A UMTS network based on the Wide Band-CDMA technology is a 3rd generation telecommunication system which provides various multimedia applications along with the conventional
telephony service. These various multimedia applications fall into four different categories, which are
differentiated from each other on the basis of required bit rate and delay tolerance etc. parameters. In
order to get best Quality of Service (QoS) for a particular application running on the subscriber
equipment the parameters of the respective category to which the application belong need to be in a
required range. In this work the performance of a UMTS network scenario is evaluated by using various values of the precedence bits of the CBR application. The simulation tool used is QUALNET 5.0. The performance of the scenario according to the respective precedence bits is analyzed by four metrics: average jitter, end to end delay, throughput and UMTS signals received and forwarded to MAC. The comparative analysis of all the four metrics according to the precedence bit values will be carried out and it will be concluded in the last section that which precedence bit gives the best performance for the simulated UMTS network scenario.
The Study and Analysis of Effect of MultiAntenna Techniques on LTE network wi...Eswar Publications
Long Term Evolution (LTE) system adapts advanced Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna techniques on both uplink and downlink to achieve high peak data rates and higher system throughput. This enables LTE to support multimedia applications beyond web browsing and voice, which demands higher bandwidth configurations. LTE employs Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in downlink
to support spectrum flexibility in order to use upto 20MHz system bandwidth to improve the system throughput and robustness. Therefore the combined study of multi-antenna techniques and spectrum flexibility usage on the performance of LTE system becomes vital. Hence in this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the performance of different multi-antenna techniques with various system bandwidth configurations from 1.4MHz to 20MHz using QualNet 5.2 network simulator. The multi-antenna techniques considered for performance evaluation are Single Input Single Output (SISO), Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) and Multiple Input
Multiple Output (MIMO). The performance metrics such as aggregate bytes received, average throughput, average delay and average jitter are considered for simulation study.
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is the 3G mobile communication standard used in Europe and other parts of the world. It uses Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) technology which spreads user signals across a wide frequency band using unique codes. UMTS allows for higher data rates and new multimedia services compared to 2G systems. Key aspects of UMTS include the use of orthogonal variable spreading factor codes to separate channels, different frequencies for uplink and downlink, and millions of unique scrambling codes to separate users. Capacity is estimated using metrics like signal to interference ratio, processing gain, and the ratio of bit energy to noise density which depends on factors like spreading factor.
The document summarizes third generation (3G) mobile technology standards including GSM, EDGE, CDMA2000, UMTS, DECT, and WiMAX. 3G allows for simultaneous voice and data services, higher data rates up to 14 Mbps download and 5.8 Mbps upload, and enables more advanced services and greater network capacity. Key 3G standards include UMTS which uses W-CDMA, security, and roaming capabilities between operators.
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It discusses how GSM uses a combination of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to maximize channel usage. It also describes the key components of GSM including the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, and operation and support subsystem. Additionally, it covers functions like frequency reuse, handovers, short message service, speech coding, and call routing in GSM networks.
The document provides an overview of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), the 3G mobile communication standard. It discusses trends driving the need for UMTS, including increasing data usage, integration of technologies, and limitations of 2G systems. The document also outlines key demands on UMTS, the standardization process, and the staged development of UMTS from GSM networks to the new UMTS network architecture using W-CDMA and other CDMA technologies over dedicated frequency bands.
This document provides an overview of 3G mobile communication networks and the evolution from 1G to 3G systems. It discusses the background and early stages of 1G analog cellular networks, the development of 2G digital cellular networks, and the standardization of 3G networks through IMT-2000. It then focuses on CDMA2000, describing it as an evolutionary step from CDMAOne that is compatible with 2G networks and approved as an IMT-2000 3G standard, with data rates up to 2Mbps. Key concepts like forward/reverse links and duplexing methods like time division and frequency division duplex are also introduced.
This document provides an overview of cellular networks. It begins with an introduction that defines a cellular network as a radio network composed of radio cells served by base stations. It then discusses how cellular networks work by allowing mobile devices to connect to the nearest base station and hand off connections between stations as the device moves between cells. Finally, it covers benefits like increased network capacity and coverage area as well as examples of cellular technologies used in modern mobile phone networks.
The Study and Analysis of Effect of MultiAntenna Techniques on LTE network wi...Eswar Publications
Long Term Evolution (LTE) system adapts advanced Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna techniques on both uplink and downlink to achieve high peak data rates and higher system throughput. This enables LTE to support multimedia applications beyond web browsing and voice, which demands higher bandwidth configurations. LTE employs Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in downlink
to support spectrum flexibility in order to use upto 20MHz system bandwidth to improve the system throughput and robustness. Therefore the combined study of multi-antenna techniques and spectrum flexibility usage on the performance of LTE system becomes vital. Hence in this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the performance of different multi-antenna techniques with various system bandwidth configurations from 1.4MHz to 20MHz using QualNet 5.2 network simulator. The multi-antenna techniques considered for performance evaluation are Single Input Single Output (SISO), Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) and Multiple Input
Multiple Output (MIMO). The performance metrics such as aggregate bytes received, average throughput, average delay and average jitter are considered for simulation study.
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is the 3G mobile communication standard used in Europe and other parts of the world. It uses Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) technology which spreads user signals across a wide frequency band using unique codes. UMTS allows for higher data rates and new multimedia services compared to 2G systems. Key aspects of UMTS include the use of orthogonal variable spreading factor codes to separate channels, different frequencies for uplink and downlink, and millions of unique scrambling codes to separate users. Capacity is estimated using metrics like signal to interference ratio, processing gain, and the ratio of bit energy to noise density which depends on factors like spreading factor.
The document summarizes third generation (3G) mobile technology standards including GSM, EDGE, CDMA2000, UMTS, DECT, and WiMAX. 3G allows for simultaneous voice and data services, higher data rates up to 14 Mbps download and 5.8 Mbps upload, and enables more advanced services and greater network capacity. Key 3G standards include UMTS which uses W-CDMA, security, and roaming capabilities between operators.
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It discusses how GSM uses a combination of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to maximize channel usage. It also describes the key components of GSM including the mobile station, base station subsystem, network switching subsystem, and operation and support subsystem. Additionally, it covers functions like frequency reuse, handovers, short message service, speech coding, and call routing in GSM networks.
The document provides an overview of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), the 3G mobile communication standard. It discusses trends driving the need for UMTS, including increasing data usage, integration of technologies, and limitations of 2G systems. The document also outlines key demands on UMTS, the standardization process, and the staged development of UMTS from GSM networks to the new UMTS network architecture using W-CDMA and other CDMA technologies over dedicated frequency bands.
This document provides an overview of 3G mobile communication networks and the evolution from 1G to 3G systems. It discusses the background and early stages of 1G analog cellular networks, the development of 2G digital cellular networks, and the standardization of 3G networks through IMT-2000. It then focuses on CDMA2000, describing it as an evolutionary step from CDMAOne that is compatible with 2G networks and approved as an IMT-2000 3G standard, with data rates up to 2Mbps. Key concepts like forward/reverse links and duplexing methods like time division and frequency division duplex are also introduced.
This document provides an overview of cellular networks. It begins with an introduction that defines a cellular network as a radio network composed of radio cells served by base stations. It then discusses how cellular networks work by allowing mobile devices to connect to the nearest base station and hand off connections between stations as the device moves between cells. Finally, it covers benefits like increased network capacity and coverage area as well as examples of cellular technologies used in modern mobile phone networks.
Capacity planning(CP) determines operational expenditure, capital expenditure and long-term performance of the system hence it is the most important phase in the life cycle of a cellular system. For the past three decades, capacity planning problems have studied for all generations of the cellular system. So, to increase the capacity of the network in future we focus on small cells of cell structure. Cellular network includes the variety of different cell sizes and types, heterogeneous networks, control, and data plane split architectures, coordinated multipoint, massive multiple inputs multiple outputs.
The objective of this presentation is to focus on traditional deployment reviews and identify future opportunities, challenges, and trends in detail. More specifically we investigate the future capacity planning by reviewing the CP process including its objective input and output parameter to an optimization process and the CP phases.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document summarizes adaptive resource allocation techniques for wireless MIMO-OFDMA systems used for multimedia multicasting. It discusses different multicast scheduling approaches, including single-rate and multi-rate transmissions. For single-rate, a fixed default rate, worst user's rate, or group average throughput can be used. For multi-rate, information can be split into multiple streams or subgroups can be formed based on channel quality. The document also provides an overview of the multicast resource allocation block in an OFDMA system, which determines subcarrier allocation and transmit power based on channel state information feedback to optimize throughput or power.
WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is a 3G mobile technology that uses CDMA to allow multiple users to access a wide 5MHz radio channel simultaneously. Key features of WCDMA include fast power control to manage interference between users, and soft/softer handover which allows a mobile to connect to multiple base stations for better call quality as the user moves between cells. WCDMA was developed to provide higher data speeds and capacity over wireless networks compared to 2G technologies like GSM.
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System.
This role show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing
inter-carrier interference (ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zeropadded
suffix can be used to eliminate ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform
to FCC requirements.
At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add
(OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the
channel.
In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded
suffixes. Then, we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add
(OLA) equalization, on the performance of MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with
AWGN channel and Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.
In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse
response (CIR). These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.
Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MBOFDM system. In fact
we developed a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR
estimate(repetition). In our simulation this technique improve to 3 dB at BER=10-2 with a
multipath channels CM4.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document discusses different mobile communication systems including:
- 1st generation analog systems like AMPS, NMT, and TACS
- 2nd generation digital standards like GSM, D-AMPS, and PDC that offered greater capacity and features
- 2.5 generation systems like enhanced GSM that moved toward 3G capabilities
- 3rd generation systems that support higher data speeds like UMTS and allow integration of different services.
The document discusses 4G mobile communications standards including WiMAX and LTE. It provides information on:
- IEEE 802.22 which uses white spaces in TV frequencies for wireless regional area networks.
- Requirements for 4G standards defined by ITU including peak speeds of 1Gbps.
- How early versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE did not meet the full 4G requirements but were still branded as 4G.
- Mobile WiMAX Release 2 and LTE Advanced promising speeds of 1Gbps in 2013.
This document discusses handover between WCDMA and GSM networks, which allows GSM networks to provide fallback coverage for areas not covered by WCDMA. It describes key challenges like measuring GSM cells while in a WCDMA call, which Ericsson solved using compressed mode. The document outlines cell reselection and handover procedures between the networks, including signaling flows. It establishes that Ericsson has played a leading role in developing and demonstrating the necessary interworking technologies.
Iaetsd comparative study mimo ofdm, cdma-sdmaIaetsd Iaetsd
This document compares and contrasts MIMO OFDM, CDMA-SDMA, and multi-user detection techniques for wireless communication systems. It discusses how MIMO OFDM can achieve high data rates with frequency and antenna diversity. Space division multiple access (SDMA) is introduced as an application of MIMO that improves spectral efficiency by multiplexing signals based on spatial signatures. The document also examines multi-user detection methods like linear detection, minimum mean square error, and successive interference cancellation that are needed for robust SDMA performance as the number of users increases.
The document discusses Personal Communication Services (PCS) and provides examples of different wireless communication systems, including cellular and cordless systems. It describes key aspects of cellular systems like Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), EIA/TIA IS-136, and EIA/TIA IS-95 standards. These include multiple access techniques, frequency bands, channel structures, features supported, and mobility management protocols. PCS networks integrate these wireless systems to provide mobile communication services connected to the public switched telephone network.
Article on MIMO-OFDM printed in BSNL telecom JournalSushil Kumar
The document summarizes MIMO-OFDM technology for high-speed wireless communication. It describes that MIMO uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to minimize errors and optimize data speed. It can increase channel capacity while obeying Shannon's law. OFDM divides data into small sub-signals transmitted through different frequencies using IFFT and FFT. Combining MIMO with OFDM provides higher throughput and link reliability. Industry standards like 802.11n, 802.16a, LTE/LTE Advanced have adopted MIMO-OFDM to achieve data rates up to 1Gbps.
A simulation study of wi max based communication system using deliberately cl...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems using deliberate clipping. It begins with an introduction to WiMAX technology and OFDM. It then discusses the PAPR problem in OFDM systems and different techniques to reduce PAPR, including signal scrambling and signal distortion methods. It focuses on deliberate clipping as a simple method to limit PAPR by distorting the signal before amplification. The document presents a simulation of an OFDM system using deliberate clipping at the Nyquist sampling rate to investigate its effect on bit error rate performance compared to an unclipped system.
A simulation study of wi max based communication system using deliberately cl...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document contains lecture notes on mobile communication systems. It begins with a brief history of mobile communication technology, from the first mobile phone service in 1946 to the development of 1G, 2G, and 3G cellular networks. It then discusses fundamental concepts such as cellular networks, frequency reuse, and different types of cells. The document provides an introduction to key topics but notes that the lecture series is still a work in progress.
3G, or third generation mobile telecommunications, supports information transfer rates of at least 200 Kbit/s and provides higher speeds than previous 2G technologies. The two main 3G standards are UMTS, used primarily in Europe and standardized by 3GPP, and CDMA2000, used in North America and South Korea. 3G enabled rapid growth in data traffic such as text and web access through mobile phones, with projections of 50% of total mobile traffic consisting of data within 5 years of its introduction. It also facilitated increased mobile internet and device penetration.
A Dynamic MAC Protocol for WCDMA Wireless Multimedia NetworksIDES Editor
Existing MAC protocols like TDMA and 802.11
have many disadvantages for scheduling multimedia traffic in
CDMA wireless networks. Our objective is to develop a
dynamic MAC protocol for WCDMA networks to avoid
congestion and improve the channel utilization and
throughput of the bulky real-time flows. In this paper, we
propose to develop a dynamic MAC protocol for wireless
multimedia networks. In the design, we combine the merits of
the CSMA, TDMA MAC protocols with WCDMA systems to
improve the throughput of the multimedia WLAN in a
cellular environment. We use these MAC protocols
adaptively, to handle both the low and high data traffics of the
mobile users. It uses multiple slots per frame allowing
multiple users to transmit simultaneously using their own
CDMA codes. By simulation results, we show that our
proposed MAC protocol achieves high channel utilization and
improved throughput with reduced average delay under low
and high data traffic.
The impact of intermodulation interference in superimposed 2 g and 3gPrecious Kamoto
This document discusses intermodulation interference between 2G and 3G wireless networks operating in the same geographic areas. It investigates how signals from GSM base stations can cause intermodulation interference that degrades the quality of service of UMTS networks. The document proposes a new frequency planning strategy to optimize the QoS of 3G networks in an environment where 2G and 3G systems coexist and can interfere with each other.
1) The document discusses the basics and evolution of cellular technology, including the architecture and functionality of GSM, 3G, and future goals for 2010 and beyond.
2) It describes key aspects of GSM such as frequency bands, architecture including the base station subsystem and network switching subsystem, and support for data services through GPRS.
3) The document also covers UMTS and 3G technologies including WCDMA, HSDPA, frequency bands, and the evolution of cellular services towards 4G networks as envisioned by the NGMN with targets for seamless mobility and high data rates.
BBPF Technique for Transmitter Noise Reduction in a Site-Shared Wireless Netw...Onyebuchi nosiri
The document discusses transmitter noise reduction in a site-shared wireless network using CDMA2000 and WCDMA networks. It introduces using a digital Butterworth band pass filter (BBPF) technique to attenuate transmitter noise from the CDMA2000 downlink frequency affecting the WCDMA uplink frequency. Measurements showed the CDMA2000 downlink overlapping the WCDMA uplink band by 20MHz, interfering in a co-located setting. The BBPF achieved 52dB rejection at a 5MHz guard band offset, attenuating undesired signals. Noise cancellation performance criteria evaluated the BBPF, obtaining low amplitude imbalance, phase error and time delay mismatch within specifications.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of modern wireless communication systems from 1G to 5G networks. It summarizes the key technologies and standards for each generation, including AMPS for 1G, GSM, IS-136 and PDC for 2G, UMTS/W-CDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA for 3G. It also discusses 2.5G and 3G technologies like GPRS, EDGE, HSPA that enhanced earlier standards. The document details wireless transmission protocols like Bluetooth, WLAN, and technologies like wireless local loop and LMDS.
EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS AND FUTURE OF CELLULAR MA...cscpconf
This document discusses the evolution of mobile communication networks from 2G to 4G. It describes the progression from GSM to GPRS/EDGE and UMTS networks, which improved data transmission rates. LTE networks using OFDMA are described as an important evolutionary step providing higher spectral efficiency and end user data rates exceeding 100 Mbps. The future of 4G mobile systems is predicted to focus on seamlessly integrating existing wireless technologies like GSM, WiFi, and Bluetooth.
Capacity planning(CP) determines operational expenditure, capital expenditure and long-term performance of the system hence it is the most important phase in the life cycle of a cellular system. For the past three decades, capacity planning problems have studied for all generations of the cellular system. So, to increase the capacity of the network in future we focus on small cells of cell structure. Cellular network includes the variety of different cell sizes and types, heterogeneous networks, control, and data plane split architectures, coordinated multipoint, massive multiple inputs multiple outputs.
The objective of this presentation is to focus on traditional deployment reviews and identify future opportunities, challenges, and trends in detail. More specifically we investigate the future capacity planning by reviewing the CP process including its objective input and output parameter to an optimization process and the CP phases.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document summarizes adaptive resource allocation techniques for wireless MIMO-OFDMA systems used for multimedia multicasting. It discusses different multicast scheduling approaches, including single-rate and multi-rate transmissions. For single-rate, a fixed default rate, worst user's rate, or group average throughput can be used. For multi-rate, information can be split into multiple streams or subgroups can be formed based on channel quality. The document also provides an overview of the multicast resource allocation block in an OFDMA system, which determines subcarrier allocation and transmit power based on channel state information feedback to optimize throughput or power.
WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is a 3G mobile technology that uses CDMA to allow multiple users to access a wide 5MHz radio channel simultaneously. Key features of WCDMA include fast power control to manage interference between users, and soft/softer handover which allows a mobile to connect to multiple base stations for better call quality as the user moves between cells. WCDMA was developed to provide higher data speeds and capacity over wireless networks compared to 2G technologies like GSM.
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System.
This role show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing
inter-carrier interference (ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zeropadded
suffix can be used to eliminate ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform
to FCC requirements.
At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add
(OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the
channel.
In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded
suffixes. Then, we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add
(OLA) equalization, on the performance of MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with
AWGN channel and Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.
In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse
response (CIR). These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.
Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MBOFDM system. In fact
we developed a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR
estimate(repetition). In our simulation this technique improve to 3 dB at BER=10-2 with a
multipath channels CM4.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document discusses different mobile communication systems including:
- 1st generation analog systems like AMPS, NMT, and TACS
- 2nd generation digital standards like GSM, D-AMPS, and PDC that offered greater capacity and features
- 2.5 generation systems like enhanced GSM that moved toward 3G capabilities
- 3rd generation systems that support higher data speeds like UMTS and allow integration of different services.
The document discusses 4G mobile communications standards including WiMAX and LTE. It provides information on:
- IEEE 802.22 which uses white spaces in TV frequencies for wireless regional area networks.
- Requirements for 4G standards defined by ITU including peak speeds of 1Gbps.
- How early versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE did not meet the full 4G requirements but were still branded as 4G.
- Mobile WiMAX Release 2 and LTE Advanced promising speeds of 1Gbps in 2013.
This document discusses handover between WCDMA and GSM networks, which allows GSM networks to provide fallback coverage for areas not covered by WCDMA. It describes key challenges like measuring GSM cells while in a WCDMA call, which Ericsson solved using compressed mode. The document outlines cell reselection and handover procedures between the networks, including signaling flows. It establishes that Ericsson has played a leading role in developing and demonstrating the necessary interworking technologies.
Iaetsd comparative study mimo ofdm, cdma-sdmaIaetsd Iaetsd
This document compares and contrasts MIMO OFDM, CDMA-SDMA, and multi-user detection techniques for wireless communication systems. It discusses how MIMO OFDM can achieve high data rates with frequency and antenna diversity. Space division multiple access (SDMA) is introduced as an application of MIMO that improves spectral efficiency by multiplexing signals based on spatial signatures. The document also examines multi-user detection methods like linear detection, minimum mean square error, and successive interference cancellation that are needed for robust SDMA performance as the number of users increases.
The document discusses Personal Communication Services (PCS) and provides examples of different wireless communication systems, including cellular and cordless systems. It describes key aspects of cellular systems like Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), EIA/TIA IS-136, and EIA/TIA IS-95 standards. These include multiple access techniques, frequency bands, channel structures, features supported, and mobility management protocols. PCS networks integrate these wireless systems to provide mobile communication services connected to the public switched telephone network.
Article on MIMO-OFDM printed in BSNL telecom JournalSushil Kumar
The document summarizes MIMO-OFDM technology for high-speed wireless communication. It describes that MIMO uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to minimize errors and optimize data speed. It can increase channel capacity while obeying Shannon's law. OFDM divides data into small sub-signals transmitted through different frequencies using IFFT and FFT. Combining MIMO with OFDM provides higher throughput and link reliability. Industry standards like 802.11n, 802.16a, LTE/LTE Advanced have adopted MIMO-OFDM to achieve data rates up to 1Gbps.
A simulation study of wi max based communication system using deliberately cl...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems using deliberate clipping. It begins with an introduction to WiMAX technology and OFDM. It then discusses the PAPR problem in OFDM systems and different techniques to reduce PAPR, including signal scrambling and signal distortion methods. It focuses on deliberate clipping as a simple method to limit PAPR by distorting the signal before amplification. The document presents a simulation of an OFDM system using deliberate clipping at the Nyquist sampling rate to investigate its effect on bit error rate performance compared to an unclipped system.
A simulation study of wi max based communication system using deliberately cl...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document contains lecture notes on mobile communication systems. It begins with a brief history of mobile communication technology, from the first mobile phone service in 1946 to the development of 1G, 2G, and 3G cellular networks. It then discusses fundamental concepts such as cellular networks, frequency reuse, and different types of cells. The document provides an introduction to key topics but notes that the lecture series is still a work in progress.
3G, or third generation mobile telecommunications, supports information transfer rates of at least 200 Kbit/s and provides higher speeds than previous 2G technologies. The two main 3G standards are UMTS, used primarily in Europe and standardized by 3GPP, and CDMA2000, used in North America and South Korea. 3G enabled rapid growth in data traffic such as text and web access through mobile phones, with projections of 50% of total mobile traffic consisting of data within 5 years of its introduction. It also facilitated increased mobile internet and device penetration.
A Dynamic MAC Protocol for WCDMA Wireless Multimedia NetworksIDES Editor
Existing MAC protocols like TDMA and 802.11
have many disadvantages for scheduling multimedia traffic in
CDMA wireless networks. Our objective is to develop a
dynamic MAC protocol for WCDMA networks to avoid
congestion and improve the channel utilization and
throughput of the bulky real-time flows. In this paper, we
propose to develop a dynamic MAC protocol for wireless
multimedia networks. In the design, we combine the merits of
the CSMA, TDMA MAC protocols with WCDMA systems to
improve the throughput of the multimedia WLAN in a
cellular environment. We use these MAC protocols
adaptively, to handle both the low and high data traffics of the
mobile users. It uses multiple slots per frame allowing
multiple users to transmit simultaneously using their own
CDMA codes. By simulation results, we show that our
proposed MAC protocol achieves high channel utilization and
improved throughput with reduced average delay under low
and high data traffic.
The impact of intermodulation interference in superimposed 2 g and 3gPrecious Kamoto
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1) The document discusses the basics and evolution of cellular technology, including the architecture and functionality of GSM, 3G, and future goals for 2010 and beyond.
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UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is a 3G mobile communication standard that uses WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) as its underlying air interface technology. A UMTS network consists of three domains - the core network, UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), and user equipment. UMTS offers high-speed data and multimedia services along with traditional voice services through its core network and radio access network architecture and protocols. UMTS provides a platform for various services with different quality of service requirements.
Prospective of Fifth Generation Mobile Communications ijngnjournal
This paper explores future mobile systems with emphasis on re-configurability based on cognitive and software defined radios. 5G (Fifth Generation) network architecture consisting of reconfigurable multitechnology core and a single fully reconfigurable terminal able to autonomously operate in different heterogeneous access networks is proposed. The proposed network is enforced by nanotechnology, cloud
computing and based on All IP Platform. The paper highlights 5G main development challenges and illustrates why there is a need for 5G. It also reviews in brief the evolution of wireless and cellular systems focusing on four main key factors: radio access, data rates, bandwidth and switching schemes in addition to change in network architecture. The 3G transitional cellular and wireless systems toward 4G and the true 4G IMT-advanced systems are thoroughly presented.
3G networks provide faster data transmission speeds and a wider range of services compared to previous 2G networks. 3G allows data transfer rates up to 2Mbps and introduces technologies like UMTS that support transmission speeds of up to 300Mbps. It enables advanced applications and multimedia services on mobile devices through improved spectral efficiency and network capacity.
This document provides an overview of WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) technology:
1. It describes the development of 3G mobile communication standards including WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA, and outlines the 3GPP standard development process.
2. It explains the basic network structure of WCDMA based on 3GPP Release 99 (R99) and Release 4 (R4) standards, consisting of the core network and wireless access network (UTRAN).
3. It gives an overview of WCDMA technology characteristics such as supporting asynchronous and synchronous base stations, using QPSK and 16QAM modulation, power control, and soft/softer hand
The document discusses 4G mobile communications technologies WiMAX and LTE. It provides an overview of the IEEE 802.22 standard for wireless regional area networks using vacant TV channels. It also discusses the history and development of 4G standards, requirements for IMT-Advanced 4G, and early commercial versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE that provided speeds less than 1 Gbit/s. It compares key aspects of 3G and 4G mobile networks.
This document provides an overview of Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), a wireless technology that improves data transmission rates for 2G networks like GSM. EDGE allows data services up to 4 times faster than previous standards by using new modulation techniques. It provides an evolutionary path for GSM networks to support higher bandwidth applications without requiring new spectrum or infrastructure upgrades. EDGE can deliver speeds up to 4 Mbps and was developed as an interim solution for networks that did not acquire 3G spectrum licenses.
GSM was developed in 1991 as the first digital cellular network standard used by mobile phones. It has become the global standard for mobile communications, operating in over 219 countries. While intended to be secure, GSM has vulnerabilities that allow different types of attacks on various parts of the network. The network structure includes the base station subsystem, network and switching subsystem, and optional GPRS core network which allows packet-based internet connections.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RECEIVED POWER IN AN ANTENNA DOWN- TILT ON CELLULAR N...IRJET Journal
This document discusses statistical analysis of received power in antenna down-tilt for cellular networks. It begins by providing background on 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G mobile networks and their components. It then discusses radio propagation models and how antenna down-tilt works to improve network performance by optimizing the signal level within a cell and minimizing it elsewhere. The effect of down-tilt angle on received power and signal-to-noise/interference ratios is examined. Formulas for calculating the optimal down-tilt angle based on factors like base station height, cell radius, and antenna beamwidth are also provided. Data collected from test cellular sites is analyzed before and after antenna parameter adjustments to demonstrate the impact of down-tilt
Handover between WCDMA and GSM allows the GSM network to be used
to give fallback coverage for WCDMA technology. This means that subscribers
can experience seamless services—even with a phased build-out
of WCDMA—which is of importance to the commercial launches in 2003.
As the leading total system provider, Ericsson has developed technologies
that overcome the challenges of interworking between WCDMA and
GSM. For example, Ericsson was first to demonstrate handover from
WCDMA to GSM in a live network.
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is a 3G mobile communication standard that provides improved speed and capacity over 2G networks. UMTS uses WCDMA technology to provide voice and data services over a 5MHz channel at speeds up to 2Mbps. For higher speeds, HSPA technologies were introduced as 3.5G. 4G networks such as LTE promise speeds over 100Mbps using OFDMA and other technologies with an all-IP architecture. Small cells using micro and pico base stations are needed to boost 4G capacity and coverage, especially at high frequencies.
This document provides an overview of Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) technology. It discusses how WCDMA evolved from existing GSM and CDMA technologies to provide higher data rates and capacity. Key aspects of WCDMA include efficient power control, soft handover between cells, and the ability to allocate capacity between voice and data services. The document describes the basic architecture of a WCDMA network including the radio access network components like Node B base stations and radio network controllers.
Basic of 3 g technologies (digi lab_project).pptx [repaired]Shahrin Ahammad
The document provides an overview of 3G standards and the radio access network architecture. It discusses the reasons for switching from 2G to 3G technologies, including higher data rates and improved security. It then describes the components of the UMTS network architecture, including user equipment, Node B base stations, radio network controllers, mobile switching centers, and connections to external networks. The document also compares 2G and 3G network structures.
This document provides an overview of LTE network architecture according to 3GPP Release 8 specifications. It describes the core network elements including the MME, SGW, PGW and HSS. The radio access network consists of eNodeB base stations that interface with the core network via the S1 interface. The document also summarizes the interfaces between network elements like S1, S3, S4 and S5 and provides background on 2G, 3G and 4G mobile network standards.
Evolution from 1G to 4G involves major technological advancements in wireless networks. 1G networks provided basic voice calling using analog signals, while 2G introduced digital networks like GSM. 2.5G added packet-switched data to GSM. 3G networks supported higher speeds up to 2Mbps for multimedia applications. 4G aims to provide ubiquitous high-speed mobile internet access at speeds over 100Mbps through integrated technologies like OFDM, MIMO, and software-defined radio.
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Performance Evaluation of QoS parameters in UMTS Network Using Qualnet
1. International Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems (IJDPS) Vol.1, No.2, November 2010
DOI : 10.5121/ijdps.2010.1206 57
Performance Evaluation of QoS parameters in
UMTS Network Using Qualnet
Amandeep Singh Thethi
Lecturer, Department of Electronics Engineering
Guru Nanak Dev University
Amritsar, Punjab, India
e-mail:amandeepsingh.thethi@gmail.com
R.S. Sawhney
Sr. Lecturer, Dept. of Electronics Technology
Guru Nanak Dev University
Amritsar, Punjab, India
e-mail: ravisawhney_asr@yahoo.co.in
Abstract— A UMTS network based on the Wide Band-CDMA technology is a 3rd
generation tele-
communication system which provides various multimedia applications along with the conventional
telephony service. These various multimedia applications fall into four different categories, which are
differentiated from each other on the basis of required bit rate and delay tolerance etc. parameters. In
order to get best Quality of Service (QoS) for a particular application running on the subscriber
equipment the parameters of the respective category to which the application belong need to be in a
required range. In this work the performance of a UMTS network scenario is evaluated by using various
values of the precedence bits of the CBR application. The simulation tool used is QUALNET 5.0. The
performance of the scenario according to the respective precedence bits is analyzed by four metrics:
average jitter, end to end delay, throughput and UMTS signals received and forwarded to MAC. The
comparative analysis of all the four metrics according to the precedence bit values will be carried out
and it will be concluded in the last section that which precedence bit gives the best performance for the
simulated UMTS network scenario.
Keywords – UMTS, QUALNET, QoS, Precedence.
I. INTRODUCTION
Capacity increase was one of the main motivations for introducing 2G systems in the early
1990s. By the late 1990s, the very success of GSM was again raising questions about the future
need for yet more spectrum and technology fragmentation was again an issue. The GSM
community was initially focused on developing GSM’s circuit and packet switched data
services, using HSCSD and GPRS. Both are limited to maximum data rates of less than 50 kbps
and neither can support video telephony. Any large scale adoption of such services would also
further increase pressures on the available spectrum since the same spectrum is shared between
voice and data services. The addition of EDGE technology to GSM can support data rates up to
472 kbps, particularly over the downlink to the mobile terminal, but again only by reducing
available voice capacity. So it was clear that more spectrum would have to be made available.
2. International Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems (IJDPS) Vol.1, No.2, November 2010
58
But this time, the potential seemed to exist for a truly global common solution. The universally
accepted result was the WCDMA technology standard. The specifications of WCDMA that
have only recently been completed are perhaps ten times longer than GSM, and are almost all
entirely different. However, a single global standard still proved to be unachievable. Although
Europe and Japan agreed to converge on a common WCDMA standard, the USA both used
different frequencies and wanted an evolution path from IS-95. Hence it adopted a variant of
WCDMA known as CDMA-2000. So the transition from GSM to WCDMA represents another
development challenge that is much more complex even than GSM [1].
The main targets for the 3G are:-
• Standardize 3G in a manner so that at least part of the 2G network infrastructure can be
reused. In the case of GSM and UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone System), this has
materialized to some extent. Certain GSM core network nodes can potentially be reused for
UMTS. Also, the UMTS handover requirements state that handover to 2G systems, e.g. GSM,
should be possible. Furthermore, it was at least attempted to choose design parameters for
UTRA which ease implementation of dual-mode GSM/UMTS handsets; dual-mode operation is
expected to be a standard feature of most UMTS handsets. Correspondingly, it is possible to
deploy UMTS gradually in a GSM system, where in a first phase only selected sites are
equipped with UMTS base stations, while universal coverage is provided by GSM. [2]
• Evolve capabilities of 2G systems to meet 3G requirements, for instance through
enhancements to the air interface. To give importance of GSM and the large number of
advanced features which have been or are still being standardized for this system.
• Another challenge for 3G was to bring the best features of mobile communications and the
Internet together. Different markets may evolve at different rates, e.g. Europe has medium-level
fixed Internet penetration but leads the USA with high mobile communications penetration
(based on the one standard — GSM). Conversely, the USA has very high Internet penetration,
but an array of different mobile standards and less complete national coverage. 3G networks
were designed so as to enable mobile multimedia. The 3rd Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP) is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations, to make
a globally applicable third-generation (3G) mobile phone system specification within the scope
of the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 project of the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU).[3]
II. UNIVERSAL MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM(UMTS)
A main architectural design principle of the universal mobile telecommunications system
(UMTS) is the split of the fixed UMTS infrastructure into Core Network (CN) and access
network (AN) domains. The technology used in a UMTS network is WCDMA, which provides
much higher bandwidth than the conventional CDMA systems. An additional design principle
is the logical split of the global architecture into a so-called ‘access stratum’, containing
equipment and functionality specific to the access technique (e.g. radio-related functionality),
3. International Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems (IJDPS) Vol.1, No.2, November 2010
59
and ‘non-access strata’, as shown in Figure 1.3. The access stratum includes protocols between
the mobile terminal and the access network, and between the access network and the serving
core network. While the former support the transfer of detailed radio-related information, the
latter are independent of the specific radio structure of the access network. This is important, it
means that the CN should not be affected by the choice of radio transmission technologies in
the access network, such that new types of access networks can be defined as and when
required and attached to the existing core network. [2]
Figure 1 Basic logical UMTS architecture
The only suitable access network type defined in release 1999 specifications is the UMTS or
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), consisting of a set of radio network
subsystems. UTRAN is composed of a Radio Network Controller (RNC) and a number of base
stations, a base station is termed as Node B in UMTS. The radio technologies featured by
UTRAN release 1999 are the UTRA TDD and the UTRA FDD mode. The CN consists of a
‘circuit-switched domain’ or CS-domain, which is composed of Mobile services Switching
Centres (MSC) very similar to those already used in GSM, and a ‘packet-switched’ or PS-
domain, which is an evolution of the GPRS core network .
Accordingly, there are two variants of the Iu interface between AN and CN shown in Figure
1.3, namely Iu-CS and Iu-PS. The fundamental UMTS service principle is to standardize
service capabilities rather than the services themselves, which helps achieving flexibility in
service provision. With an appropriate set of service capabilities, users, service providers, and
network operators should be in a position to define services themselves according to their
specific needs. The packet switched core network of UMTS consists of a Gateway GPRS
Support Node (GGSN) and a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN). The GGSN uses source
and destination port numbers from packet header to deduce application type; thus incoming IP
traffic is mapped to corresponding UMTS QoS classes. UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System) is one of the most commonly used standards for third generation
3G) of mobile networks. One of the main UMTS advantages is that UMTS supports IP services
with end-to-end QoS (Quality of Service) guarantees.[4][5]
4. International Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems (IJDPS) Vol.1, No.2, November 2010
60
Figure 2 UMTS network architecture and interfaces.
III. THE CONCEPT
The WCDMA is the main radio technology employed in UMTS. In Wide-band Code Division
Multiple Access (WCDMA) systems all users share the same time and frequency resources.
The variants Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD) were
selected by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in 1998. Although,
just like traditional CDMA, the spread spectrum forms the underlying technique for WCDMA
but employing a different control channel and signaling, wider bandwidth, and a set of
enhanced futures for fulfilling the requirements of 3G systems, it is significantly different from
its counterpart. The WCDMA system is compatible with both the 5 MHz wide WCDMA radio
channel and the narrow 200 kHz GSM channels. In the following sections an overview of the
WCDMA radio technology is represented by the help of its architecture and air interface
specifications. The basic features (processes) of WCDMA, spreading and despreading suitable
for the air interface are also explained with the related diagrams. W-CDMA (Wideband Code
Division Multiple Access) defines the air interface access of the UMTS network. Unlike GSM
which uses time division multiple access sceme, W-CDMA allows all users to transmit at the
same time and to share the same RF carrier. Further, W-CDMA uses a wider bandwidth (5
MHz) as compared to CDMA IS-95 systems (1.25 MHz). As well, W-CDMA base stations do
not require being in system-wide time synchronization. W-CDMA has two modes; FDD
(Frequency Division Duplex) mode using separate frequencies for uplink and downlink, and
TDD (Time Division Duplex) with uplink and downlink carried in alternating bursts on a single
frequency. [6][7][8]
WCDMA is based on a hierarchical architecture with the different nodes and interfaces. A
terminal, also referred to as User Equipment (UE) in 3GPP terminology, communicates with
one (or several) NodeBs. In the WCDMA architecture, the term NodeB refers to a logical node,
responsible for physical-layer processing such as error-correcting coding, modulation and
spreading, as well as conversion from baseband to the radio-frequency signal transmitted from
the antenna. A NodeB is handling transmission and reception in one or several cells. Thus a
NodeB is a possible implementation a base station. The Radio Network Controller (RNC)
controls multiple NodeBs. The number of NodeBs connected to one RNC varies depending on
the implementation and deployment, but up to a few hundred NodeBs per RNC is not
5. International Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems (IJDPS) Vol.1, No.2, November 2010
61
uncommon. The RNC is in charge of call setup, quality-of- service handling and management
of the radio resources in the cells for which it is responsible. The ARQ protocol, handling
retransmissions of erroneous data, is also located in the RNC. Thus, in Release 99, most of the
‘intelligence’ in the radio-access network resides in the RNC, while the NodeBs mainly acts as
modems. Finally, the RNCs are connected to the Internet and the traditional wired telephony
network through the core network. Most modern communication systems structure the
processing into different layers and WCDMA is no exception. The layered approach is
beneficial as it provides a certain structure to the overall processing where each layer is
responsible for a specific part of the radio-access functionality. [9]
Figure 3 WCDMA radio-access network architecture [9]
IV. PROPOSED MODEL
Network simulation is a very efficient and cost-effective way to develop new network
technologies. By building virtual networks in a lab environment, researchers can test, optimize,
and integrate next generation network technologies at a fraction of the cost of deploying
physical test beds. QualNet is network modeling software that predicts performance of
networks through simulation and emulation. QualNet is the cornerstone for virtual networking
labs that enable the deployment of a mind-boggling plethora of applications in wireless, wired
and mixed network platforms.
The objective of the paper is to evaluate the Quality of Service (QoS) of a Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System (UMTS) network with different precedence bits and then to
compare them. The QOS is determined by changing the precedence bit of the CBR application.
PRECEDENCE BIT - It tells us about the type of QOS being used. Precedence bit can be
from value ranging from 0 to 7. The IP Precedence bits allow us to specify what traffic gets
what Class of Service. IP precedence is a value that can allow certain traffic to gain priority
over other types of traffic. The details of each precedence bit are as follows:
0: Routine (for transmitting routine application data such as e-mail etc)
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1: Priority (Packets with higher priority will get forwarded first)
2: Network (tells us about the critical path is which path to follow first; intended to be used
within the network only)
3: Internet (This bit is intended for use by gateway control originators only)
4: Immediate (This is for the sensitive data which needs to be attended first i.e. delayed data)
5: Flash-override (This is for video-traffic)
6: Flash (This is for higher class data traffic)
7: Critical (This is for VoIP traffic or real time traffic)
QUALITY OF SERVICE (QoS) IN UMTS –
QoS is defined as the ability of the network to provide a service at an assured service level.
QoS in UMTS means the required throughput and delay in a particular service. For UMTS, four
different QoS traffic classes are defined, the four QoS classes are:-
1. Conversational class: represents highly delay sensitive conversational streaming applications.
Examples include telephony speech, voice over IP, and videoconferencing. Limits for
acceptable transfer delay are very strict, along with requirements on preserving the time relation
between different stream entities.
2. Streaming class: represents real-time streaming applications that are primarily unidirectional.
This scheme applies when the user is looking at (listening to) real-time video (audio). The class
is characterized by limited delay variations, with no requirements on low transfer delay.
3. Interactive class: and represents the classical data communication scheme characterized by the
request-response pattern of the end user. Example applications include Web browsing and
database retrieval. A key characteristic for QoS is low bit error rate for transferred packets.
4. Background classes: The fundamental characteristic of this class is that the destination is not
expecting the data within a certain time. Data can be sent and received in the background, with
low bit error rate and no specific requirements on delay.[10]
Table 1 UMTS QoS classes
The first two classes support real time (RT) applications and the last two non real time (NRT)
applications. Both the Conversational Class and Streaming Class are distinguished from the
Interactive Class by offering a guaranteed bandwidth.
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The performance and behavior of each of the class is defined by the QOS attributes. The
attributes are some adjustable parameters and are applied in both of the circuit switched and
packet switched domains. The QoS parameters upon which we guarantee the best service and
which are used in the simulation are
(1) Average Jitter –As the packets from source to destination will reach the destination
with different delays. A packet's delay varies with its position in the queues of the
routers along the path between source and destination and this position can vary
unpredictably. This variation in delay is known as Jitter. Jitter can seriously affect the
quality of streaming audio and/or video. A network could possibly have zero Jitter.
Jitter for all the precedence bits are calculated and compared.
(2) Average end-to-end delay- Due to queuing and different routing paths, a data packet
may take a longer time to reach its destination .The end-to-end delay experienced by
the packets for each flow the individual packet delay are summed and the average is
computed.
(3) Throughput – Throughput is the average rate of successful message delivery over
communication channel. It is measured in bits per second (bit/s or bps) and sometimes
in data packets per second or data packets per time slot. Due to varying load from other
users sharing the same network resources, the bit-rate (the maximum throughput) that
can be provided to a certain data stream may be too low for real time multimedia
services if all data streams get the same scheduling priority.
(4) UMTS signals received and forwarded to MAC: The number of signals received and
forwarded to the MAC layer.[4][11]
Figure 4: UMTS Network Simulation
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
A. Average jitter
As we know jitter is the variation in delay suffered by different data packets reaching a
destination,thus it is an unwanted parameter. But its also unaviodable in IP based
communication systems as we use routers for the data packets and different data packets choose
different routes for attaining bandwidth utilization.Thus there is always a little amount of jitter
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present in the system. The average jitter for the different precedences was compared and it
came minimum for precedence “0”.Thus we get best performance at the precedence “0”.
Figure 5: Average Jitter
B. Average end-to-end delay
Due to queuing and different routing paths, a data packet may suffer with time delay before
reception at the destination.The Average end to end delay for the simulated scenario was
minimum for precedence “0”.This means system introduces minimum delay for the data
packets when we use the precedence “0”, so the performance of the system is best at
precedence “0” as compared to the other precedences.
Figure 6: Average end-to-end delay
C. Throughput
As the throughput is the ratio of the total amount of data that reaches the receiver to the
time it takes. So a high throughput is always desirable in a communication system. The
simulation results give best result for the precedence “0”. Thus we get best performance at
the “0” precedence.
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Figure 7: Throughput
D. UMTS Signals Received and forwarded to MAC
The number of the UMTS signals received and forwarded to MAC according to the precedence
“0” are shown in the graph. It is shown that at precedence “0” UMTS signals received and
forwarded to MAC were maximum as compared to other precedence bits.
Figure 8: UMTS signals received and forwarded
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper gives overview out of the UMTS system with its architecture and emphasizing to the
Quality of Service in the UMTS network. UMTS is considered as evolution step from 2G to
advance. The introduction of new WCDMA based air interface imposed new requirements for
UMTS Radio Access Network.
In this paper, the Quality of Service is analyzed by changing the value of the precedence bit of
the CBR application. The values of the precedence bits that have been taken are 0, 1, 4 and 6.
It was found that :-
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1. Average Jitter was minimum at precedence 0.
2. The minimum average end-to-end delay was also achieved with precedence bit 0.
3. Maximum throughput was achieved with precedence bit 0.
4. UTMS signals received and forwarded to MAC were maximum at precedence 0.
Therefore the performance of the UMTS network scenario reached maximum by using the “0”
value of the precedence bit. For future work the performance of different UMTS network
scenarios can be analyzed under different parametric conditions. The number of nodes can be
varied with their respective distances from the server. It would also be interesting to study how
the performance of the network can be maximized by simulating the network using different
precedence bits.
VII. References
[1] C Smith,C Gervelis, “Wireless network performance Handbook”, Chapter 3, Mc Graw-Hill Networks, 2003.
[2] “Internet Mobility the CDPD Approach”,
http://www.leapforum.org/published/internetworkMobility/one/main.html- visited on February 2010
[3] Alan Clapton,” Future Mobile Networks,3G and beyond, The Institution of Engineering and Techonology”,
London, England, 2001.
[4] Ritesh Shreevastav, Ciaran McGoldrick, Meriel Huggard “DeliveringImproved QoS and Cell Throughput in
UMTS Based HSDPA Networks”, IEEE transaction 2010.
[5] Sladana Zoric, Melika Bolic, “QoS signalling in IP multimedia subsystem of UMTS” 51st International
Symposium ELMAR-2009, 28-30 September 2009, Zadar, Croatia
[6] Heikki Kaaranen, Ari Ahtiainen, Lauri Laitinen, Siamak Naghian,Valtteri Niemi, “UMTS Networks
Architecture, Mobility and Services” Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2005.
[7] “WCDMA/UMTS wireless networks”
www.tek.com/Measurement/App_Notes/2EW.../2EW_17289_0.pdf visited on may 2010
[8] Markus Laner, Philipp Svoboda, Markus Rupp “Outer-Loop Power Control in a Live UMTS Network:
Measurement, Analysis and Improvements” Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Communications
Control and Signal Processing, ISCCSP 2010, Limassol, Cyprus, 3-5 March 2010
[9] Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Sköld and Per Beming, 3G Evolution HSPA and LTE for Mobile
Broadband,Second edition, Elsevier Ltd.,2008
[10] Lea Skorin-Kapov, Darko Huljenic, Dario Mikic, Danko Vilendecic, “Analysis of End-to-End QoS for
Networked Virtual Reality Services in UMTS” IEEE Communications Magazine, April 2004
[11] Ira Weissberger, Ivica Kostanic, Carlos E. Otero “Evaluation of
HTTP QoS in a UMTS Network”, IEEE transaction 2010