a finite portion of the frequency
spectrum. These increasing numbers can be seen in the deployment of highly-dense wireless environments
in which performance can be affected due to the intensification of challenges such as co-channel
interference (CCI). There are mechanisms in place to try to avoid sources of interference from non-WiFi
devices. Still, CCI caused by legitimate WiFi traffic can be equally or even more disruptive, and also
though some tools and protocols try to address CCI, these are no longer sufficient for this type of
environment. Therefore, this paper investigates the effect of transmit power and direction have on CCI in a
high-density environment consisting of multiple access points (APs) and multiple clients. We suggest
improvements on publicly- existing documented power control algorithms and techniques by proposing a
cooperative approach consisting of the incorporation of feedback from the receiver to the transmitter to
allow it to reduce power level where possible, which will minimize the range of CCI for near clients
without compromising coverage for the most distant ones.
WiFi Transmit Power and its Effect on Co-Channel InterferenceIJCNCJournal
The mass adoption of WiFi (IEEE 802.11) technology has increased numbers of devices simultaneously attempting to use high-bandwidth applications such as video streaming in a finite portion of the frequency spectrum. These increasing numbers can be seen in the deployment of highly-dense wireless environments in which performance can be affected due to the intensification of challenges such as co-channel interference (CCI). There are mechanisms in place to try to avoid sources of interference from non-WiFi devices. Still, CCI caused by legitimate WiFi traffic can be equally or even more disruptive, and also though some tools and protocols try to address CCI, these are no longer sufficient for this type of environment. Therefore, this paper investigates the effect of transmit power and direction have on CCI in a high-density environment consisting of multiple access points (APs) and multiple clients. We suggest improvements on publicly- existing documented power control algorithms and techniques by proposing a cooperative approach consisting of the incorporation of feedback from the receiver to the transmitter to allow it to reduce power level where possible, which will minimize the range of CCI for near clients without compromising coverage for the most distant ones.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
A secure qos distributed routing protocol for hybrid wireless networksAAKASH S
The succeeding wireless network is Hybrid Wireless Networks. It can provide Quality of Service
(QoS) requirements in real time transmission for wireless application. But it stream including critical mission
application like military use or emergency recovery. Hybrid wireless networks is unified mobile ad-hoc network
(MANET) and wireless infrastructure networks. It inherits invalid reservation and race condition problem in
Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET). Whereas open medium and wide distribution of node make vulnerable to
malicious attackers in Hybrid wireless networks. How to secure the Quality of Service (QoS) routing in Hybrid
wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a Secure QoS-Oriented Distributed routing protocol (SQOD) to
upgrade the secure Quality of Service (QoS) routing in Hybrid wireless networks. SQOD contain two
contrivances: 1.QoS-Oriented Distributed Routing Protocol (QOD)-to reduce transmission delay, transmission
time. And also increase wireless network transmission throughput. 2. Enhanced Adaptive ACKnowledgment
(EAACK)-implement a new intrusion-detection system for Hybrid wireless networks. It protect Hybrid wireless
networks from attacks that have higher malicious behavior detection rate. Analytical and simulation result
based on the real human mobility mode. SQOD can provide high secure performance in terms of Intrusion detection,overhead, transmission delay.
The document discusses the impact of sectorization on UMTS radio access network coverage planning. It analyzes three different site layout configurations: single omni-directional antenna sites, 3-sector sites, and 6-sector sites. The number of sites required to cover a deployment area is estimated for each configuration. Sectorized sites use high gain directional antennas to cover sectors, replacing omni-directional antennas. Link budget calculations are performed to determine the maximum path loss and cell radius for different clutter types. The results can be used to study the effect of sectorization and antenna gain on the number of sites needed.
This document proposes techniques to reduce interference in WCDMA networks through cell resizing. It begins with background on WCDMA and sources of interference. It then proposes classifying cells as normal, saturated or cooperative based on SNR measurements. Saturated cells trigger a cell resizing process where users are transferred to neighboring cooperative cells to balance load and cancel interference. Simulation results showed this approach reduces blocking probability and achieves optimal transmission rates with reduced delay.
Optimization of base station location in 3 g networks using mads and fuzzy c ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses optimization of base station location in 3G networks using MADS and fuzzy C-means algorithms. It begins with background on the rapid growth of mobile subscribers in Kenya and the challenges this poses for mobile operators. It then describes using a combination of MADS and fuzzy C-means to aid in efficiently planning base station locations. The mathematical formulations for link budget and path loss calculations are provided. The base station allocation procedure involves initially assigning base stations using fuzzy C-means clustering, then using MADS optimization to minimize the distance between base stations and mobile stations while keeping path loss below 140dB. Simulation results are presented and discussed.
This document summarizes research on improving the capacity of cellular systems using fractional frequency reuse (FFR). It discusses how frequency reuse is used to increase the number of users that can be served but causes interference, particularly for cell edge users. Fractional frequency reuse is proposed to solve this problem by allocating different frequency sets to cell center and edge users to reduce interference. The document also reviews different types of interference (co-channel and adjacent channel) and how power control can help reduce interference in cellular systems.
Capacity Improvement of Cellular System Using Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR)IJEEE
Today wireless communication is mostly used rather than wired communication, due to remote location reach ability, less fault occurrence, less time to commissioning and low cost etc. But wireless network has less frequency spectrum to cover the whole world. To improve the capacity of cellular system in a limited spectrum without major technological changes, frequency is reused in cells. But it offers interferences mostly for cell edge users. To solve the problem of spectral congestion and user capacity, fractional frequency reuse is used. This paper gives idea about different frequency reuse factors, fractional frequency reuse and super cell with sectoring to improve the capacity of cellular system.
Similar to Sideband noise mitigation in a co-located network involving CDMA2000 and WCDMA system (20)
Comparative power flow analysis of 28 and 52 buses for 330 kv power grid netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
Newton-Raphson technique was formulated and used to evaluate the electrical performances of the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigerian 330kV power networks. The Jacobian matrix for both the existing 28-bus and the improved 52-bus Nigerian power system was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution method. The steady-state critical bus voltages, voltage and angle profiles at each bus, active and reactive power flows, transformer tap settings, component or circuit loading, generator exciter regulator voltage set points and system losses of these networks were determined to ascertain their effectiveness and proper network reconfiguration. The results obtained showed a better performance of the 52-Bus system in power quality, voltage and angle profiles over the conventional 28-bus system
Comparative power flow analysis of 28 and 52 buses for 330 kv power grid netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
Newton-Raphson technique was formulated and used to evaluate the electrical performances of the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigerian 330kV power networks. The Jacobian matrix for both the existing 28-bus and the improved 52-bus Nigerian power system was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution method. The steady-state critical bus voltages, voltage and angle profiles at each bus, active and reactive power flows, transformer tap settings, component or circuit loading, generator exciter regulator voltage set points and system losses of these networks were determined to ascertain their effectiveness and proper network reconfiguration. The results obtained showed a better performance of the 52-Bus system in power quality, voltage and angle profiles over the conventional 28-bus system
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...Onyebuchi nosiri
This paper describes the development of optimized model for urban outdoor coverage in Long Term Evolution (LTE) network at 2300 MHz frequency band in Port Harcourt urban region, Nigeria. Signal attenuation and fluctuation remain amongst the major channel impairments for mobile radio communication systems. This arises as a result of model incompatibility with terrain and Line of Sight (LOS) obstruction of the channel signals. Some path loss models such as OkumuraHata, COST 231, Ericsson 999, Egli and ECC-33 models were evaluated for suitability and compared with the modified model for the environments. The models were based on data collected from LTE base stations at three geographical locations in Port Harcourt namely- Rumuokoro, Eneka and Ikwerre roads respectively. The simulation was implemented using MATLAB R2014a software. The modified model was further optimized with some selected parameters such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The results obtained gave rise to 3.030dB for RMSE and 0.00162dB for MAE respectively. The results obtained from the PSO optimized model demonstrated a better performance which is suitable for cell coverage planning and smooth handoff processes.
1) The document discusses the importance of infrastructure sharing among mobile network operators in Nigeria to reduce costs and optimize networks. It highlights challenges like high site rental costs, power issues, and security threats that increase operators' expenses.
2) Infrastructure sharing allows operators to share passive infrastructure like towers, buildings, and power supply to lower capital and operating expenditures while expanding coverage. It has led to cost reductions, revenue growth, and improved service quality in other countries.
3) However, infrastructure sharing has progressed slowly in Nigeria, with some operators reluctant to collaborate. The article argues that all Nigerian operators must see sharing as necessary for network optimization given the competitive market and constraints facing the industry.
VOLTAGE STABILITY IN NIGERIA 330KV INTEGRATED 52 BUS POWER NETWORK USING PATT...Onyebuchi nosiri
ABSTRACT Detecting the voltage instability in advance enables remedial actions and preventive measures to cushion the effect of the oncoming voltage collapse phenomenon in power systems. This was achieved by implementing Pattern Recognition Techniques (PRTs) in conjunction with Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSSE) program. It was then deployed in Nigeria 330KV Integrated 52 bus power system to actualize Regularized Least Squares Classification (RLSC) and Classification and Regression Trees (CART) heuristic methods. The methods were deployed for separating voltage stability and unstable cases that resulted under system contingencies and fault conditions. Dynamic simulation, system voltage stability and unstable/instability cases results, and the channel outputs of these voltage cases against time were realized.
Voltage Stability Investigation of the Nigeria 330KV Interconnected Grid Syst...Onyebuchi nosiri
ABSTRACT: Voltage stability investigation of the Nigeria 330kV grid Power Network was carried out using Eigenvalues method. The power system Jacobian matrix was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution iterative method to determine the eigenvalues for the voltage stability evaluation of both the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigeria 330kV power networks. Positive and negative eigenvalues quantifying the power system voltage stability were identified. For a steady state power system, positive and negative eigenvalues showed stable and unstable systems respectively. The eigenvalues voltage stability method was developed, formulated and implemented on the existing 28-bus and proposed improved 52-bus Nigeria 330kV power networks. The various eigenvalues, eigenvectors, participation factors and weak buses contributing to system voltage instability were determined using Matlab/SIMULINK Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) for these power networks.
VOLTAGE STABILITY IN NIGERIA 330KV INTEGRATED 52 BUS POWER NETWORK USING PATT...Onyebuchi nosiri
ABSTRACT Detecting the voltage instability in advance enables remedial actions and preventive measures to cushion the effect of the oncoming voltage collapse phenomenon in power systems. This was achieved by implementing Pattern Recognition Techniques (PRTs) in conjunction with Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSSE) program. It was then deployed in Nigeria 330KV Integrated 52 bus power system to actualize Regularized Least Squares Classification (RLSC) and Classification and Regression Trees (CART) heuristic methods. The methods were deployed for separating voltage stability and unstable cases that resulted under system contingencies and fault conditions. Dynamic simulation, system voltage stability and unstable/instability cases results, and the channel outputs of these voltage cases against time were realized.
Abstract This paper presents the design and implementation of a quadcopter capable of payload delivery. A quadcopter is a unique unmanned aerial vehicle which has the capability of vertical take-off and landing. In this design, the quadcopter was controlled wirelessly from a ground control station using radio frequency. It was modeled mathematically considering its attitude and altitude, and a simulation carried out in MATLAB by designing a proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller was applied to a mathematical model. The PID controller parameters were then applied to the real system. Finally, the output of the simulation and the prototype were compared both in the presence and absence of disturbances. The results showed that the quadcopter was stable and able to compensate for the external disturbances.
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— The shortage of spectrum resource availability in wireless communication network due to the rapid increase in the number of subscribers and multimedia applications has given rise to the need for effective spectrum utilization of the licensed spectrum. Cognitive Radio Technology (CRT) was adopted for the system analysis due to its dynamism in accommodating both licensed and unlicensed users within a particular spectrum band. The study framework comprised television station channels in Owerri and its environs and Mobile Telecommunication Networks (MTN) in Owerri- the capital of Imo State, Nigeria as the license and unlicensed users respectively. An outdoor twenty-four hour spectrum occupancy measurement was carried out in the frequency bands of the licensed networks using 240-960 MHz Radio Frequency Spectrum analyzer to determine the spectral usage of the licensed user. A threshold of -95 dB was used to determine the presence of the licensed users. From the results obtained, it was observed that 60.7% of the spectrum band covered was unoccupied, 31.5% was not fully occupied while 7.9% was fully occupied. Energy Detection spectrum approach was implemented by the unlicensed users for easy determination of the spectrum status and resource management. The research therefore determines the status of Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum receivable in Owerri and its environs and proffer measures deployable in harnessing the unused RF resources using CRT.
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract - The characteristic effects of propagation environment on wireless communication signals are significant on the transmitted and received signal quality. The study focused on investigative analysis of the effects of propagation environment on the wireless communication signals within some geographical domains in Port Harcourt, River State. Field measurements were carried out in some selected areas namely GRA phase II and Aggrey Road categorized as urban and Sub urban areas respectively using Sony Ericsson (W995) Test Phone and GPS receiver (BU353). The analyses were based on linear regression (mean square error) approach. The computed path loss exponents and standard deviation based on the empirical analyses conducted for urban and suburban environments are 3.57dB, 2.98dB and 19.6, 13.2, respectively. The results obtained were used to compare the performance of the various existing path loss prediction models such as Okumura-Hata, Cost 231 and ECC-33. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban environment while Cost 231 performed better in rural environment. They study therefore recommends the deployment of Okumura-Hata model in urban, while Cost 231for suburban study areas.
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract: In this work, the path loss and the received signal strength of a 3G network at 2.1GHz was evaluated to determine its performance within the Owerri metropolis. Various measuring equipment such as Transmission Evaluation and Monitoring System (TEMS 11), Global positioning system (BU353 GPS) and laptop were deployed for the drive test within the selected urban and sub-urban regions. From the data collected, Owerri sub-urban region showed poor received signal power level compared to the Owerri urban region. The path loss exponents computed for the Owerri urban and sub-urban regions are 3.24 and 4.34 respectively, the mean square error was evaluated as 1.96 and 1.68. The result obtained showed deviations between the compared existing models (Hata and Cost 231) and the proposed models. However, the slope of the Hata plot was relatively close in comparison to the proposed model than that of Cost 231; hence, the proposed model was best suited for the environment followed by the Hata model.
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— The shortage of spectrum resource availability in wireless communication network due to the rapid increase in the number of subscribers and multimedia applications has given rise to the need for effective spectrum utilization of the licensed spectrum. Cognitive Radio Technology (CRT) was adopted for the system analysis due to its dynamism in accommodating both licensed and unlicensed users within a particular spectrum band. The study framework comprised television station channels in Owerri and its environs and Mobile Telecommunication Networks (MTN) in Owerri- the capital of Imo State, Nigeria as the license and unlicensed users respectively. An outdoor twenty-four hour spectrum occupancy measurement was carried out in the frequency bands of the licensed networks using 240-960 MHz Radio Frequency Spectrum analyzer to determine the spectral usage of the licensed user. A threshold of -95 dB was used to determine the presence of the licensed users. From the results obtained, it was observed that 60.7% of the spectrum band covered was unoccupied, 31.5% was not fully occupied while 7.9% was fully occupied. Energy Detection spectrum approach was implemented by the unlicensed users for easy determination of the spectrum status and resource management. The research therefore determines the status of Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum receivable in Owerri and its environs and proffer measures deployable in harnessing the unused RF resources using CRT.
Modelling, Simulation and Analysis of a Low-Noise Block Converter (LNBC) Used...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— Modelling, Simulation and analysis of Low Noise Block Converter(LNBC) used for Communication Satellite reception using MATLAB is a work that tends to use some aspect of Computer Engineering tools to realise LNBC fundamentals where Channels programming sources provided programming for Broadcasting , the method involves using MATLAB to illustrate how microwave frequencies receives from Satellite are documented to lower block and range of frequencies, analysis of various LNBC was carried out with a view to drawing comparison between various signals, a test of faulty LNBC was carried out with LNBC schematics, simulation result were provided to show various responses with regards Modelling input waveguide signal, corrupted signal, filtered signal, modulated signal and recovered signals.
Design and Implementation of a Simple HMC6352 2-Axis-MR Digital Compass Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— This paper deals with the design and implementation of a simple HMC6352 2-axis digital compass. Most compasses have been of the analogue type with magnetic needles as pointers. Replacing the “old” magnetic needle compass or the gyrocompass by an electronic solution offers advantages like having a solid-state component without moving parts and the ease of interfacing with other electronic systems. In this work, the aim is to design and implement a digital compass. To realize this, we made use of HMC6352 which is a 2-axis MR (magneto-resistive) sensor from Honeywell, Arduino Uno board with an onboard ATmega328 microcontroller chip, and a 16x2 character Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).We adopted the magneto-resistive (MR) technology as compared to flux-gate sensors common in most electronic compasses which has the disadvantage of making the device bulky. The trial test carried out with the completed HMC6352 digital compass showed a reading of 232.8 degrees West indicating its effectiveness in direction finding.
An Embedded Voice Activated Automobile Speed Limiter: A Design Approach for C...Onyebuchi nosiri
This document describes the design of an embedded voice activated automobile speed limiter system with the following key points:
1. The system is designed to alert drivers through voice prompts when their speed reaches 80, 85, 90, and 95 km/h before limiting the maximum speed to 100 km/h. This aims to avoid abrupt braking and inform drivers of unsafe overtaking attempts.
2. The system components include an Arduino UNO microcontroller, sensors to measure speed, an audio module to generate voice prompts, and a fuel actuator controlled by a relay to limit the fuel supply.
3. Simulation results in Proteus showed the system correctly generating voice prompts at the specified speeds and limiting fuel when reaching
OPTIMIZATION OF COST 231 MODEL FOR 3G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SIGNAL IN SUBURB...Onyebuchi nosiri
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Sideband noise mitigation in a co-located network involving CDMA2000 and WCDMA system
1. American Journal of Networks and Communications
2014; 3(2): 17-24
Published online May 20, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajnc)
doi: 10.11648/j.ajnc.20140302.11
Sideband noise mitigation in a co-located network
involving CDMA2000 and WCDMA system
Nosiri Onyebuchi Chikezie1
, Onoh Gregory Nwachukwu2
, Chukwudebe Gloria Azogini1
,
Azubogu Austin Chukwuemeka3
1
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria
2
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Enugu State University of Science & Technology, Nigeria
3
Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria
Email address:
buchinosiri@gmail.com (Nosiri O. C.), gnonoh@gmail.com (Onoh G. N.), gloriachukwudebe@yahoo.com (Chukwudebe G. A.),
autinazu@yahoo.com(Azubogu A. C.)
To cite this article:
Nosiri Onyebuchi Chikezie, Onoh Gregory Nwachukwu, Chukwudebe Gloria Azogini, Azubogu Austin Chukwuemeka. Sideband Noise
Mitigation in a Co-Located Network Involving CDMA2000 and WCDMA System. American Journal of Networks and Communications.
Vol. 3, No. 2, 2014, pp. 17-24. doi: 10.11648/j.ajnc.20140302.11
Abstract: The installation of base station antennas within close frequency range in a co-located scenario constitutes a
major interference for radio spectrum engineers. In a co-located setting involving a downlink frequency of CDMA2000 (1960
-1990MHz) and an uplink frequency of WCDMA(1920-1980MHz) as used in the telecommunication industry in Nigeria, the
base station receiver is required to receive low amplitude desired signals in the presence of strong transmitting power signals
resulting to sideband noise interference. The paper identifies the major mechanism of the sideband noise and proposes the
application of a Butterworth Band Pass Filter (BBPF) as a mitigation technique. The technique was developed through the
applications of empirical and mathematical analysis conducted in two different scenarios to evaluate the levels of the
interference signals on the WCDMA receiver from CDMA2000 transmitter. The first scenario involved a standalone
un-collocated WCDMA network while the second scenario involved a co-located network (CDMA2000 and WCDMA). A
52dB required attenuation specification was obtained for the BBPF design.
Keywords: Sideband Noise, WCDMA, CDMA2000, Co-Location, BBPF
1. Introduction
Wireless communication technologies having evolved
over the years are faced with diverse challenges which the
wireless service providers must find ways to navigate for
quality service delivery. The desire for wireless service
providers to build more cell sites is accelerated by the
following factors [1]:
• The need to provide coverage to a geographic region
where the service provider has not previously served.
• To cover “dead spot” or areas where existing signals
are weak.
• To allow for the reuse of channels or spectrum
bandwidth to support a larger number of customers
and to meet the higher speed requirements of
emerging technologies.
The demand to meet these needs has led to the
proliferation of new cell towers which are capital intensive.
Possible solution to the proliferation of cell towers is the
placement of a number of Radio Frequency (RF) transceiver
antennas at close proximity to one another, a concept known
as co-location [2].
The benefits of co-location strategy are summarized as
follows [3,4]:
• To reduce the proliferation of towers by facilitating
sharing thereby maximizing the use of network
facilities.
• To co-locate more networks on the same tower to
optimize saving and efficient utilization of capital and
operational expenditure for site infrastructure and to
achieve improved network coverage and capacity.
• To promote fair competition through equal access being
granted to the installations and facilities of operators on
mutually agreed terms.
• To ensure that the economic advantages derivable from
the sharing of facilities are harnessed for the overall
benefits of all telecommunication stakeholders.
• To protect the environment from harmful interference.
2. 18 Nosiri Onyebuchi Chikezie et al.: Sideband Noise Mitigation in a Co-Located Network Involving CDMA2000 and
WCDMA System
• To encourage operators to pursue a cost-oriented policy
with the added effect of a reduction in the tariffs
chargeable to consumers.
Co-location strategy was introduced in Nigeria by the
Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), primarily
aimed at reducing capital and operating expenditure of cell
sites and also to extend telecommunication services to the
un-served and under-served communities in Nigeria [5].
Operators such as MTN, Etisalat, Globalcom, Visaphone,
Airtel and Starcomms seeking to expand their network
services by building new cell sites are regulated and
managed by the NCC licensed service vendors such as the
IHS Plc, Swap Technologies, MTI and Helios Towers [6].
One of the essential considerations when analyzing a
co-located network is to evaluate if the frequencies of the
networks are adjacent to each other, overlap or have close
ranges.
However, networks involving the WCDMA (e.g MTN
operator) and the CDMA (e.g VISAPHONE operator) at
1.9GHz, when co-located are bound to experience
interference due to the close frequency bands of operations
between the networks.
The illustrations in Fig. 1 show the frequency spectrum
allocation by International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
for WCDMA, CDMA2000 and the Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System (UMTS) respectively [7]. The
frequency band allocation for CDMA 2000 downlink is
between 1930-1990MHz and that of WCDMA uplink is
between 1920-1980MHz. From Fig 1, it shows that the
CDMA2000 transmitter (Tx) frequency band overlaps with
the WCDMA receiver band by 50MHz. Therefore, the two
frequency bands will interfere in a co-located setting.
Figure 1. Spectrum Frequency Band Allocation [7]
Considering the huge impact of the interference between
the two networks if co-located, the regulatory body (NCC)
re-banded the frequency between these two networks as
shown in Fig. 2. The new CDMA2000 downlink frequency
band is between 1960-1990MHz. Fig. 2 shows that the
CDMA2000 Tx band overlaps 20MHz on the WCDMA
receiver (Rx) band. There is no interference between UMTS
base station (Bs) Tx and CDMA2000 Bs Rx because of wide
frequency isolation band (see Table 1).
Figure 2. Spectrum Allocation by NCC (After re-banding)[8]
Table 1. Frequency spectrum allocation
Wireless
access
technology
Mobile station
transmitter
(Uplink) (MHz)
Base station
Transmitter
(downlink)(MHz)
Duplex
separation
(MHz)
CDMA 2000 1850-1910 1930-1990 80
WCDMA 1920-1980 2110-2170 190
Fig. 3, shows the likelihood of spurious emissions levels
on the receiving front end of the WCDMA from the
CDMA2000(C2k) in a co-located scenario.
3. American Journal of Networks and Communications 2014; 3(2): 17-24 19
sB
Figure 3. Spurious Emission level [8]
This work was therefore considered necessary because of
the salient interference challenges faced between the
CDMA2000 Tx band and the WCDMA Rx band at 1.9GHz
in a co-located scenario, despite the re-banding by NCC.
The co-location strategy investigated in this paper is mainly
on passive sharing which involves non-electronic
components and facilities such as towers, shelters, electric
supply, easements and duct [9].
2. The Mechanism of Sideband Noise
In a co-located network, base station receivers have to
receive weak desired signals in the presence of high power
transmit signals which may lead to interference[10 ].
When RF signal is amplified to form the transmit signal, a
significant amount of emissions are generated outside the
transmit band referred to as sideband noise emission [11].
The emissions are due to the non-linearity and noise
generated inside the power amplifier, and may appear as a
“skirt” or “shoulders” when observed through the power
spectrum at the output of power amplifier. These emissions
or undesired noise energy may fall within the pass bands of a
co-located receiver, degrading the receiver sensitivity with
corresponding rise in the total noise floor level [11]. These
undesired noise energy also contribute to the Carrier to
Interference (C/I) ratio degradation, reduction in the full
utilization of the capacity and the coverage radius, thereby
disfranchising the end users from enjoying their hard paid
services. Therefore, the undesired spectral components have
to be reduced to an acceptable performance level to avoid
the introduction of excessive noise in the receiver.
3. Methodology
The first step in recognizing if interference has corrupted
a receiver system is to understand the characteristics of the
signal that the affected system is intended to receive while
the second step requires determining the level of the
interfering power that affects the amplitude of the received
signal.
In this research, the interference leakage of the
CDMA2000 Tx signal power on WCDMA Rx signals was
investigated. The test network was set up in Enugu State,
involving a co-located site and an unco-located site
respectively. The co-located site, involving CDMA2000 and
WCDMA systems with separate antennas placed vertically
collinear to each other, situated at the Federal Housing
Estate Trans Ekulu Enugu, Enugu. This site has the
following characteristics: Visa ID: ENU005, HIS
ID:IHS_ENG_007, Network operators: MTN and
Visaphone, BTS Local cell ID: 2155, sector ID: 0, Carrier
ID:18.
The unco-located site involves a standalone WCDMA,
situated at Independent Layout New Haven, Enugu,
characterized by the following: Site ID: HENB549, Cell ID:
EN0099C, longitude and latitude of 7.5286945 and 6.44658
respectively, the network operator is MTN. All the sites
were situated in urban environment.
A detailed experiment was carried out to measure the
interference leakage using a Huawei software M2000
Service Maintenance System CBSS installed in a laptop. The
software provided a window where the sites to be
investigated were selected within the sector, carrier and
duration. The measurement was carried out remotely from
the IHS central office.
3.1. Empirical Analysis and Evaluation for the
Un-Collocated Network
The received signal power for the WCDMA was
measured, conducted from Huawei site. The Noise Figure
(NF) of the WCDMA signals was calculated and obtained as
5dB using “(1)”.
]12[)()( 0 cBKTdBmMDSdBNF −= (1)
Where:
MDS is the minimum detectable signal (-102dBm) for
WCDMA network [12]
k is the Boltzmann’s constant ( 23
1038.1 −
x kJ / ,)
0T is the ambient temperature in Kelvin )290( 0 kT =
cB is the channel bandwidth for the WCDMA (5MHz)
The following parameters were obtained by calculation:
the noise floor level and the minimum demodulation C/I
ratio.
• The Noise Floor Level
Calculating the receiver’s noise floor level requires the
knowledge of the noise figure (NF). The model in “(2)” was
used to calculate the noise floor level.
]13)[(
10
10 0
mW
NFBKT
N s
floor
+
= (2)
Where is the signal bandwidth of WCDMA(3.84MHz).
• The Minimum Demodulation Carrier to Interference
(C/I) Ratio
The C/I ratio in a communication channel characterizes
the quality with which information is transferred through the
4. 20 Nosiri Onyebuchi Chikezie et al.: Sideband Noise Mitigation in a Co-Located Network Involving CDMA2000 and
WCDMA System
channel. Equation (3) is used to calculate the minimum
demodulation of the C/I ratio.
]13[0 floor
m
NS
I
C
−=
(3)
Where 0S is receiver sensitivity.
The summary of the results obtained are shown in Table 2.
3.2. Empirical Analysis and Evaluation for the co- Located
Network
In this scenario, the measurements and evaluation of the
interfering signal power, noise floor level, minimum
Demodulation Carrier to Interference ratio and percentage
C/I ratio degradation respectively for the co-located
networks were considered. The parameters measured
include:
i. The CDMA2000 Tx signal power.
ii. The WCDMA Rx signal power.
The BTS transmitter power and the BTS received signal
power were measured using Huawei software M2000
Service Maintenance System (CBSS). The summary of the
measured and calculated results are shown in Table 3.
The following parameters were calculated:
• The Noise Floor Level
The difference in the received signal level for co-located
and unco-located networks gives the degraded receiver
sensitivity denoted as η. If the receiver sensitivity is
degraded by η dB then the interference plus noise power is
given by
]13)[(
10
10
10
10 0
mW
NFBKT
ceInterferenN s
floor
η+
=+ (4)
If the interference level is equal to the equivalent noise
level of the original signal, the signal sensitivity will be
degraded by 3dB [7]. Therefore, it is important to ensure that
the noise level of the original signal is always 3dB above the
interference noise level to maintain victim’s percentage ratio
[7].
• The Interfering Signals Power
In the process of proffering solution to this prevailing
interference, one of the vital considerations is to evaluate the
degree and the impact of the interfering power on the victim
receiver channel especially on the system receiver
sensitivity and noise floor level. Therefore the interfering
power at the receiver input, denoted as )(γ is calculated
using “(5)”.
( ) ]13[1
10
10log10 100 dBmNFBKT s
−++=
η
γ (5)
This is expressed in terms of erosion of the receiver
sensitivity. By definition, a degradation of receiver
sensitivity (dB) is equal to the increase in the total noise plus
interference [7]. This denotes that if the noise level at the
receiver increases by 1dB, the receiver sensitivity of the
BTS decreases by 1dB accordingly.
• The Minimum Demodulation Carrier to Interference
(C/I) Ratio
The minimum demodulation carrier to interference ratio
(dB) in a co-located network is obtained using “(6)” and the
result shown in Table 3.
]13)[(0 ceInterferenNS
I
C
floor
m
+−=
(6)
4. Results and Discussion
Tables 2 and 3 show the detailed summary of the data
obtained for the co-located and un-collocated networks.
Table 2. Summary of data obtained for the un-collocated WCDMA site.
S/N Parameter Obtained values
1
Measured Received signal strength for
the WCDMA network
-109.69dBm
2
Calculated Noise floor for the WCDMA
network
-103dB
3
Calculated Minimum demodulation C/I
(dB) for the WCDMA network
-6.69
Table 3. Summary of the data obtained for the co-located network.
S/N Parameter Obtained values
1
Measured Received signal strength for
the WCDMA network
-110.70dBm
2
Measured Transmitter power for the
CDMA2000
41dBm
3
Calculated Noise floor for the WCDMA
network
-101.99dB
4
Calculated interfering signal power( γ )
for the WCDMA network
-108.80dBm
5
Calculated Minimum demodulation C/I
ratio (dB) for the WCDMA network
-8.71
6
Calculated C/I ratio degradation for
the WCDMA network
2.01
7
Calculated percentage C/I ratio
degradation for the WCDMA network
30
8
Calculated Receiver sensitivity
degradation (η )
for the WCDMA network
1.01dBm
The behaviour and performance analysis of any system is
better explained using graphical representations. The
simulated performance results obtained using Matlab 7.0
software tool was shown in Figs. 4-8. The graphs show the
various performance effects of interfering power on the
system reciever sensitivity and noise floor level. The
minimum demodulation C/I ratio after the system is
interfered and the percentage C/I ratio degradation effects
were also graphically represented.
5. American Journal of Networks and Communications 2014; 3(2): 17-24 21
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Rise in Noise Level after the system is interfered (dBm)
Receiversensitivitydegradation(dB)
Fig. 4. Interference effect on the system noise level performance
The linear graph in Fig. 4 shows the performance effect of
receiver sensitivity degradation caused by the interfering
power on the rise noise floor level. A receiver sensitivity
degradation of 1.01dBm gave rise to increase in noise floor
level by same value.
-130 -125 -120 -115 -110 -105 -100
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Interfering Power level (dBm)
Receiversensitivitydegradation(dB)
Fig. 5. Effect of rise in interfering power on the system sensitivity.
The exponential performance of the graph of Fig. 5 shows
the effects of the CDMA2000 interfering power on the
WCDMA receiver sensitivity. Interfering power level of
-108.80dBm degrades the sensitivity of the receiver by
1.01dBm. Hence as the interfering power increases, the
receiver sensitivity (victim receiver) degrades exponentially.
-13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Minimum Demodulation C/I ratio
Receiversensitivitydegradation(dB)
Fig. 6. Minimum demodulation C/I ratio after the system is interfered.
The negative slope in Fig. 6 shows the relationship
between the receiver sensitivity degradation of the victim
receiver and the minimum demodulation Carrier to
Interference ratio. When the receiver sensitivity degrades by
1.01, the minimum demodulation C/I ratio decreases by
-8.71.
Fig.7 shows the performance characteristics on the
increase in interfering power level and its corresponding
effects on the system noise floor. From the graph, increase in
interfering power of -108.80dBm gave rise to noise floor
level of 1.01dBm. This graph further explains the negative
impact of the sideband noise on the channel capacity of the
victim receiver. As the noise floor level increases, the overall
system capacity reduces, giving rise to poor channel
capacity performance. This means that only fewer
subscribers may be accommodated.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-130
-125
-120
-115
-110
-105
-100
InterferingPowerlevel(dBm)
Rise in Noise Level after the system is interfered (dBm)
Fig. 7. Rise in system noise floor level after the system is interfered.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
% C/I ratio degradation
Receiversensitivitydegradation(dB)
Fig. 8. Percentage C/I ratio degradation after the system is interfered
Fig. 8 clearly explains the percentage degradation
performance of the carrier to interference ratio as the
receiver sensitivity further degrades. From the graphical
representation, 1.01dBm sensitivity degradation resulted to
30% C/I ratio reduction. The degradation of the C/I ratio
6. 22 Nosiri Onyebuchi Chikezie et al.: Sideband Noise Mitigation in a Co-Located Network Involving CDMA2000 and
WCDMA System
impacts negatively on the system channel capacity. If not
controlled with adequate measures, it could reduce the
assigned number of subscribers within the channel.
The summary results from the graph show the following
important points:
1. Increase in Interference power of CDMA2000
increases the WCDMA noise level and reduces the
sensitivity of the receiver antenna, leading to high call
drop rate, hence restraining subscribers from enjoying
consistent and high quality services in a WCDMA cell.
2. Interference decreases WCDMA capacity due to the
rise in the noise level, hence fewer subscribers will
only be accommodated.
3. 1.01 dB degradation gave rise to 1.01dB noise floor
and interfering power of 108.80dBm
• Butterworth Band Pass Filter (BBPF) Design
Procedure
The limits of spurious emission levels by the Three
Generation Partnership Project Two (3GPP2) for CDMA far
offset from carrier is given as: -13dBm/1MHz
(1GHz<f<5GHz)[8].
In order to guarantee that the affected receiver’s
performance will not degrade, the isolation between the
interfering transmitter and affected receiver should be:
dBMHzMHzdBm 10280.101)84.3/80.108(1/13 ≈=−−− (7)
The total isolation required to maintain the received signal
optimum performance in the co-located scenario is 102dB.
The standard antenna-to-antenna isolation specification (dB)
by the NCC for personal communication systems (PCS),
digital communication systems (DCS) and universal mobile
telecommunication systems (UMTS) in a co-located site is
50dB [6]. Therefore a 52dB rejection at 5MHz guard band
was obtained as the required specifications for the
Butterworth Band Pass Filter (BBPF) offset from the low
side edge of the pass band. A guard band of 5MHz pass band
was considered in other to offer a faster roll-off space for the
BBPF.
• BBPF Design Specifications
The BBPF was primarily considered in this work among
other infinite impulse response filters (IIR) because of its
attributes to the least amount of phase distortion. Every filter
design requires creating the filter coefficients to meet
specific filtering requirements. The specifications in Hertz
are converted to normalized frequencies )(ω using “(8)”:
sf
fπ
ω
2
= (8)
Where:
f is the absolute frequency in Hertz, sf is the sampling
frequency in samples/second and ω is the normalized
frequency in π radian/sample. Tables 4 and 5, show the
Frequency and Magnitude specifications for the BBPF.
Table 4. Frequency Specifications
Filter
parameters
Frequency
specifications(KHz)
Normalized
frequency )(ω
(π radian/samples)
Fstop1 1955000 0.4912= 1Stopω
Fpass1 1960000 0.4924= 1Passω
Fpass2 1990000 0.5000= 2Passω
Fstop2 1995000 0.5012= 2Stopω
Sampling frequency
7960000=sf
Table 5. Magnitude Specifications.
Filter parameters Magnitude specifications
Astop1 52dB
Apass 0.1dB
Astop2 52dB
Where;
Fpass1 : Frequency at the edge of the start of the pass band.
Fpass2 : Frequency at the edge of the end of the pass band.
Fstop1 : Frequency at the edge of the start of the first stop
band,
Fstop2 : Frequency at the edge of the start of the second
Stop band,
Astop1: Attenuation in the first stop band in dB
APass: Amount of ripple allowed in the pass band, known as
the single pass band gain parameter
Astop2: Attenuation in the second stop band in dB
The output result interprets that any interfering signal that
comes out of the filter must be 52dB lower than it went in. In
practice, the designed filter should be placed at the
CDMA2000 front end to reject the sideband noise falling
within the WCDMA receiver pass band. The graphs in Figs.
9 and 10 show the magnitude response and the phase
response of the designed filter.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
-1600
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
Normalized Frequency (×π rad/sample)
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude Response (dB)
Fig. 9. Magnitude response of Butterworth Bandpass filter.
7. American Journal of Networks and Communications 2014; 3(2): 17-24 23
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Normalized Frequency (×π rad/sample)
Phase(radians) Phase Response
Fig. 10. Phase response of Bandpass filter
Phase response is the phase shift of the output relative to
its input. Fig.10 shows how the filter response decreases
monotonically and generates a maximally flat response with
no ripples both in the pass band and stop band, this provided
a sharp phase linear response with minimal or no distortion.
The graph in Fig. 9 shows a symmetrical magnitude
response of the BBPF. Great importance was given to the
magnitude response to show how selectively the filter
performs as it gets steeper and also the cut-off frequencies.
The first cut-off frequency (3-dB point) and the second
cut-off frequency were obtained as 0.49215π rad/sample
and 0.50025π rad/sample respectively.The geometric mean
of the upper and lower 3-dB cut-off frequencies was
evaluated as 0.4962 π rad/sample. The geometric mean
value identifies the point at which the filter achieves its
maximum gain.
Fig. 11. Simulink block for the Band pass filter
Fig. 11 shows the Simulink block function parameters of
the designed BBPF. It shows the first section out of the
cascaded 29 sections. The function block parameters
represented the gains and the delay samples. Implementation
of this filter as a cascade of quadratic factors provides a
better control of the stability of the filter.
4. Conclusion
The detailed performance effects of the interfering noise
power on the receiver sensitivity, noise floor level and the
carrier to interference ratio were clearly evaluated. From the
measurements conducted, the interfering power was
evaluated as -108.80dBm, which gave rise to 1.01dBm
receiver sensitivity degradation and 1.01dBm rise in total
system noise floor, about 30% degradation in C/I ratio. A
52dB rejection at 5MHz guard band offset from the low side
edge of the pass band was obtained. An application of
BBPF was considered necessary as a tool designed to
mitigate the challenging effects of sideband noise. In
practice, the designed BBPF should be installed at the
CDMA2000 front end to reject the sideband noise falling
within the WCDMA receiver pass band.
Recommendation for Further Work
With the rapid increase in diversity in wireless
communication systems especially when operating in a
dynamic environment, the authors recommend the
application of adaptive noise cancellation technique
(ANCT) considering the limitations of the BBPF which
includes:
a. Poor efficient power handling capability and
b. Low frequency agility response.
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