Abstract: In this work, the path loss and the received signal strength of a 3G network at 2.1GHz was evaluated to determine its performance within the Owerri metropolis. Various measuring equipment such as Transmission Evaluation and Monitoring System (TEMS 11), Global positioning system (BU353 GPS) and laptop were deployed for the drive test within the selected urban and sub-urban regions. From the data collected, Owerri sub-urban region showed poor received signal power level compared to the Owerri urban region. The path loss exponents computed for the Owerri urban and sub-urban regions are 3.24 and 4.34 respectively, the mean square error was evaluated as 1.96 and 1.68. The result obtained showed deviations between the compared existing models (Hata and Cost 231) and the proposed models. However, the slope of the Hata plot was relatively close in comparison to the proposed model than that of Cost 231; hence, the proposed model was best suited for the environment followed by the Hata model.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...Onyebuchi nosiri
This paper describes the development of optimized model for urban outdoor coverage in Long Term Evolution (LTE) network at 2300 MHz frequency band in Port Harcourt urban region, Nigeria. Signal attenuation and fluctuation remain amongst the major channel impairments for mobile radio communication systems. This arises as a result of model incompatibility with terrain and Line of Sight (LOS) obstruction of the channel signals. Some path loss models such as OkumuraHata, COST 231, Ericsson 999, Egli and ECC-33 models were evaluated for suitability and compared with the modified model for the environments. The models were based on data collected from LTE base stations at three geographical locations in Port Harcourt namely- Rumuokoro, Eneka and Ikwerre roads respectively. The simulation was implemented using MATLAB R2014a software. The modified model was further optimized with some selected parameters such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The results obtained gave rise to 3.030dB for RMSE and 0.00162dB for MAE respectively. The results obtained from the PSO optimized model demonstrated a better performance which is suitable for cell coverage planning and smooth handoff processes.
Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract - The characteristic effects of propagation environment on wireless communication signals are significant on the transmitted and received signal quality. The study focused on investigative analysis of the effects of propagation environment on the wireless communication signals within some geographical domains in Port Harcourt, River State. Field measurements were carried out in some selected areas namely GRA phase II and Aggrey Road categorized as urban and Sub urban areas respectively using Sony Ericsson (W995) Test Phone and GPS receiver (BU353). The analyses were based on linear regression (mean square error) approach. The computed path loss exponents and standard deviation based on the empirical analyses conducted for urban and suburban environments are 3.57dB, 2.98dB and 19.6, 13.2, respectively. The results obtained were used to compare the performance of the various existing path loss prediction models such as Okumura-Hata, Cost 231 and ECC-33. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban environment while Cost 231 performed better in rural environment. They study therefore recommends the deployment of Okumura-Hata model in urban, while Cost 231for suburban study areas.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...Onyebuchi nosiri
This paper describes the development of optimized model for urban outdoor coverage in Long Term Evolution (LTE) network at 2300 MHz frequency band in Port Harcourt urban region, Nigeria. Signal attenuation and fluctuation remain amongst the major channel impairments for mobile radio communication systems. This arises as a result of model incompatibility with terrain and Line of Sight (LOS) obstruction of the channel signals. Some path loss models such as OkumuraHata, COST 231, Ericsson 999, Egli and ECC-33 models were evaluated for suitability and compared with the modified model for the environments. The models were based on data collected from LTE base stations at three geographical locations in Port Harcourt namely- Rumuokoro, Eneka and Ikwerre roads respectively. The simulation was implemented using MATLAB R2014a software. The modified model was further optimized with some selected parameters such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The results obtained gave rise to 3.030dB for RMSE and 0.00162dB for MAE respectively. The results obtained from the PSO optimized model demonstrated a better performance which is suitable for cell coverage planning and smooth handoff processes.
Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract - The characteristic effects of propagation environment on wireless communication signals are significant on the transmitted and received signal quality. The study focused on investigative analysis of the effects of propagation environment on the wireless communication signals within some geographical domains in Port Harcourt, River State. Field measurements were carried out in some selected areas namely GRA phase II and Aggrey Road categorized as urban and Sub urban areas respectively using Sony Ericsson (W995) Test Phone and GPS receiver (BU353). The analyses were based on linear regression (mean square error) approach. The computed path loss exponents and standard deviation based on the empirical analyses conducted for urban and suburban environments are 3.57dB, 2.98dB and 19.6, 13.2, respectively. The results obtained were used to compare the performance of the various existing path loss prediction models such as Okumura-Hata, Cost 231 and ECC-33. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban environment while Cost 231 performed better in rural environment. They study therefore recommends the deployment of Okumura-Hata model in urban, while Cost 231for suburban study areas.
An Efficient Performance of Mimo - Ofdm Based Cognitieve Radio System for Arr...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The wireless channel is central within this context, thus estimating the channel is the key to make CR operational, taking in consideration that the transmission-reception technology is available. In this thesis, we design a MIMO system using OFDM modulation technology to transmit and receive two signals over the mobile wireless channel. First formulate the pilot design as a new optimization problem. We use MIMO concept to enhance system capacity and robustness of the wireless transmission. In Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) based cognitive radio (CR) systems, with the increasing demand for data rate and reliability in Wireless communicationsand devices, several issues become very important like bandwidth efficiency, quality of service and radio coverage. In this new scheme, adaptive arrays are group-selected in the spatial domain. Simulation shows that the proposed system can get significant performance improvements over the conventional array based OFDM systems over frequency-selective multipath fading channels with cognitive radio (CR) system. Keywords: Cognitive radios, MIMO, OFDM, and Joint transmit and receive group selected arrays.
Index modulation is one of the promising techniques for future communications systems due to many improvement over the classical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems such as single RF chain, increased throughput for the same modulation order, achieved tradeoff between the efficiencies of the power and the spectral, and elimination of inter-channel interference. Many forms of index modulation researches exist where symbols are conveyed in antennas, subcarriers, time slots, and the space-time matrix. Spatial modulation is one member of index modulation family where symbols are conveyed in activating transmit/receive antennas. In this paper, a modification to a standard multiple input single output scheme by integrating spatial modulation using simplified mathematical procedure is achieved. In the transmitter side, data and activation symbols are distributed simultaneously using mathematical module and floor functions. At the receiver, a simplified maximum likelihood detector is used to obtain transmitted pair of symbols. To verify this, MATLAB simulink is used to simulate a downlink system where spatial modulation is applied to a base station. Results for different transmit antenna number and modulation order are obtained in the form of bit error rate versus signal to noise ratio.
Estimating cellphone signal intensity & identifying radiation hotspot are...eSAT Journals
Abstract The increased uses of mobile phones have raised public interest in possible health issues associated with exposure to electromagnetic energy. For the speedy transmission and avoiding the construction of more towers, the single tower can be shared by multiple network operators. The simultaneous exposure to multiple frequency fields, the sum of all the radiation must be taken into consideration so the radiation intensity level exceeds by several times than the prescribed guideline. Hence, the public is being exposed to continuous, low intensity radiations from these towers. Present Survey has been designed to identify signal strength among the people dwelling near the base station. Signal Strength predicted by integration of NDVI methodology is taken into account for factors like trees, trunks, leaves, branches, their density and their heights relative to the antenna heights and also it has been calculated by both theoretical and practical. In this regard the present study, practical field investigations of existing towers have been done by using SCEPTOR (Mobile GIS/GPS receiver). These GPS data fed to GIS for creating a new layer along with DEM file and satellite image for creating virtual model.3D city model has been performed for the study area. Finally the radiation hotspot area has been identified by using viewshed analysis. Keywords: RF Coverage, Signal Strength, GIS, Remote Sensing, GPS, and Antenna
A compact triband microstrip antenna utilizing hexagonal CSRR for wireless co...journalBEEI
In this paper, a compact triband printed antenna with hexagonal complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) for 4G applications is proposed. The proposed multiband antenna is comprised of a rectangular patch antenna on the top plane, while on the ground plane, hexagonal CSRRs are etched for size miniaturization (at the lower bands) and multiband generation. Another effect of the CSRR is the shifting of the initial resonance of the patch antenna from 5.17 GHz to the higher band of 6.18 GHz. The triband of 180 MHz 2.4~2.59, 150 MHz 2.79~2.94 and 420 MHz 6.04~6.46 GHz bands acquired can cover WLAN/Wi-Fi and WiMAX operating bands adequately. This can be achieved by choosing the optimal size and position of the CSRR on the ground plane carefully. The design occupies a total size of 45 x 45 mm2 using the low-cost FR-4 substrate. Good agreements are obtained between the measured results and the simulated, which are discussed and presented.
Performance of modeling wireless networks in realistic environmentCSCJournals
A wireless network is realized by mobile devices which communicate over radio channels. Since, experiments of real life problem with real devices are very difficult, simulation is used very often. Among many other important properties that have to be defined for simulative experiments, the mobility model and the radio propagation model have to be selected carefully. Both have strong impact on the performance of mobile wireless networks, e.g., the performance of routing protocols varies with these models. There are many mobility and radio propagation models proposed in literature. Each of them was developed with different objectives and is not suited for every physical scenario. The radio propagation models used in common wireless network simulators, in general researcher consider simple radio propagation models and neglect obstacles in the propagation environment. In this paper, we study the performance of wireless networks simulation by consider different Radio propagation models with considering obstacles in the propagation environment. In this paper we analyzed the performance of wireless networks by OPNET Modeler .In this paper we quantify the parameters such as throughput, packet received attenuation.
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
Mobility and Propagation Models in Multi-hop Cognitive Radio Networksszhb
Cognitive radio networks allow unlicensed
(secondary) users to opportunistically utilize the idle
resource of a licensed network for communication
without affecting the quality of service being offered to
the primary or licensed users. This paper investigates
the effect of mobility on performance of multi-hop
cognitive radio network under various propagation
models. MPEG4 video; a bandwidth intensive traffic, is
tested over these network conditions for secondary
users and results are validated using NS2 simulations.
Performance metrics used for evaluation include
throughput, delay variations etc.
Validation study of path loss models onijngnjournal
The radio wave propagation in form of path loss model plays very significant role in planning of any
wireless communication network. Measurement of signal strength of OFDM driven WiMAX technology at
2.6 GHz band is taken in Suburban Town of India. The results are analyzed and compared with Empirical
path loss models such as Hata-Okumura, Modified Hata and COST-231Hata. COST-231 model shows
highest path loss for suburban environment. These analyzed results establish that COST-231 model is
suitable for suburban environment also. Threshold RSSI estimates cell coverage probability in the area.
Design and analysis of mimo system for uwb communicationijwmn
Multiple transmit and receive antennas are used MIMO system. The system creates parallel MIMO
subchannels to transmit independent streams of data under the appropriate channel conditions. Similarly,
Ultrawideband (UWB) communication has attracted great interest for various applications in recent days.
Spatially multiplexed (SM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems gains the spectral efficiency as
well as high data rates without consuming additional power, bandwidth or time slots. In this paper, we
extend the concept of MIMO to UWB systems. The correlated channel for such purpose is considered and
the performance has been analyzed for spatial multiplexing SM-UWB-MIMO system which is required for
estimation. The system performance substantially degrades in the presence of high values of spatial
correlation. To avoid the degradation of such system, it has been designed for virtual UWB-MIMO Time
Reversal (TR) system, so that it is not affected by the transmit correlation. Another novel method to reduce
the effect of correlation has been chosen by taking the Eigen value of the channel matrix for the
computation of the system performance. The result shows its performance.
Comparative Study of Path Loss Models for Wireless Communication in Urban and...Onyebuchi nosiri
ABSTRACT: The study was based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for Global System for Mobile Communications at 900MHz. Drive test analyses were carried out from two selected terrains in Rivers State namely GRA Phase II and Aggrey Road classified as urban and suburban areas respectively, to evaluate the best propagation model for the study area. The data obtained were used to compare the various prediction models namely; Cost 231, Okumura-Hata and ECC-33. Mean path loss values of 115.16dB for Okumura-Hata and 117.79dB for COST 231 and 280.88dB for ECC-33 respectively were predicted in the urban environment. Mean path loss values of 115.16dB, 114.76dB and 314.84dB were predicted by Okumura-Hata, Cost 231and ECC-33 models respectively in the suburban environment. ECC-33 over estimated path loss and gave the highest prediction in both environments. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban while COST 231 performed better in the suburban environment. Okumura-hata and COST 231 models are recommended for deployment in urban and suburban environments respectively.
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract - The characteristic effects of propagation environment on wireless communication signals are significant on the transmitted and received signal quality. The study focused on investigative analysis of the effects of propagation environment on the wireless communication signals within some geographical domains in Port Harcourt, River State. Field measurements were carried out in some selected areas namely GRA phase II and Aggrey Road categorized as urban and Sub urban areas respectively using Sony Ericsson (W995) Test Phone and GPS receiver (BU353). The analyses were based on linear regression (mean square error) approach. The computed path loss exponents and standard deviation based on the empirical analyses conducted for urban and suburban environments are 3.57dB, 2.98dB and 19.6, 13.2, respectively. The results obtained were used to compare the performance of the various existing path loss prediction models such as Okumura-Hata, Cost 231 and ECC-33. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban environment while Cost 231 performed better in rural environment. They study therefore recommends the deployment of Okumura-Hata model in urban, while Cost 231for suburban study areas.
Validation Study of Path Loss Models on Wimax At 2.6 Ghz Frequency Band in Su...josephjonse
The radio wave propagation in form of path loss model plays very significant role in planning of any wireless communication network. Measurement of signal strength of OFDM driven WiMAX technology at 2.6 GHz band is taken in Suburban Town of India. The results are analyzed and compared with Empirical path loss models such as Hata-Okumura, Modified Hata and COST-231Hata. COST-231 model shows highest path loss for suburban environment. These analyzed results establish that COST-231 model is suitable for suburban environment also. Threshold RSSI estimates cell coverage probability in the area
An Efficient Performance of Mimo - Ofdm Based Cognitieve Radio System for Arr...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The wireless channel is central within this context, thus estimating the channel is the key to make CR operational, taking in consideration that the transmission-reception technology is available. In this thesis, we design a MIMO system using OFDM modulation technology to transmit and receive two signals over the mobile wireless channel. First formulate the pilot design as a new optimization problem. We use MIMO concept to enhance system capacity and robustness of the wireless transmission. In Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) based cognitive radio (CR) systems, with the increasing demand for data rate and reliability in Wireless communicationsand devices, several issues become very important like bandwidth efficiency, quality of service and radio coverage. In this new scheme, adaptive arrays are group-selected in the spatial domain. Simulation shows that the proposed system can get significant performance improvements over the conventional array based OFDM systems over frequency-selective multipath fading channels with cognitive radio (CR) system. Keywords: Cognitive radios, MIMO, OFDM, and Joint transmit and receive group selected arrays.
Index modulation is one of the promising techniques for future communications systems due to many improvement over the classical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems such as single RF chain, increased throughput for the same modulation order, achieved tradeoff between the efficiencies of the power and the spectral, and elimination of inter-channel interference. Many forms of index modulation researches exist where symbols are conveyed in antennas, subcarriers, time slots, and the space-time matrix. Spatial modulation is one member of index modulation family where symbols are conveyed in activating transmit/receive antennas. In this paper, a modification to a standard multiple input single output scheme by integrating spatial modulation using simplified mathematical procedure is achieved. In the transmitter side, data and activation symbols are distributed simultaneously using mathematical module and floor functions. At the receiver, a simplified maximum likelihood detector is used to obtain transmitted pair of symbols. To verify this, MATLAB simulink is used to simulate a downlink system where spatial modulation is applied to a base station. Results for different transmit antenna number and modulation order are obtained in the form of bit error rate versus signal to noise ratio.
Estimating cellphone signal intensity & identifying radiation hotspot are...eSAT Journals
Abstract The increased uses of mobile phones have raised public interest in possible health issues associated with exposure to electromagnetic energy. For the speedy transmission and avoiding the construction of more towers, the single tower can be shared by multiple network operators. The simultaneous exposure to multiple frequency fields, the sum of all the radiation must be taken into consideration so the radiation intensity level exceeds by several times than the prescribed guideline. Hence, the public is being exposed to continuous, low intensity radiations from these towers. Present Survey has been designed to identify signal strength among the people dwelling near the base station. Signal Strength predicted by integration of NDVI methodology is taken into account for factors like trees, trunks, leaves, branches, their density and their heights relative to the antenna heights and also it has been calculated by both theoretical and practical. In this regard the present study, practical field investigations of existing towers have been done by using SCEPTOR (Mobile GIS/GPS receiver). These GPS data fed to GIS for creating a new layer along with DEM file and satellite image for creating virtual model.3D city model has been performed for the study area. Finally the radiation hotspot area has been identified by using viewshed analysis. Keywords: RF Coverage, Signal Strength, GIS, Remote Sensing, GPS, and Antenna
A compact triband microstrip antenna utilizing hexagonal CSRR for wireless co...journalBEEI
In this paper, a compact triband printed antenna with hexagonal complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) for 4G applications is proposed. The proposed multiband antenna is comprised of a rectangular patch antenna on the top plane, while on the ground plane, hexagonal CSRRs are etched for size miniaturization (at the lower bands) and multiband generation. Another effect of the CSRR is the shifting of the initial resonance of the patch antenna from 5.17 GHz to the higher band of 6.18 GHz. The triband of 180 MHz 2.4~2.59, 150 MHz 2.79~2.94 and 420 MHz 6.04~6.46 GHz bands acquired can cover WLAN/Wi-Fi and WiMAX operating bands adequately. This can be achieved by choosing the optimal size and position of the CSRR on the ground plane carefully. The design occupies a total size of 45 x 45 mm2 using the low-cost FR-4 substrate. Good agreements are obtained between the measured results and the simulated, which are discussed and presented.
Performance of modeling wireless networks in realistic environmentCSCJournals
A wireless network is realized by mobile devices which communicate over radio channels. Since, experiments of real life problem with real devices are very difficult, simulation is used very often. Among many other important properties that have to be defined for simulative experiments, the mobility model and the radio propagation model have to be selected carefully. Both have strong impact on the performance of mobile wireless networks, e.g., the performance of routing protocols varies with these models. There are many mobility and radio propagation models proposed in literature. Each of them was developed with different objectives and is not suited for every physical scenario. The radio propagation models used in common wireless network simulators, in general researcher consider simple radio propagation models and neglect obstacles in the propagation environment. In this paper, we study the performance of wireless networks simulation by consider different Radio propagation models with considering obstacles in the propagation environment. In this paper we analyzed the performance of wireless networks by OPNET Modeler .In this paper we quantify the parameters such as throughput, packet received attenuation.
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
Mobility and Propagation Models in Multi-hop Cognitive Radio Networksszhb
Cognitive radio networks allow unlicensed
(secondary) users to opportunistically utilize the idle
resource of a licensed network for communication
without affecting the quality of service being offered to
the primary or licensed users. This paper investigates
the effect of mobility on performance of multi-hop
cognitive radio network under various propagation
models. MPEG4 video; a bandwidth intensive traffic, is
tested over these network conditions for secondary
users and results are validated using NS2 simulations.
Performance metrics used for evaluation include
throughput, delay variations etc.
Validation study of path loss models onijngnjournal
The radio wave propagation in form of path loss model plays very significant role in planning of any
wireless communication network. Measurement of signal strength of OFDM driven WiMAX technology at
2.6 GHz band is taken in Suburban Town of India. The results are analyzed and compared with Empirical
path loss models such as Hata-Okumura, Modified Hata and COST-231Hata. COST-231 model shows
highest path loss for suburban environment. These analyzed results establish that COST-231 model is
suitable for suburban environment also. Threshold RSSI estimates cell coverage probability in the area.
Design and analysis of mimo system for uwb communicationijwmn
Multiple transmit and receive antennas are used MIMO system. The system creates parallel MIMO
subchannels to transmit independent streams of data under the appropriate channel conditions. Similarly,
Ultrawideband (UWB) communication has attracted great interest for various applications in recent days.
Spatially multiplexed (SM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems gains the spectral efficiency as
well as high data rates without consuming additional power, bandwidth or time slots. In this paper, we
extend the concept of MIMO to UWB systems. The correlated channel for such purpose is considered and
the performance has been analyzed for spatial multiplexing SM-UWB-MIMO system which is required for
estimation. The system performance substantially degrades in the presence of high values of spatial
correlation. To avoid the degradation of such system, it has been designed for virtual UWB-MIMO Time
Reversal (TR) system, so that it is not affected by the transmit correlation. Another novel method to reduce
the effect of correlation has been chosen by taking the Eigen value of the channel matrix for the
computation of the system performance. The result shows its performance.
Comparative Study of Path Loss Models for Wireless Communication in Urban and...Onyebuchi nosiri
ABSTRACT: The study was based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for Global System for Mobile Communications at 900MHz. Drive test analyses were carried out from two selected terrains in Rivers State namely GRA Phase II and Aggrey Road classified as urban and suburban areas respectively, to evaluate the best propagation model for the study area. The data obtained were used to compare the various prediction models namely; Cost 231, Okumura-Hata and ECC-33. Mean path loss values of 115.16dB for Okumura-Hata and 117.79dB for COST 231 and 280.88dB for ECC-33 respectively were predicted in the urban environment. Mean path loss values of 115.16dB, 114.76dB and 314.84dB were predicted by Okumura-Hata, Cost 231and ECC-33 models respectively in the suburban environment. ECC-33 over estimated path loss and gave the highest prediction in both environments. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban while COST 231 performed better in the suburban environment. Okumura-hata and COST 231 models are recommended for deployment in urban and suburban environments respectively.
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract - The characteristic effects of propagation environment on wireless communication signals are significant on the transmitted and received signal quality. The study focused on investigative analysis of the effects of propagation environment on the wireless communication signals within some geographical domains in Port Harcourt, River State. Field measurements were carried out in some selected areas namely GRA phase II and Aggrey Road categorized as urban and Sub urban areas respectively using Sony Ericsson (W995) Test Phone and GPS receiver (BU353). The analyses were based on linear regression (mean square error) approach. The computed path loss exponents and standard deviation based on the empirical analyses conducted for urban and suburban environments are 3.57dB, 2.98dB and 19.6, 13.2, respectively. The results obtained were used to compare the performance of the various existing path loss prediction models such as Okumura-Hata, Cost 231 and ECC-33. Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban environment while Cost 231 performed better in rural environment. They study therefore recommends the deployment of Okumura-Hata model in urban, while Cost 231for suburban study areas.
Validation Study of Path Loss Models on Wimax At 2.6 Ghz Frequency Band in Su...josephjonse
The radio wave propagation in form of path loss model plays very significant role in planning of any wireless communication network. Measurement of signal strength of OFDM driven WiMAX technology at 2.6 GHz band is taken in Suburban Town of India. The results are analyzed and compared with Empirical path loss models such as Hata-Okumura, Modified Hata and COST-231Hata. COST-231 model shows highest path loss for suburban environment. These analyzed results establish that COST-231 model is suitable for suburban environment also. Threshold RSSI estimates cell coverage probability in the area
Path Loss Prediction Model For UHF Radiowaves Propagation In Akure MetropolisCSCJournals
Propagation path loss models play an important role in the design of cellular systems to specify key system parameters such as transmission power, frequency, antenna heights, and so on. Several models have been proposed for cellular systems operating in different environments (indoor, outdoor, urban, suburban, and rural). This work sets out to predict the path loss of a UHF channel along three routes in Akure metropolis using existing models (Friis, Okumura-Hata). Broadcast signal field strength measurements were taken across the three routes. Measured values were compared with the different models prediction to determine model suitable for the city. Consequently, a modified Hata’ model was developed which can be deployed by engineers in radio communications system planning and design.
Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentseIJECEIAES
In the mobile phone system, it is highly desirable to estimate the loss of the track not only to improve performance but also to achieve an accurate estimate of financial feasibility; the inaccurate estimate of track loss either leads to performance degradation or increased cost. Various models have been introduced to accurately estimate the path loss. One of these models is the Okomura / Hata model, which is recommended for estimating path loss in cellular systems that use micro cells. This system is suitable for use in a variety of environments. This study examines the comparison of path loss models for statistical analysis derived from experimental data collected in urban and suburban areas at frequencies of 150-1500 MHz’s The results of the measurements were used to develop path loss models in urban and suburban areas. The results showed that Pathloss increases in urban areas respectively.
Development of a modified propagation model of a wireless mobile communicatio...IJECEIAES
Pathloss is a key element that causes signal deterioration in the channel as the signal power reduces inversely with propagation distance, this deterioration experienced by the channel is majorly as a result of reflection, absorption, and scattering of the signal. This study however takes into consideration the radio path loss for precise base station (BS), frequency, and power adjustment prediction evaluated over a frequency of 2.3 GHz. With a distance range between 0.1 and 1.5 km for collection of data on the measured received signal strength (MRSS), five empirical models and a modified model were used to validate the measured data to determine their suitability for pathloss prediction at Federal University of Technology, Owerri (FUTO), Imo state, Nigeria. The results shows that the root mean square error (RMSE) for the Okumura-Hata, COST 231-Hata, Ericsson model, Lee, Stanford University Interim (SUI), ECC-33, and modified models are 14.33, 9.73, 25.79, 48.4, 33.76, and
8.31 dB respectively. Additionally, the Ericsson model provided 0.498 dB, the COST 231-Hata recorded 0.733 dB, and the modified model provided 0.453 dB for mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). Therefore, the improved model produces the best results, consequently, be deployed to approximately predict path loss for mobile radio coverage in Owerri, Nigeria.
Impact of Using Modified Open Area Okumura-Hata Propagation Model in Determin...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper examines the applicability of the Okumura - Hata model in Malaysia in GSM frequency band. The study was carried out in the open area only since measurements provided from Malaysia Mobile were about the open areas. The mean square error (MSE) was calculated between measured path loss values and those predicted on basis of Okumura-Hata model for an open area. The MSE is up to 6dB, which is an acceptable value for the signal prediction. Therefore, the model gave a significant difference in an open area that allowed necessary changes to be introduced in the model. That error was minimized by subtracting the calculated MSE (15.31dB) from the original equation of open area for Okumura-Hata model. Modified equation was also verified for another cell in an open area in Malaysia and gave acceptable results.
COMPARISON OF RADIO PROPAGATION MODELS FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) NETWORKijngnjournal
This paper concerns about the radio propagation models used for the upcoming 4th Generation (4G) of cellular networks known as Long Term Evolution (LTE). The radio wave propagation model or path loss model plays a very significant role in planning of any wireless communication systems. In this paper, a comparison is made between different proposed radio propagation models that would be used for LTE, like Stanford University Interim (SUI) model, Okumura model, Hata COST 231 model, COST Walfisch-Ikegami & Ericsson 9999 model. The comparison is made using different terrains e.g. urban, suburban and rural area.SUI model shows the lowest path lost in all the terrains while COST 231 Hata model illustrates highest path loss in urban area and COST Walfisch-Ikegami model has highest path loss for suburban and rural environments.
Third Generation Wireless Modeling in Urban EnvironmentEECJOURNAL
The global mobile communication is fast growing in industry. This paper recommends appropriate settings to evaluate the performance of wireless mobile system deploying third generation networks in an urban environment. To meet this aim, a case Study of Sulaimanyia city is considered for this study by establishing suitable radio channel models. The work presents a statistical channel model, where fixed and nomadic analysis services are considered in the simulated radio coverage scenario. The cartographic dataset had been collected, and Matlab Software was used for showing the analysis and simulation results. Statistical channel models are derived that combine standard parameters such as separation distance, operating frequency and terminal height with more advanced and innovative parameters such as distance dependent shadowing and LOS probability.
Scedasticity descriptor of terrestrial wireless communications channels for m...IJECEIAES
Fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems increased the bandwidth, improved the speed, and shortened the latency of communications systems. Various channel models are developed to study 5G. These channel models reproduce the stochastic properties of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas by generating wireless multipath components (MPCs). The MPCs with similar properties in delay, angles of departure, and angles of arrival form clusters. The multipaths and multipath clusters serve as datasets to understand the properties of 5G. These datasets generated by the Cooperation in Science and Technology 2100 (COST 2100), International Mobile Telecommunications-2020 (IMT-2020), Quasi Deterministic Radio Channel Generator (QuaDRiGa), and Wireless World Initiative New Radio II (WINNER II) channel models are tested for their homoscedasticity based on Johansen's procedure. Results show that the COST 2100, QuaDRiGa, and WINNER II datasets are heteroscedastic, while the IMT-2020 dataset is homoscedastic.
An Analytical Analysis of Path Loss Models for Mobile Cellular Wireless Commu...IJCI JOURNAL
The paper deals with the study based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for mobile cellular wireless communication of global system for mobile at frequencies 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz,respectively. The path loss propagation models are vital tool for planning the wireless network as well as
designed to predict path loss in a meticulous environment. Various propagation models: Free-space model, CCIR (ITU-R) model, Hata model, Ericson model, and Stanford University Interim (SUI) model have been studied and examined through analytically from the base station (BS) to mobile station (MS)
and vice versa followed by respective simulation performance evaluation by using Matlab simulator. The observed data is collected at the operating frequency of 0.9 GHz from various environments (high density region and low density region) using the spectrum analyzer and path loss comparison is shown for
different model.
AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...IJCI JOURNAL
The paper deals with the study based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for mobile cellular wireless communication of global system for mobile at frequencies 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz, respectively. The path loss propagation models are vital tool for planning the wireless network as well as
designed to predict path loss in a meticulous environment. Various propagation models: Free-space model, CCIR (ITU-R) model, Hata model, Ericson model, and Stanford University Interim (SUI) model have been studied and examined through analytically from the base station (BS) to mobile station (MS)
and vice versa followed by respective simulation performance evaluation by using Matlab simulator. The observed data is collected at the operating frequency of 0.9 GHz from various environments (high density region and low density region) using the spectrum analyzer and path loss comparison is shown for
different model.
AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...IJCI JOURNAL
The paper deals with the study based on the comparative analysis of radio propagation models for mobile
cellular wireless communication of global system for mobile at frequencies 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz,
respectively. The path loss propagation models are vital tool for planning the wireless network as well as
designed to predict path loss in a meticulous environment. Various propagation models: Free-space
model, CCIR (ITU-R) model, Hata model, Ericson model, and Stanford University Interim (SUI) model
have been studied and examined through analytically from the base station (BS) to mobile station (MS)
and vice versa followed by respective simulation performance evaluation by using Matlab simulator. The
observed data is collected at the operating frequency of 0.9 GHz from various environments (high density
region and low density region) using the spectrum analyzer and path loss comparison is shown for
different model.
LABORATORY ANALYSIS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF 5G NSA COMMUNICATION IN A SUBURBAN ...ijwmn
The propagation of information by electromagnetic waves suffers different types of interference, according
to the characteristics of the environment. The 5G system relies on adaptive modulation and coding
techniques to better suit the channel and maximize effective data exchange between the user equipment and
the network. Practical studies on the behaviour of the system under different environmental conditions,
subject to attenuation processes such as fading, are important to understand and improve the 5G
efficiency. This work has analysed the effect of the MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme) variation on
throughput for channel degraded by the multipath fading effect in a mobile communication. The analysis
was carried out showing that the decision algorithms in terms of MCS switching to maintain adequate data
rates according to the requirement (QoS) is an important factor. Considering both 64 QAM and 256 QAM,
the throughput degradation effect was more evident in higher-order modulations due to the higher
probability of bit error in the symbol constellation. This study can be a key for understanding and
developing robust MCS switcher for 5G and beyond communications.
LABORATORY ANALYSIS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF 5G NSA COMMUNICATION IN A SUBURBAN ...ijwmn
The propagation of information by electromagnetic waves suffers different types of interference, according
to the characteristics of the environment. The 5G system relies on adaptive modulation and coding
techniques to better suit the channel and maximize effective data exchange between the user equipment and
the network. Practical studies on the behaviour of the system under different environmental conditions,
subject to attenuation processes such as fading, are important to understand and improve the 5G
efficiency. This work has analysed the effect of the MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme) variation on
throughput for channel degraded by the multipath fading effect in a mobile communication. The analysis
was carried out showing that the decision algorithms in terms of MCS switching to maintain adequate data
rates according to the requirement (QoS) is an important factor. Considering both 64 QAM and 256 QAM,
the throughput degradation effect was more evident in higher-order modulations due to the higher
probability of bit error in the symbol constellation. This study can be a key for understanding and
developing robust MCS switcher for 5G and beyond communications.
Comparative power flow analysis of 28 and 52 buses for 330 kv power grid netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
Newton-Raphson technique was formulated and used to evaluate the electrical performances of the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigerian 330kV power networks. The Jacobian matrix for both the existing 28-bus and the improved 52-bus Nigerian power system was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution method. The steady-state critical bus voltages, voltage and angle profiles at each bus, active and reactive power flows, transformer tap settings, component or circuit loading, generator exciter regulator voltage set points and system losses of these networks were determined to ascertain their effectiveness and proper network reconfiguration. The results obtained showed a better performance of the 52-Bus system in power quality, voltage and angle profiles over the conventional 28-bus system
Comparative power flow analysis of 28 and 52 buses for 330 kv power grid netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
Newton-Raphson technique was formulated and used to evaluate the electrical performances of the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigerian 330kV power networks. The Jacobian matrix for both the existing 28-bus and the improved 52-bus Nigerian power system was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution method. The steady-state critical bus voltages, voltage and angle profiles at each bus, active and reactive power flows, transformer tap settings, component or circuit loading, generator exciter regulator voltage set points and system losses of these networks were determined to ascertain their effectiveness and proper network reconfiguration. The results obtained showed a better performance of the 52-Bus system in power quality, voltage and angle profiles over the conventional 28-bus system
Abstract—The article emphasized the importance and the necessity for mobile network operators to visualize infrastructure sharing as an essential phase of development in the life cycle of mobile telecommunication industry in Nigeria. With the unprecedented network infrastructure challenges characterized by unfavourable business environment and the need for quick network deployment, prompted the need for harmonizing, collaboration and consolidation by the key service providers to reduce the OPEX and CAPEX while at the same time provide quality service delivery. The idea of telecom operators to pursue the policy of doing it alone on the ground to be the first network to reach a certain subscribers base should never be entertained in the Nigerian telecom industry. Numerous benefits ranging from network availability, reliability, innovation, expansion, customer satisfaction and economic sustainability are harnessed from telecom infrastructure sharing and therefore should be enforceable by the regulatory agency to ensure collaboration by the Nigerian network providers.
VOLTAGE STABILITY IN NIGERIA 330KV INTEGRATED 52 BUS POWER NETWORK USING PATT...Onyebuchi nosiri
ABSTRACT Detecting the voltage instability in advance enables remedial actions and preventive measures to cushion the effect of the oncoming voltage collapse phenomenon in power systems. This was achieved by implementing Pattern Recognition Techniques (PRTs) in conjunction with Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSSE) program. It was then deployed in Nigeria 330KV Integrated 52 bus power system to actualize Regularized Least Squares Classification (RLSC) and Classification and Regression Trees (CART) heuristic methods. The methods were deployed for separating voltage stability and unstable cases that resulted under system contingencies and fault conditions. Dynamic simulation, system voltage stability and unstable/instability cases results, and the channel outputs of these voltage cases against time were realized.
Voltage Stability Investigation of the Nigeria 330KV Interconnected Grid Syst...Onyebuchi nosiri
ABSTRACT: Voltage stability investigation of the Nigeria 330kV grid Power Network was carried out using Eigenvalues method. The power system Jacobian matrix was derived using Newton-Raphson power flow solution iterative method to determine the eigenvalues for the voltage stability evaluation of both the existing 28-bus and improved 52-bus Nigeria 330kV power networks. Positive and negative eigenvalues quantifying the power system voltage stability were identified. For a steady state power system, positive and negative eigenvalues showed stable and unstable systems respectively. The eigenvalues voltage stability method was developed, formulated and implemented on the existing 28-bus and proposed improved 52-bus Nigeria 330kV power networks. The various eigenvalues, eigenvectors, participation factors and weak buses contributing to system voltage instability were determined using Matlab/SIMULINK Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) for these power networks.
VOLTAGE STABILITY IN NIGERIA 330KV INTEGRATED 52 BUS POWER NETWORK USING PATT...Onyebuchi nosiri
ABSTRACT Detecting the voltage instability in advance enables remedial actions and preventive measures to cushion the effect of the oncoming voltage collapse phenomenon in power systems. This was achieved by implementing Pattern Recognition Techniques (PRTs) in conjunction with Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSSE) program. It was then deployed in Nigeria 330KV Integrated 52 bus power system to actualize Regularized Least Squares Classification (RLSC) and Classification and Regression Trees (CART) heuristic methods. The methods were deployed for separating voltage stability and unstable cases that resulted under system contingencies and fault conditions. Dynamic simulation, system voltage stability and unstable/instability cases results, and the channel outputs of these voltage cases against time were realized.
Abstract This paper presents the design and implementation of a quadcopter capable of payload delivery. A quadcopter is a unique unmanned aerial vehicle which has the capability of vertical take-off and landing. In this design, the quadcopter was controlled wirelessly from a ground control station using radio frequency. It was modeled mathematically considering its attitude and altitude, and a simulation carried out in MATLAB by designing a proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller was applied to a mathematical model. The PID controller parameters were then applied to the real system. Finally, the output of the simulation and the prototype were compared both in the presence and absence of disturbances. The results showed that the quadcopter was stable and able to compensate for the external disturbances.
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— The shortage of spectrum resource availability in wireless communication network due to the rapid increase in the number of subscribers and multimedia applications has given rise to the need for effective spectrum utilization of the licensed spectrum. Cognitive Radio Technology (CRT) was adopted for the system analysis due to its dynamism in accommodating both licensed and unlicensed users within a particular spectrum band. The study framework comprised television station channels in Owerri and its environs and Mobile Telecommunication Networks (MTN) in Owerri- the capital of Imo State, Nigeria as the license and unlicensed users respectively. An outdoor twenty-four hour spectrum occupancy measurement was carried out in the frequency bands of the licensed networks using 240-960 MHz Radio Frequency Spectrum analyzer to determine the spectral usage of the licensed user. A threshold of -95 dB was used to determine the presence of the licensed users. From the results obtained, it was observed that 60.7% of the spectrum band covered was unoccupied, 31.5% was not fully occupied while 7.9% was fully occupied. Energy Detection spectrum approach was implemented by the unlicensed users for easy determination of the spectrum status and resource management. The research therefore determines the status of Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum receivable in Owerri and its environs and proffer measures deployable in harnessing the unused RF resources using CRT.
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— The shortage of spectrum resource availability in wireless communication network due to the rapid increase in the number of subscribers and multimedia applications has given rise to the need for effective spectrum utilization of the licensed spectrum. Cognitive Radio Technology (CRT) was adopted for the system analysis due to its dynamism in accommodating both licensed and unlicensed users within a particular spectrum band. The study framework comprised television station channels in Owerri and its environs and Mobile Telecommunication Networks (MTN) in Owerri- the capital of Imo State, Nigeria as the license and unlicensed users respectively. An outdoor twenty-four hour spectrum occupancy measurement was carried out in the frequency bands of the licensed networks using 240-960 MHz Radio Frequency Spectrum analyzer to determine the spectral usage of the licensed user. A threshold of -95 dB was used to determine the presence of the licensed users. From the results obtained, it was observed that 60.7% of the spectrum band covered was unoccupied, 31.5% was not fully occupied while 7.9% was fully occupied. Energy Detection spectrum approach was implemented by the unlicensed users for easy determination of the spectrum status and resource management. The research therefore determines the status of Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum receivable in Owerri and its environs and proffer measures deployable in harnessing the unused RF resources using CRT.
Evaluation of Percentage Capacity Loss on LTE Network Caused by Intermodulati...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract- The paper evaluates the effects of third order Intermodulation Distortion (IMD3) on the Long Term Evolution (LTE) receiver due to coexistence between LTE and GSM networks. Amongst the various existing IMD orders which include first order, second order, third order, fifth order and seventh order. Third order is known to have the greatest distortion effects on a receiver due to its strength and its proximity to the frequency band of interest. It occurs as a result of the non-linear behavior of components or circuit at both the transmitter and receiver ends of wireless communication networks. IMD has potential negative effects on a victim receiver which majorly leads to increase in noise floor level and system capacity degradation. Deterministic approach was implemented in the work assuming worst case scenario. MATLAB software simulation was deployed to evaluate the capacity loss at the receiver end relative to a range of distances apart. Results obtained showed severe uplink capacity degradation when VISAFONE LTE network was interfered by INTERCELLULAR LTE downlink and ETISALAT GSM uplink. Various distances ranging from 500m to 3000m were varied between the ETISALAT GSM network and the VISAFONE LTE network. The results obtained showed that at 500 meters, the percentage capacity degradation was as high as 80. The least percentage capacity loss was obtained as 5.97 at 3000 meters.
Modelling, Simulation and Analysis of a Low-Noise Block Converter (LNBC) Used...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— Modelling, Simulation and analysis of Low Noise Block Converter(LNBC) used for Communication Satellite reception using MATLAB is a work that tends to use some aspect of Computer Engineering tools to realise LNBC fundamentals where Channels programming sources provided programming for Broadcasting , the method involves using MATLAB to illustrate how microwave frequencies receives from Satellite are documented to lower block and range of frequencies, analysis of various LNBC was carried out with a view to drawing comparison between various signals, a test of faulty LNBC was carried out with LNBC schematics, simulation result were provided to show various responses with regards Modelling input waveguide signal, corrupted signal, filtered signal, modulated signal and recovered signals.
Design and Implementation of a Simple HMC6352 2-Axis-MR Digital Compass Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract— This paper deals with the design and implementation of a simple HMC6352 2-axis digital compass. Most compasses have been of the analogue type with magnetic needles as pointers. Replacing the “old” magnetic needle compass or the gyrocompass by an electronic solution offers advantages like having a solid-state component without moving parts and the ease of interfacing with other electronic systems. In this work, the aim is to design and implement a digital compass. To realize this, we made use of HMC6352 which is a 2-axis MR (magneto-resistive) sensor from Honeywell, Arduino Uno board with an onboard ATmega328 microcontroller chip, and a 16x2 character Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).We adopted the magneto-resistive (MR) technology as compared to flux-gate sensors common in most electronic compasses which has the disadvantage of making the device bulky. The trial test carried out with the completed HMC6352 digital compass showed a reading of 232.8 degrees West indicating its effectiveness in direction finding.
An Embedded Voice Activated Automobile Speed Limiter: A Design Approach for C...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract : The paper presents an improved design feature for conventional automobile speed limiters installed on cars used in Nigerian. The feature introduces an embedded voice activated prompt command system. The system was primarily designed to alert the Driver through a voice activated command when the speed of the car accelerates from 80km/hr to 95km/hr at an interval of 5km/hr. This became necessary to avoid abrupt jerking of the car at the maximum speed limit of 100km/hr and also functions as informative to the driver when attempts are made on unsafe movements such as inadequate/wrong calculated overtaking. Components such as resistors, diodes, transistors and relays were implemented in the design. Arduino UNO was used as the main controller of the system. Softwares such as Multisim and Proteus 8.5 professional were incorporated in the design with the use of C programming language for codes development. Algorithm was developed to enhance adequate system control. The simulated system demonstrated satisfactory performance based on the design specifications. Keywords
OPTIMIZATION OF COST 231 MODEL FOR 3G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SIGNAL IN SUBURB...Onyebuchi nosiri
Radio propagation models are important tools adopted for the characterization and optimization of wireless communication signals in a propagation environment. In this paper, the Cost 231 model was optimized for 3G wireless communication signal in Aggrey Road (04˚ 45̀ .06˝N, 07˚ 02̀ .24˝E), a suburban area in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Phone-Based Drive Test was adopted for field measurement using TEMS 11 network simulator. The optimization process was implemented through the use of Least Square Algorithm taking into account the initial offset parameters and the slope of the model curve in Cost 231 model for the process. The performance of the optimized model using the statistical tools in Minitab-14 software was evaluated for the Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and the Mean Squared Deviation (MSD) respectively. The results obtained demonstrated the following parametric values: 1.196, 2.01 and 1.179, 1.94 for Cost 231 and Optimized models respectively. The optimized model is recommended for deployment for a better and accurate path loss prediction on the environment of study
Coverage and Capacity Performance Degradation on a Co-Located Network Involvi...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract—Coverage and capacity performance in a cellular network determines the system potentials. If the coverage radius is limited, end users suffer poor service quality, if the system capacity reduces, fewer subscribers will be accommodated. This paper investigated the performance effects of the noise rise caused by the spurious emission from a co-located jammer involving downlink frequency of CDMA2000 and uplink frequency of WCDMA operating at 1.9GHz. Measurements were carried out to evaluate the impact on the coverage radius and the system capacity.
Enhancing Wireless Communication using Software-Defined Radio Architecture Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract – Software-Defined Radio (SDR) is a rapidly evolving technology that is receiving enormous recognition and generating widespread interest in the telecommunication industry. It facilitates implementation of the physical and link layer protocols-in effect entire wireless system,-in software. A side effect of the rapid growth of wireless system technology in the recent past is an excess of wireless system standards. Therefore the SDR concept is emerging as a pragmatic solution. It aims to build flexible radio systems which are multiple-Defined Radio architectures as a prototyping, tool for wireless baseband signal processor implementations is explored. Signal processing implementations is explored. Signal processing architectures and algorithms for the physical layer of IEEE 802.11g- the latest release from the popular IEEE family of wireless standards-is developed and simulated in Matlab and Simulink. The integrity of the developed model is verified by measurement of the constellation versus signal to noise ratio (SNR) and Bit error Rate (BER) versus SNR graph, which are reported. The IEEE 802.11g PHY model is then translated to software (C++) with the aid of Real-Time workshop software tool. The generated codes can then be targeted on a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) or other programmable hardware modules.
Adaptive Monitoring and Localization of Faulty Node in a Wireless Sensor Netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract
This work seeks to solve the problem that is being experienced in most existing remote monitoring systems by coming up with an enhanced monitoring system called Wireless Sensor Network. A Personal Area Network was evolved to increase the coverage area by spatially distributing Sensor nodes to capture and transmit physical parameters like temperature and Carbon monoxide in an indoor local cooking environment. Faulty node detection and localization was also realized, this was achieved by coming up with an algorithm that logically considers the receive signal strength value of -100 dbm as threshold, Result of data transmitted were viewed via a C-Sharp interface for Adaptive monitoring. The result from the Visual Basic plot shows that the Sensor nodes were able to capture temperature range of between 250C to 510C while the result of the CO emission shows an interval of 0.01g/m3 to 30.0 g/m3. A comparison between data transmitted at source and data received at the destination (sink) was carried out, a ranking test was used to validate the data received, a 0.9325 correlation value was obtained which shows a high level of integrity of 93.25% .
Automatic Door Unit Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Based Attendance Sy...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract--Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is a smart object tracking and automated data collection solution. It provides a contact less data link, without need for line-of-sight or concerns about harsh or dirty environments that restrict other auto (Identity) ID technologies such as bar codes. RFID is a technology that uses radio waves to transfer data from an electronic tag, called RFID tag or label, attached to an object, through a reader for the purpose of identifying and tracking the object. RFID technology which is a matured technology that has been widely deployed by various organizations as part of their automation systems. In this research, an RFID based system has been built in order to produce a time-attendance management system. RFID systems consist of two main components: Transponder (tag) located in the object for identification, and Interrogator (or reader), which allows the data transfer to and from the transponder. This system consists of two main parts which include: the hardware and the software. The hardware consists of the motor unit and the RFID reader. The RFID reader, which is a low-frequency reader, is connected to the host computer via a serial to USB converter cable. The TimeAttendance System (Graphic User Interface) GUI was developed using visual basic.Net. The Time-Attendance Management System provides the functionalities of the overall system such as displaying live ID tags transactions, registering ID, deleting ID, recording attendance and other minor functions. This interface is housed in the host computer.
Efficient Data Filtering Algorithm for Big Data Technology in Telecommunicati...Onyebuchi nosiri
Efficient data filtering algorithm for Big Data technology Telecommunication is a concept aimed at effectively filtering desired information for preventive purposes, the challenges posed by unprecedented rise in volume, variety and velocity of information has necessitated the need for exploring various methods Big Data which is simply a data sets that are so large and complex that traditional data processing tools and technologies cannot cope with is been considered. The process of examining such data to uncover hidden patterns in them was evolved, this was achieved by coming up with an Algorithm comprising of various stages like Artificial neural Network, Backtracking Algorithm, Depth First Search, Branch and Bound and dynamic programming and error check. The algorithm developed gave rise to the flowchart, with each line of block representing a sub-algorithm.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Loss Propagation Model at 2.1GHz
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 11, Issue 6, Ver. IV (Nov.-Dec .2016), PP 44-53
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1106044453 www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri
Metropolis Using Path Loss Propagation Model at 2.1GHz
Nwaokoro, A. A.1
, Nkwachukwu C.2
and Nosiri O. C.3
1,2,3
(Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri,Nigeria)
Abstract: In this work, the path loss and the received signal strength of a 3G network at 2.1GHz was evaluated
to determine its performance within the Owerri metropolis. Various measuring equipment such as Transmission
Evaluation and Monitoring System (TEMS 11), Global positioning system (BU353 GPS) and laptop were
deployed for the drive test within the selected urban and sub-urban regions. From the data collected, Owerri
sub-urban region showed poor received signal power level compared to the Owerri urban region. The path loss
exponents computed for the Owerri urban and sub-urban regions are 3.24 and 4.34 respectively, the mean
square error was evaluated as 1.96 and 1.68. The result obtained showed deviations between the compared
existing models (Hata and Cost 231) and the proposed models. However, the slope of the Hata plot was
relatively close in comparison to the proposed model than that of Cost 231; hence, the proposed model was best
suited for the environment followed by the Hata model.
Keywords: Path loss, Hata, Cost 231, 3G, Received Signal Strength.
I. Introduction
It is no-longer novel that environmental factors such as buildings, trees, rain, snow, dust, fog and
vapour has significant influence on the integrity of wireless transmitted signals. It is also worth noting that these
signal-limiting factors which are found in the communication channels between the transmitting and receiving
antennas, degrade the radiated signals through reflecting back some of the radiated signals into the initial
medium, diffracting some of the signals, scattering some and also causing the medium to absorb some signals
[1]. Hence, the efficiency of any wireless communication system is said to be essentially dependent on the
propagation features of the system channel which has a great influence on the design of the propagation
structure. Radio propagation models are a set mathematical formulations developed for the characterization of
radio waves in a propagation environment as a function of frequency of transmission, distance and other
conditions that influence the behaviour of the radio channel [2]. The models constitute a basic part in the design
for wireless communication systems. The propagation models predict the received signal strength at a given
distance from the transmitter, including the variability strength of the signal within a specific location. It is
useful in predicting the signal coverage of a transmitter for any transmitter-receiver distance of separation. Also,
it is valuable in predicting signal attenuation or path loss whose knowledge serves as a controlling factor for
system analysis and performance and aids in system optimization of the signal coverage.
A number of path loss propagation models have been developed in the past and are presently deployed
for coverage prediction. These models cannot be seen as generalized models owing to the fact that the
environment from which they were developed differs from where they are being applied [3]. During the
planning stage of cellular networks, models are employed to predict the behavioural characteristics of signals
using similar attributes and constraints of the environment before deployment. An accurate estimation of
channel characteristics is a requirement aimed at maintaining the interference at a minimum level. The study is
aimed at analyzing the signal strength performance of the 3G network at 2.1GHz in Owerri urban and sub-urban
metropolis and develops a suitable path loss model for the environment. The need for the research was prompted
due to the persistent call drops on the level of received signal power experienced in 3G networks within the
Owerri metropolis. The impact of this anomaly if not properly mitigated could result to heavy financial loss to
the network providers through rapid migration of the subscribers from one network to another in search of
quality service delivery.
II. Radio Propagation Models
Radio propagation models are empirical mathematical formulations used in the characterization of
radio wave propagation as a function of frequency, distance and other conditions [4]. Various developed models
such as Free Space Model, Hata Model, Okumura-Hata Model, SUI Model, ECC-33 Model, COST 231 Hata
Model, Lee Model, Sakagami Model, Kuboi Model are useful in the prediction of the behavior of propagation
for all similar links under similar conditions, created for the purpose of formalizing the manner radio waves are
propagated from one place to another. They are deployed for the prediction of path loss along a link or the
effective coverage area of a transmitter and depend on frequency range, location and clutter type such as urban,
2. Signal Strength Evaluation Of A 3G Network In Owerri Metropolis Using Path Loss Propagation
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1106044453 www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page
sub-urban and rural. Some selected propagation models such as Hata model and COST 231 implemented in this
article are further discussed.
2.1 Hata Model
The Hata model puts Okumura observations into a simple form as logC D X , where C and D are
frequency and antenna height functions and X is the distance. The prediction area is divided into a series of
clutter and terrain categories namely urban, sub-urban and open area. The limitations on Hata model due to
range of test results from carrier frequency 150MHz to 1500MHz, the distance from the base station ranges
from 1km to 20km, the height of the base station antenna bh ranges from 30m to 200m and the height of mobile
antenna mh ranges from 1m to 10m [5,6].
Pathloss for urban clutter
The pathloss model for urban clutter is represented as:
mbmbP cdhhahfurbanL )log()log(55.69.44)()log(82.13)log(16.2655.69)( (1)
Where; )8.0)log(56.1()7.0)log(1.1()( fhfha mm
mh is the height of the mobile antenna
bh is the height of the base station antenna
f is the frequency
mc is the correction factor, given as 0dB for urban environment
Pathloss for sub-urban clutter
The pathloss model for sub-urban clutter is represented as:
4.5log(2)()(
2
28 f
PP urbanLsuburbanL (2)
Pathloss for open area
The pathloss model for open area is represented as:
94.40)log(33.18)log(78.4)()( 2
ffurbanLopenareaL PP (3)
2.2 Cost 231 Hata Model
The European Cooperative for Scientific and Technical Research (EURO-COST) constituted the
COST-231 working committee in order to develop an extended version of the Hata model. COST-231 proposed
the formula expressed in equation 4 to extend Hata’s model to 2GHz. It employs suitable correction factors to
improve the limitations of the Hata model. The proposed model for path loss is given in equation (4) [7].
mb
mbcL
Cdh
hahfurbanCOSTP
)log(log)log(55.69.44
)()log(82.13)log(9.333.46)231(
(4)
dBCm 0 for medium sized city and sub-urban areas
dBCm 3 for metropolitan centres
The COST -231 extension of the Hata model is constrained to the range of parameters stated below:
:cf 1500MHz to 2000MHz
:bh 30m to 200m
:mh 1m to 10m
:d 1km to 20km
III. Literature Review
In [3], the study focused on investigative analysis of the effects of propagation environment on the
wireless communication signals within some geographical domains in Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria. Field
measurements were carried out in some selected areas namely GRA phase II and Aggrey Road categorized as
urban and sub-urban areas respectively using Sony Ericsson (W995) Test Phone and GPS receiver (BU353).
The analyses were based on linear regression (mean square error) approach. The computed path loss exponents
and standard deviation based on the empirical analyses conducted for urban and sub-urban environments were
3. Signal Strength Evaluation Of A 3G Network In Owerri Metropolis Using Path Loss Propagation
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1106044453 www.iosrjournals.org 46 | Page
obtained as 3.57dB, 2.98dB and 19.6, 13.2, respectively. The results obtained were used to compare the
performance of the various existing path loss prediction models such as Okumura-Hata, Cost 231 and ECC-33.
From their observations, Okumura-Hata model showed better performance in urban environment while Cost 231
performed better in rural environment. Hence they recommended the deployment of optimized Okumura-Hata
model in urban, while Cost 231for sub-urban areas.The authors of [8] researched on a Near-Ground path loss
measurement and modeling for wireless sensor Network at 2.4 GHz. The authors presented three (3) near-
ground scenarios whose path loss values were obtained through measurement. They used the least square linear
regression approach in the analysis. The predicted and measured far field path losses were compared and the
result obtained indicated that the proposed model performs better in near-ground scenarios than the compared
generic models.The authors of [9] conducted an extensive study of the behavior of propagating electromagnetic
waves within the office buildings and vegetation along possible line of sight. The study presented propagation
loss measurements of Global systems at 951MHz, 952MHz, 954MHz, and 955 MHz along the line of sight
(LOS). The study was carried out at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology in Oyo State, Nigeria. The
environment comprised buildings and vegetation with average thickness of 0.1m to 0.5m and 0.7m to 15m
respectively. The spacing between them ranges between 2m to 7.5m, building height ranging from 3m to 5m. A
GSP- 180 model spectrum analyzer was used to measure the GSM signal power at a distance of 20m to 500m
along a possible LOS. With the data obtained, a comparison was done between the measured and existing
propagation loss models. The determined values obtained were 56.58 and 71.42 respectively.
IV. Methodology
4.1 Material Specification, Measurement Environment and Configuration
The materials used for the investigation include Ericsson Transmission Evaluation and Monitoring
System (TEMS 11), a global positioning system (BU353 GPS), and a laptop with installed TEMS software and
a power supply system. This research was carried out in Owerri metropolis; the areas covered were categorized
into two which are: urban area and sub-urban area. The urban area comprised Wethedral road, Nekede road,
Royce road, Tetlow road, Government house, Akanchawa new road, World Bank road and new Owerri road.
The Sub-urban area comprised Owerri-Obinze Express road and Federal University of Technology Owerri
(FUTO) community. The measurements were carried out using a motion car with the speed kept within the limit
and as constant as possible so as to ensure accuracy of signal recordings. The Received Signal Level (RSL) that
existed between the Mobile Station (MS) and Base Transceiver Station (BTS) were recorded in a log file of the
laptop with TEMS 11 investigation software. The Global positioning system (BU 353 GPS) was used to indicate
the distance and location with regards to the base station which was also documented on the laptop. Figs. 1 to 6
represent the various field routes where the measurements were conducted. The curves stand for the routes
followed during the drive test in the areas while the colour variations indicated the strength of the received
signals as shown in the legend. The light blue colour represents the best received signal level while the red
colour indicates the worst state in that order at the legend. The modal value of the aggregate received signal
level was obtained as 728dB, which is 32.5% of the total received signal.
Fig. 1: The log of measurement along Fig. 2: The log of measurement along Government
Wetheral-Nekede-Royce Tetlow Road. House- Okigwe Road
4. Signal Strength Evaluation Of A 3G Network In Owerri Metropolis Using Path Loss Propagation
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1106044453 www.iosrjournals.org 47 | Page
To develop the proposed models, the following parameters were obtained accordingly; the path loss
exponent, reference path loss, predicted path losses, and standard deviation. In order to determine the path loss
within Owerri metropolis, the data obtained from the field measurement was collected and has its validity tested
in order to derive an appropriate model that best predict the signal path loss within the metropolis. Table 1 listed
the transmission parameters deployed for the study while Tables 2 and 3 indicated the median values of the
measured Received Signal Levels (RSL) and corresponding values of measured path losses for specified
distances, 0.1km≤ di ≤1.0km of the routes as generated from the Actix analyzer software. The values did not
ultimately follow a decreasing order with distance which could possibly be as a result of interferences from
other transceiver stations other than the reference transmitting station at the start of the drive test. The path loss
model for predicting the Path loss is represented in equation (5) [10]. Substituting the values of the path loss
exponent, reference path loss, and standard deviation provides the path loss model of the environment of study.
)log(10)()( 00 d
d
PP
i
ndLdBL (5)
Where;
PL is the predicted Path loss in dB, 0d is the reference distance, id is the distance between the transmitter and
receiver, )( 0dLP is the reference path loss at a close-in distance of 0d , n is the Path loss exponent and is
the standard deviation.
Table 1: Transmission Parameters for the Network
S/N Transmission parameters Values
1 Transmitter power 30W
2 Transmitter height 35m
3 Mobile Station height 1.5m
4 Gain of transmitter 18dB
5 Gain of receiver 1.76dB
6 Frequency of operation 2.1GHz
Table 2: Median Receive Signal Levels (RSL) and corresponding measured path loss for Owerri urban.
Distance(km) Median RSS (dBm) Measured Path loss (dB)
0.10 -54 85
0.20 -57 96
0.30 -62 97
5. Signal Strength Evaluation Of A 3G Network In Owerri Metropolis Using Path Loss Propagation
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1106044453 www.iosrjournals.org 48 | Page
)log(79.3446.126)( dHATAP urbanL
0.40 -97 158
0.50 -66 99
0.60 -83 113
0.70 -66 148
0.80 -76 109
0.90 -80 112
1.0 -81 113
Table 3: Median Receive Signal Levels (RSL) and corresponding measured path loss for Owerri sub-urban.
Distance(km) Median RSS (dBm) Measured Path loss (dB)
0.10 -58 91
0.20 -64 97
0.30 -76 115
0.40 -90 158
0.50 -87 137
0.60 -79 112
0.70 -87 120
0.80 -89 123
0.90 -84 120
1.0 -90 158
Computation of Path loss from existing models
Two existing models w e r e considered for modeling the Owerri Metropolis 3G network. They are Hata model,
and COST 231 model, with distance in kilometer, frequency in megahertz and antenna height in meters.
Computation of Hata model for Owerri urban
Using the transmission parameters in Table 1 and equation (1), the Hata model is computed as shown in
equation (6)
(6)
Computation of Hata model for Owerri sub-urban
Using equation (2), the path loss model for sub-urban is obtained as shown in equation (7).
4.5log(2)log(79.3446.126)(
2
28
2100 dHATAP suburbanL
)log(79.3483.124)( dHATAP suburbanL (7)
Computation of COST 231 Extension of Hata Model for Owerri urban:
Also, using the transmission parameters in Table 1 and equation (4), the COST 231 model for urban is
computed as shown in equation (8) with dBcm 3 .
)log(79.3458.140)231( dCOSTP urbanL (8)
Computation of COST 231 Extension of Hata Model for Owerri sub-urban:
From equation (4) the COST 231 Path loss model for sub-urban environment was obtained as represented in
equation (9).
)log(79.3428.137)231( dCOSTP suburbanL (9)
V. Result And Analysis
The value of the path loss exponent for the Owerri Urban is calculated from the measured data using linear
regression method as shown in Table 4.
)log()35log(55.69.44()8.0)2100log(5.1(
5.1)7.0)2100log(11.1()35log(83.13)2100log(16.2655.69)(
d
HATAP urbanL
6. Signal Strength Evaluation Of A 3G Network In Owerri Metropolis Using Path Loss Propagation
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1106044453 www.iosrjournals.org 49 | Page
Table 4: Computation of path loss exponent for Owerri urban using linear regression method.
Distance (km) )log(10 0d
d
iX )(dBPY Li 2
iX iiYX 2
iY
0.10 0.0000 85 0.0000 0 7,225
0.20 3.0103 96 9.0619 288.9888 9,216
0.30 4.7712 97 22.7645 462.8064 9,409
0.40 6.0206 158 36.2476 951.2548 24,964
0.50 6.9897 99 48.8559 691.9803 9,801
0.60 7.7815 113 60.5519 879.3095 12,769
0.70 8.4510 148 71.4191 1250.748 21,904
0.80 9.0309 109 81.5572 984.3681 11,881
0.90 9.5424 112 91.0579 1068.7488 12,544
1.00 10.0000 113 100.0000 1130 12,769
SUM 65.5976 1130 521.5159 7708.2047 132,482
Where, 0d is the close in distance = 0.10km, iY is the measured path loss.
The path loss exponent for urban region is given in equation (10).
n
i
n
i ii
n
i
n
i iii
n
I i
urban
XXN
YXYXN
n
1 1
22
1 11
)()(
))(()(
(10)
Where N is the total number of data points.
2
(10 7708.2047) (65.5976) (1130)
(10 521.5159) (65.5976)
(77082.047) (74781.264)
(5215.159) (4303.045)
2956.759
3.2417
912.1139
3.24
24.3 urbann
Computation of the Reference Path Loss for Owerri urban:
The reference path loss is computed using equation (11) and Table 4.
1 1
0( )
n n
i ii i
P
Y n X
L d
N
(11)
1130 (3.24 65.5976 917.4638
10 10
dBdLP 75.91)( 0
Computation of the Standard Deviation for Owerri urban
Standard deviation of the distribution was evaluated using the mean square error method. The sum of the mean
square error is as represented in equation (12).
2
1
)()()(
k
i pm dLdLne (12)
Where mL is the measured path loss and PL is predicted path loss.
The values of the measured path losses and predicted path losses shown in Table 5 were substituted in equation
12 in order to get the sum of the Mean Squared Errors (MSE) of the system.
7. Signal Strength Evaluation Of A 3G Network In Owerri Metropolis Using Path Loss Propagation
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1106044453 www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page
Table 5: Mean Squared Error calculation table for Owerri urban.
Distance(km) Measured Path loss
(dB)
Predicted path loss
(dBm)
0.10 85 91.7500 45.5625
0.20 96 101.5033 30.2863
0.30 97 107.2086 104.2155
0.40 158 111.2566 2184.9454
0.50 99 114.3965 237.0522
0.60 113 116.9619 15.6967
0.70 148 119.1310 833.4192
0.80 109 121.0099 144.2377
0.90 112 122.6673 113.7913
1.00 113 124.1498 124.3180
5248.833,3)( ne
The standard deviation, was calculated using equation (13).
N
LL Pm
2
)()(
(13)
Where N is the total number of data points which is 10 in this case.
=
3833.5248
10
dB58.19
By substituting the values obtained to equation (13), the predicted path loss is obtained as
91.75 32.4log 19.58L
o
d
P dB dB
d
(14)
111.33 32.4log( )LP dB D
Where
0d
d
D
The Mean Square Error )(e of the distribution is obtained using equation (15).
N
e
(15)
96.1e
Computation of the Path Loss Exponent for Owerri sub-urban:
The value of the path loss exponent for the Owerri sub-urban is calculated from the measured data using linear
regression as shown in Table 6.
Table 6: Computation of path loss exponent for Owerri sub-urban using regression method.
Distance
(km)
)log(10 0d
d
iX )(dBPY Li
2
iX iiYX 2
iY
0.10 0.0000 91 0.0000 0 8,281
0.20 3.0103 97 9.0619 291.9991 9,409
0.30 4.7712 115 22.7645 548.688 13,225
0.40 6.0206 158 36.2476 951.2548 24,964
0.50 6.9897 137 48.8559 957.5889 18,769
0.60 7.7815 112 60.5519 871.528 12,544
0.70 8.4510 120 71.4191 1014.12 14,400
0.80 9.0309 123 81.5572 1110.8007 15,129
0.90 9.5424 120 91.0579 1145.088 14,400
1.00 10.0000 158 100.0000 1580 24,964
SUM 65.5976 1231 521.5159 8471.0675 156,085
8. Signal Strength Evaluation Of A 3G Network In Owerri Metropolis Using Path Loss Propagation
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1106044453 www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
Using equations 10, 11, 12, 13, and 15 and also tables 6 and 7, the path loss exponent n, the reference path loss,
the sum of the mean square error, the standard deviation, and the mean square error for Owerri sub-urban are
obtained as 4.34, 94.63dB, 2,829.6148, 16.82dB and 1.68 respectively.
Table 7: Mean Squared Error calculation table for Owerri sub-urban.
Distance(km) Measured Path loss
(dB)
Predicted path loss
(dBm)
0.10 91 94.6300 13.1769
0.20 97 107.6946 114.3745
0.30 115 115.3369 0.1135
0.40 158 120.7592 1,386.8772
0.50 137 124.9651 144.8388
0.60 112 128.4015 269.0092
0.70 120 131.3070 127.8483
0.80 123 133.8239 117.1568
0.90 120 136.0439 257.4067
1.00 158 138.0297 398.8129
Hence the predicted path loss is evaluated in equation (16) as
)log(4.4345.111 DdBLP (16)
Fig. 7 shows the graphical representation of the comparisons between Hata, Cost-231 and the proposed
models for urban regions in Owerri metropolis. At a distance of 0.1km, the path losses were 111.3300 dB,
137.5800 dB and 140.5800 dB for proposed model, Hata model, and Cost 231 model respectively, while at a
distance of 1km, the path losses were 143.7298 dB, 172.3698dB and 175.3698dB in that order. Hence, the
COST-231 model indicates the highest increase in path loss with distance, followed by the Hata model, and then
the proposed model.Fig. 8 is the plot that compared the Hata Model and COST 231 Model with the proposed
path loss model for Owerri sub-urban. At a distance of 0.1km, the path losses were 111.4500 dB, 124.8300 dB
and 137.2800 dB for proposed model, Hata model, and Cost 231 model respectively, while at a distance of
1km, the path losses were 54.8497dB, 159.6198dB and 172.0698dB in that order. The COST-231 model also
indicates the maximum increase in path loss with distance. This is then followed by the Hata model, and the
proposed model for Owerri sub-urban.
Fig. 9 compared the proposed models for the studied regions (sub-urban and urban). The graph shows
that both models possess similar close-in path losses of 91.75dB and 94.63 at a distance of 100m (0.1Km) for
sub-urban and urban regions respectively. However, the path loss exponent for the Owerri suburban is 4.34
while that of Owerri urban is 3.24 indicating that the rate at which path loss for the sub-urban area varies with
distance is greater than that experienced in the Owerri urban.It can be seen from all the compared models that
while there was clear deviation of the Hata model from the proposed path loss models for Owerri urban and sub-
urban; there was however a larger separation between the proposed models and Cost 231 model as represented
in Figs. 7 and 8. The slope of the Hata model plot is closer to the proposed model compared to that of Cost 231
model especially for the Owerri sub-urban model; hence, Hata model will best describe the path loss
experienced in the Owerri suburban than the Cost 231 model, after the proposed model.
Fig. 7: Comparison of Hata Model, COST 231 Model, and Proposed Model for Owerri urban.
9. Signal Strength Evaluation Of A 3G Network In Owerri Metropolis Using Path Loss Propagation
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1106044453 www.iosrjournals.org 52 | Page
Fig .8: Comparison of Hata Model, COST 231 Model, and Proposed Model for Owerri sub-urban
Fig. 9: Comparison of the proposed models for Owerri urban and sub-urban.
VI. Conclusion
In this article, a drive test was carried out within Owerri metropolis categorized into urban and sub-
urban regions. Experimental observations showed that there were much signal losses in the sub-urban region
comprising Owerri-Obinze road and FUTO community than the Owerri urban region which comprises
Wethedral road, Nekede road, Royce road, Tetlow road Government house, Akanchawa new road, World Bank
road and new Owerri road. The results obtained along these routes in Owerri metropolis were used to compute
the path loss exponents as 3.24 and 4.34 for Owerri urban and sub-urban, standard deviations that exist between
the measured and predicted path losses as 19.58 and 16.82 and the mean squared error of 1.96 and 1.68 for
Owerri urban and sub-urban regions respectively. These parameters were used to develop suitable path loss
models for Owerri urban and sub-urban. Thereafter, the proposed models were compared with Hata model and
COST 231 model. From all indications, these classical models did over-estimate the path losses within the
Owerri urban and sub-urban environments. Thus, the proposed models are best suited for the environment under
study followed by Hata model.
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