This document discusses the history and ongoing debates around U.S. public diplomacy. It provides background on early 20th century programs like the Boxer Rebellion Indemnity Scholars and the Committee on Public Information during WWI. During the Cold War, public diplomacy tools included libraries, magazines, posters, and cultural exchanges like jazz diplomacy. Ongoing tensions center around measuring effectiveness and the roles of government versus private actors.
2013-2015 OUR COMMON EUROPEAN ROOTS MEETINGS AND TOPICS
3rd project meeting – 23rd – 28th March 2014
at Özel Çağ Koleji,
Mersin, Tarsus, Turkey
Topic : “Historical roots: in search of the history that unites us. Great social events”.
Today I am uploading a presentation on digital diplomacy. While preparing the seminar and the lecture on this topic, I was affraid that I would know much less than my students who do not remember the analog times. This made this presentation so much rooted in examples from real life and contemporary times - and not that much in theory. It also made our discussions very much concentrated on responsibility of what we all, also as private people, publish online in various social media, including experiences with hate speech and trolling (as an introduction to our further meetings devoted to differences between public diplomacy and propaganda). I hope these teaching materials happen to be helpful to other students and teachers in the field of public diplomacy.
2013-2015 OUR COMMON EUROPEAN ROOTS MEETINGS AND TOPICS
3rd project meeting – 23rd – 28th March 2014
at Özel Çağ Koleji,
Mersin, Tarsus, Turkey
Topic : “Historical roots: in search of the history that unites us. Great social events”.
Today I am uploading a presentation on digital diplomacy. While preparing the seminar and the lecture on this topic, I was affraid that I would know much less than my students who do not remember the analog times. This made this presentation so much rooted in examples from real life and contemporary times - and not that much in theory. It also made our discussions very much concentrated on responsibility of what we all, also as private people, publish online in various social media, including experiences with hate speech and trolling (as an introduction to our further meetings devoted to differences between public diplomacy and propaganda). I hope these teaching materials happen to be helpful to other students and teachers in the field of public diplomacy.
Digital diplomacy empowering 21 century diplomat in the conduct of diplomacySaeed Al Dhaheri
This was a lecture presented at the Emirates Diplomatic Academy on the 8th of May 2016. The presentation highlights the practice of digital diplomacy today and provides examples from leading MFAs in the practice of digital diplomacy. It also highlights the skills needed by the 21st century diplomats to practice digital diplomacy and the risks and challenges facing MFAs in this area.
Best practices on social media communication for political figures and partiesDino Amenduni
How to build a team, choose the tools,
adopt good practices and get ready to daily work
Bruxelles, 10-12 may 2012
Pes activist ‘Train the Trainers’ event
We are describe about EU, NATO and how they are working together to achieved some vital decision, Terrorism, EU Security concern, WMD(weapon of mass destruction), stability of peace etc.
The presentation is concerned with the increasing humanitarian turmoil of present world, refugee crisis. It contains the following contents definition of refugee, causes, issues of refugee emergency, state of international assistance and present scenario of human rights violation happened for refugee crisis
Presentation I made for a lecture, which summarizes the main events of the Crisis highlighting, in particular, the role of the EU and other International Organizations in attempting to solve the situation.
“Soft Power” es un programa de actividades culturales sobre biotecnología. A partir de las obras de artistas, pensadores y activistas, “Soft Power” ofrece un recorrido por este nuevo territorio creativo en el que el arte y la cultura se encuentran con la ciencia, la tecnología, la economía global o la filosofía política.
http://www.amarika.org/softpower/
This ppt describes my dissertation project on the rhetorical dimension of soft power. The presentation includes a primer on soft power; lists the elements of a rhetorical critique; and presents my research objectives, questions, and anticipated outcomes for theory and practice.
Digital diplomacy empowering 21 century diplomat in the conduct of diplomacySaeed Al Dhaheri
This was a lecture presented at the Emirates Diplomatic Academy on the 8th of May 2016. The presentation highlights the practice of digital diplomacy today and provides examples from leading MFAs in the practice of digital diplomacy. It also highlights the skills needed by the 21st century diplomats to practice digital diplomacy and the risks and challenges facing MFAs in this area.
Best practices on social media communication for political figures and partiesDino Amenduni
How to build a team, choose the tools,
adopt good practices and get ready to daily work
Bruxelles, 10-12 may 2012
Pes activist ‘Train the Trainers’ event
We are describe about EU, NATO and how they are working together to achieved some vital decision, Terrorism, EU Security concern, WMD(weapon of mass destruction), stability of peace etc.
The presentation is concerned with the increasing humanitarian turmoil of present world, refugee crisis. It contains the following contents definition of refugee, causes, issues of refugee emergency, state of international assistance and present scenario of human rights violation happened for refugee crisis
Presentation I made for a lecture, which summarizes the main events of the Crisis highlighting, in particular, the role of the EU and other International Organizations in attempting to solve the situation.
“Soft Power” es un programa de actividades culturales sobre biotecnología. A partir de las obras de artistas, pensadores y activistas, “Soft Power” ofrece un recorrido por este nuevo territorio creativo en el que el arte y la cultura se encuentran con la ciencia, la tecnología, la economía global o la filosofía política.
http://www.amarika.org/softpower/
This ppt describes my dissertation project on the rhetorical dimension of soft power. The presentation includes a primer on soft power; lists the elements of a rhetorical critique; and presents my research objectives, questions, and anticipated outcomes for theory and practice.
The power of Soft Law How to regulate global financial markets with non-binding legal standards.
Lecture held at the University of Trieste on 20 April 2016
Keynote for senior managers of Novartis on how to influence people and strategies ethically and effectively in matrix organisations and networks / collaborations. Includes latest research from social psychology, neuroscience and behavioral economics. June 2011.
Slides used in a presentation by Jeremie Averous, Project Value Delivery's Senior Managing Partner, with the Singapore Chapter of the Project Management Institute on 6 March 2012
Femininity in Southeast Asia: The Rise of Soft PowerSheSaysSG
This month we're talking about Feminity and the rise of Soft Power in Southeast Asia featuring Emma Gage, Managing Director of Flamingo New York. The struggle for gender equality plays out very differently in a Southeast Asian context. Unlike the 'hard-nosed, railing against the system' often seen in Western feminism discourse, women in this region embrace and utilise the very things that set them apart.
Globally, it has been well documented that women have been evolving faster than men – leaving men in a state of crises. In SEA, this phenomena is much more evident as women continue to progress at rapid rates – educationally, economically and socially. Despite this explosion of opportunity that a thriving economy brings – most women are still held back by the traditional expectations around their roles as wife and mother. These expectations are not viewed as regressive and many women take a pragmatic approach in fusing their modern feminine aspirations to socio-cultural expectations.
7 Ways Soft-Skills Power Organizational PerformanceBambooHR
Succeeding in today's increasingly competitive global landscape calls for our organizations to leverage everything they can, and increasingly, that leverage is coming down to your employees' soft skills.
But while it's easy (well, easier) to measure and hire for hard-skills competency, it's very difficult to recognize and hire for soft skills. And once hired, it becomes even more of a task to build these soft skills in our employees.
In this slideshare we'll take a hard look at the soft skills that really enable organizations to succeed. From recruiting to learning and development and performance management to the exit interview, we'll show how soft-skills focus can dramatically impact your company's bottom line.
In this slideshare, you will learn:
• Soft skills: What are they anyway?
• Soft skills and recruiting: The secret to successful hires
• What the bottomline results are for soft skills
• How to teach, measure, and mentor soft skills
A pioneer in promoting PPPs for global development, the U.S. Agency for International Development has signed off on more than 1,600 public private partnerships since 2001. Which corporations have inked the most PPPs with the world’s biggest bilateral donor? We crunched the numbers.
The soft power of the artmarket - a new East European fresh look at the art s...Oana Nasui
”The Soft Power of the Art Market” is a new East European fresh look at the systems that are now in charge of producing contemporary art in a globalized world. It reveals the challenges of the contemporary art as a soft power, defined by its geopolitical strategies and defined as an extension of the powerful global markets. The contemporary art between media and power is changing the equilibrium between the cultural capital and economic capital.
The idea of the New Folklore is introduced in terms of the new aesthetics for the XXI century. The new aesthetics of production and consumption (under the sign of the paradigms launched by Duchamp and Warhol) is nowadays generating a very large amount of cultural artistic products lost, in a very accelerated manner. This speed and this amount lead to an unexpectedly anonymity, thus generating not individual specific creation but general, collective types of artistic work – actually a new type of folklore.
DRAFT - History of U.S. Public Diplomacy efforts, with discussion of soft power, the Cold War, Fulbright and other exchange programs, etc, with some recent examples taken from USG programs in Ukraine. NOTE: This is basically just a revision to an earlier PowerPoint uploaded on this site.
Six engaging World and US history lessons with historic documents empower students to be the historian in the classroom. Free at iTunes and as a downloadable PDF.
Video of the conference can be found here: http://media.ruc.dk/2012-10-05_3/iframe2.html
Title: The Committee on Public Information: Persuading a nation to war
Paper Abstract: This paper discusses findings from an archival case study of the Committee on Public Information about how the cultural systems of propaganda, journalism and popular culture can be used in persuading, informing and entertaining of audiences to galvanize support for a cause. The Committee on Public Information (CPI) was an American government propaganda organisation credited with successfully mobilizing public opinion to gain support to enter World War I. The CPI had over twenty divisions. This study analyses three: the Division of News, composed of newspapermen to gain media support; the Four Minute Men, a national group of rhetorical orators who spoke at motion-picture houses; and the Division of Pictorial Publicity, a group of famous illustrators who created the only colour images available of the war.
A variety of opposed stakeholders, including immigrants of Irish and German descent, women who were considered dangerous pacifists, and businessmen whose industries were needed to generate war goods, were addressed through a transmedia campaign. Strategies of the campaign included media relations, endorsements by public figures and celebrities, and inducing citizen-to-citizen peer pressure at a local level, and social interaction on a local, state and national level. The CPI’s propaganda campaign utilized all media forms available at that time including the tactics of speeches, posters, buttons, music, school competitions, and fashion. The highly successful campaign rallied the nation to arms and war work, and convinced Americans to change their daily lives in order to ration war goods and financially support the war.
The study contributes to understanding how the expectations of persuasion, truth and amusement relate to each other when mediated in cultural systems. An analysis using close reading of archival documents and Yuri Lotman’s concept of the semiosphere found that media credibility and transmedia bridged a gap between disparate cultural systems to create a successful campaign.
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
Do Linguistics Still Matter in the Age of Large Language Models.pptx
Short History of U.S. Public Diplomacy
1. Soft Power and
U.S. Public Diplomacy
Tim Standaert, Deputy Cultural Attaché
U.S. Embassy
Kyiv, Ukraine
June 2011
2.
3. U.S. Public Diplomacy:
Some Basic Questions
• What is Public Diplomacy?
What is its purpose? Is it simply
propaganda, or something else?
• To what extent can the U.S.
government (USG) or other
democracies really influence
the opinions of foreign publics
with Diplomacy? Using what
tools?
• How does that help better
protect our nation’s interests? If
we “tell America’s story,” if we
clearly explain US policies,
society, and values, will our
relations improve with other
people and other governments?
4. U.S. Public Diplomacy:
Continuing debates/tensions/questions
• Is information more important than
cultural programming, e.g., exchange
programs, libraries, performing arts, etc?
• Should the U.S. Government (USG) be
funding cultural diplomacy at all? If so,
how much of the taxpayer’s money
should be spent on it?
• What share of Public Diplomacy should
be carried out by foundations, private
citizens, educational institutions (public
and private), and other non-
governmental partners?
• Does Public Diplomacy – both the
information and cultural sides – belong
under the U.S. State Department? Or
should an independent agency, like the
U.S. Information Agency, be brought
back to manage these activities?
5. U.S. Public Diplomacy:
Continuing debates/tensions/questions
• In its Public Diplomacy efforts, should the
USG aim for the elite in foreign countries,
or the average citizen/broad masses?
• How do you coordinate the Public
Diplomacy of various government
agencies, e.g., State, USAID, Peace Corps,
U.S. military, etc? How do you also
involve academia, cultural institutions,
NGOs, business, etc?
• How can “hard” and “soft” power
complement each other?
• How does new technology impact the
conduct of Public Diplomacy?
• How do you measure the effectiveness of
Public Diplomacy? What are the
“metrics”?
6. Public Diplomacy
Definition
• The efforts by a country’s government to
communicate and interact openly and
directly with foreign audiences –
academics, NGOs, businesses, institutions,
and even the general public – to deepen
mutual understanding and to
promote/protect its national interests.
• The aims of a country’s Public Diplomacy
activities are to:
– 1) influence how foreign citizens
perceive that country, correcting
misperceptions about its policies and
values, battling stereotypes, etc;
– 2) promote greater mutual
understanding, i.e., Americans must
also understand other peoples;
– 3) (perhaps) impact official relations
with the foreign government in a way
that serves the country’s national
interests.
7. Public Diplomacy
Three Dimensions
According to Joseph Nye, author of
Soft Power, there are 3 dimensions to
PD
• Daily
communications:
explaining decisions
and policies to the
media, the public,
elites, etc.
8. Public Diplomacy
Three Dimensions
• Strategic communications: focus on simple themes, with symbolic
events and activities planned over the year, relying to some extent
on individuals and groups outside government.
10. Public Diplomacy
Three Dimensions
• Lasting relationships: With key individuals,
institutions, and organizations, through
exchanges, conferences, seminars, etc.
12. Soft Power
• Term coined by Joseph Nye,
former U.S. Assistant
Secretary of Defense, Dean of
Kennedy School of
Government (Harvard
University), etc.
– Watch Nye’s TED talk on global shift in
power at:
http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/jo
seph_nye_on_global_power_shifts.ht
ml
• Definition: The ability of a
country or organization to
shape the preferences of
others, i.e., to get them to
behave in a way that supports
its interests, without overt
tangible benefits coming to
them, i.e., without threats
(sticks) or payments/
inducements (carrots).
13. Soft Power
• Three vehicles: According to Nye, soft power rests
largely on: 1) a country’s (or organization’s) culture
(both high and low); 2) its political values; and 3) its
foreign policy.
18. Soft Power
Positive: Bush, Africa and HIV/AIDS
• President's Emergency
Plan For AIDS Relief
(PEPFAR): Bush
commited $15 billion
over five years (2003–
2008, much of it going
to Africa.
19. Soft Power
Beyond Government’s Control
• The central government, at least in liberal, democratic
countries, cannot (and should not) control all levers of soft
power, e.g., television, movies, music, sports, products,
companies/firms, groups and individual citizens, etc.
• These other agents can have a positive or negative impact
on a country’s soft power.
20. Soft Power
Negative impact of Bhopal
•A foreign subsidiary of the U.S. company
Union Carbide was operating a pesticide plant
in Bhopal, India.
•On night of December 2-3, 1984, a leak of gas
and chemicals from the plant killed perhaps
3000 within the first week and 8000 more
since, plus over 550000 injuries, including
almost 40000 temporary or partially disabling
and almost 4000 severely and permanently
disabling.
•8 ex-employees were convicted in 2010.
21. History of U.S. Public Diplomacy:
Some background
• French Revolution: Appealing
directly to foreign publics to
promote a revolutionary
ideology.
• 1883: France creates Alliance
Francaise in wake of defeat
during Franco-Prussian War to
repair national prestige,
promote French language and
literature.
• Italy and Germany soon follow
suit.
22. History of U.S. Public Diplomacy:
Some background
• The U.S. lacked any organized,
official Public Diplomacy of any
sort until the early 20th century.
• However, informal people-to-
people connections, Americans
did exist:
– Diplomats, e.g., “Founding Fathers”
Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin;
– Missionaries: schools, libraries,
hospitals, etc.
– U.S. students and scholars travelled
to Europe in the 19th century.
Tremendous influence of German
university structure on America’s.
23. Early U.S. Public Diplomacy:
Boxer Rebellion Indemnity Scholars
•1900 Boxer Uprising in China
•Qing Empire defeated, fined $333
million.
•U.S. share of indemnity: 7.32% (plus
interest)
•U.S. “Open Door” Policy toward
China – general opposition to
“spheres of interest”
•U.S. sets up program in 1909 using
indemnity funds for education.
24. Early Public Diplomacy:
Boxer Rebellion Indemnity Scholars
•In China:
•1909-1929: 1300 Chinese
students prepared to study at
American universities, most at
Tsinghua College, established in
Beijing in 1911.
•1929: Tsinghua College
expanded into a university, with
4-year undergraduate and post-
graduate school.
•In America:
•1926: China Foundation (later
the China Institute) founded in
New York. 5 groups of scholars
educated in U.S. before 1937
Japanese invasion of China.
25. Early Public Diplomacy:
Boxer Rebellion Indemnity Scholars
•Graduates:
•philosopher Hu Shih (later
Chinese ambassador to US);
•physicist Chen Ning Yang (Nobel
Prize-winner;
•mathematician Kai Lai Chung;
•linguist Yen Ren Chao;
•rocket scientist Tsien Hsue-shen.
•UK, France, Japan later follow suit,
set up similar programs.
•Boxer Rebellion Indemnity Scholars
Program became model for Fulbright
Program (established in 1946).
26. First World War:
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
• One week after U.S. enters war in
April 1917, President Woodrow
Wilson creates the CPI (Executive
Order 2594).
• CPI headed by George Creel,
editor of The Rocky Mountain
News.
• News articles, movies, lectures,
posters, signboards, wireless
cable service, foreign press
bureaus, film division, leaflet-
filled balloons.
• Propaganda? Psychological
warfare? Honest attempt to
counter German disinformation?
27. First World War:
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
• One week after U.S. enters war in
April 1917, President Woodrow
Wilson creates the CPI (Executive
Order 2594).
• Main purpose: build U.S. public
support for the war. But also had
offices in 9 foreign countries.
• CPI headed by George Creel, editor
of The Rocky Mountain News. Over
20 divisions and bureaus.
• News Division: Official Bulletin, an
8-pages (later 32 page) paper, with
positive news, distributed to all US
newspapers, post offices,
government offices, military bases.
28. First World War:
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
• Films Division: Three feature-
length films released.
• Division of Pictorial Publicity:
posters.
• Other activities: lectures,
signboards, leaflet-filled
balloons.
• Propaganda? (Creel said no.)
Psychological warfare? Honest
attempt to counter German
disinformation?
• CPI ends domestic work with
Armistice in November 1918,
Congress ends funding for
foreign operations in June 1919,
formally abolished by Wilson in
August 1919.
29. Franklin Roosevelt, the Good Neighbor
Policy, and Internationalism
•Uneasy relations with Latin America
before FDR – neglect, exploitation, and/or
intervention: War with Mexico (1848),
business deals, Panama Canal, etc.
•Good Neighbor Policy
•FDR’s speech at Pan American Union
(1933): need for mutual
understanding
•Montevideo Inter-American
Conference (1933): Announcement
of lower tariffs, plans to establish
cultural exchanges. (Buenos Aires
1936, Lima 1938.)
30. Franklin Roosevelt, the Good Neighbor
Policy, and Internationalism
•By 1937, U.S. (and Britain and France)
aware of threat German and Italian
propaganda and cultural diplomacy
•US State Department sets up Division of
Cultural Relations in 1938 to promote
exchanges, English language study, set up
libraries and reading rooms, translate
books, provide, technical assistance, etc.
•Note: Focus is on Latin America only.
•But in pre-war period, Congress still does
not want to fund fully.
31. Second World War:
Coordinator for Inter-American Affairs
• August 1940 (before US
entry into WW2), FDR
names millionaire
Nelson A. Rockefeller to
position. Committed to
art and education.
• Responsibilities:
Coordinate cultural and
commercial relations
with Latin America.
32. Second World War:
Coordinator for Inter-American Affairs
• Rockefeller’s contributions:
– Promotion of American high
culture, including modern art
(though very controversial
Washington!)
– Positive portrayal of Latinos in
Disney movies, e.g., Saludos
Amigos, Three Caballeros
– Assistance to Mexico’s railroad
industry
• But also mixed in business,
propaganda (paying for
placement of positive stories in
newspapers), and intelligence-
collecting. (Bad mix.)
33. Second World War:
Office of War Information (OWI)
• 6 months after Pearl Harbor,
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
(FDR) establishes Office of War
Information (OWI).
• OWI’s goal: Explain US policy to
domestic and foreign
audiences, public and media
through movies, leaflets,
magazines, and RADIO.
– Soviets had begun radio
broadcasts in 1926.
– Germany, Japan, Britain,
Holland follow suit.
– “Voice of America” (VOA)
inaugurated July 1942.
34. Public Diplomacy
Post-War Germany and Japan
• How to “reorient” society?
• Weeding out Fascist textbooks, revising
curriculum, radio programs (and eventually
television), etc.
• Exchange programs.
• Performing arts, e.g., Tokyo Symphony.
• Protection of art and other cultural
treasures, e.g., Kaiser Friedrich collection.
• Establishment of Amerika Hauser (libraries)
throughout Germany. (Warm places to read
in the awful winter of 1946-47.)
• Rebuilding the media, other parts of civil
society.
• English language training. Book
translations.
• Censorship of films, including samurai epics
in Japan that ostensibly fueled militarism.
• No demands for restitution or indemnities.
• VERY EXPENSIVE!
35. Cold War
• Rivalry between USSR
and U.S./West in many
areas, including Public
Diplomacy
• Information: Voice of
America, Radio Free
Europe/Radio Liberty
• Culture: The arts,
exchanges, exhibits, etc.
• Libraries, books, etc.
• Obstacles/challenges
for U.S.:
– racism/segregation
– McCarthyism/Red Scare
37. U.S. State Department and
U.S. Information Agency (USAID)
• Technical training aspect of
education taken from State
and given to USAID in 1948
(during Marshall Plan).
• 1953: Establishment of U.S.
Information Agency.
– USIA takes books, libraries,
English language, and
broadcasting.
– Exchanges remain
responsibility of State
Department until 1977.
– 1999: USIA merged into
State Department.
39. Libraries, Reading Rooms, Books
Cold War and Today
• Books/Libraries:
– Was a CPI focus starting in 1917
– Rockefeller revived idea again in Latin America in
1942, reopening reading rooms and building 3
major libraries
– Through the decades, USG support for libraries
rose and, particularly after end of Cold War, fell.
– U.S. library collection at America House on
Melnikova in Kyiv was transferred to the American
Library at Kyiv-Mohyla Academy.
– The U.S. Embassy maintains an Information
Resource Center (ABC) and supports the American
Library, and additionally assists libraries throughout
Ukraine.
– The Embassy has established Window on America
Centers (WOA) in almost every oblast center, and
has set up over 140 free Library Electronic Access
Project (LEAP) internet centers all over the
country,, including three special centers for the
blind in Kyiv, Kherson and Rivne.
Click here to see the impact of one LEAP center on a
small Ukrainian village.
40. End of Second World War
Fulbright Exchange Program
• Sen. William Fulbright
(Democrat – Arkansas)
• Himself a Rhodes Scholar
• 1946: Sponsored legislation
to begin exchange programs.
• 1992: Fulbright Program
launched in independent
Ukraine:
– Over 700 Ukrainians
graduate students, young
faculty, and scholars have
take part in last 19 years.
– Over 400 American graduate
students and scholars have
come to Ukraine.
42. Jazz Diplomacy
Cold War
• Parallel developments: Cold War, Jazz Diplomacy,
U.S. Civil Rights Movement.
• 1954: President Eisenhower convinces Congress
to fund cultural exchanges as part of the Cold War
battle of ideas and ideologies.
• During thaw following Stalin’s death, U.S. and
USSR agree to bilateral cultural exchanges at
Geneva Summit (1955).
• Purpose of Jazz Diplomacy during Cold War:
– Promote better understanding of American
society, including musical heritage.
– Part of bilateral cultural exchanges with
Soviet Union and other nations after Stalin’s
death.
– Weapon in U.S. cultural competition with
Soviets.
– Also helps U.S. combat “image” problem
with racism and segregation.
43. Jazz Diplomacy
Cold War
• Early jazz ambassadors :
– Dizzie Gillespie: East Pakistan,
Turkey, Syria, Greece, Egypt,
Lebanon, Yugoslavia (1956);
Uruguay, Ecuador (1956).
– Benny Goodman: Asia (1956).
– 1957: Louie Armstrong cancels
State Department tour of Soviet
Union to protest President
Eisenhower’s slow response to the
school desegregation crisis in Little
Rock, Arkansas. But later that
same year, goes on tour of Latin
America.
– Dave Brubeck: Poland, East
Germany, Turkey, South Asia (India,
Afghanistan), Middle East (1958).
– Louie Armstong: Africa (1960-61).
– Etc…
Jazz in Ukraine:
•Benny Goodman (June 1962): First visit to Soviet
Union by an American jazz group, between the
Berlin Crisis (August 1961) and Cuban Missile
Crisis (October 1962).
•Earl “Fatha” Hines (1966)
•Duke Ellington (1971)
46. American Ballet in Ukraine
The Cold War
• American Dance
Performances in Kyiv:
– 1960: American Ballet
Theater
– 1962: New York City Ballet
– 1963: Joffrey Ballet
(President Kennedy
assassinated while in
troupe in Ukraine)
47. Cold War
American Exhibit at Sokolniki in Moscow
• During thaw following Stalin’s death, U.S. and USSR agree to
cultural exchanges at Geneva Summit (1955).
• Soviet exhibit in New York City (June 1959)
• American exhibit at Sokolniki in Moscow (July 1959)
• YouTube video on Nixon-Khrushchev "Kitchen Debate” (GWU)
• "Nixon, Khrushchev And A Story Of Cold War Love” (NPR)
49. Peace Corps
• Peace Corps (PC) founded in
1961
• Peace Corps in Ukraine
– Largest PC program in the
world
– 3 areas of activity:
• Teaching English as a Foreign
Language (TEFL)
• Community Development
(CD)
• Youth Development (YD)
Peace Corps
– http://ukraine.peacecorps.go
v/projects.php
– PC Volunteer (PCV) website:
http://www.pcukraine.org
50. Technical Assistance
USAID
• “Technical assistance”
– Separated from educational
and cultural activities
during Marshall Plan (1948).
Known by various names.
– USAID formally established
in 1961.
– USAID in Ukraine
(http://ukraine.usaid.gov)
• Economic Growth
• Democracy/Governance
• Health and Social Issues
• Combating trafficking in
persons
51. Exchange Programs
For Ukrainians
•20000Ukrainians since 1992, including
9000 on academic and 11000 on
professional exchanges, including:
•700 on Fulbright Programs
(Master’s Degree students, young
faculty, scholars, etc)
•Over 950 on the Muskie Program
(Master’s Degree)
•Almost 850 on the Global
Undergraduate Program
•Over 650 secondary school
teachers
•Over 5000 secondary school
students
•Plus, over 400 American students and
scholars have come to Ukraine since
1992 on the Fulbright Program.
52. Other Programs
Educational Advising
• Almost 1700 Ukrainian students are currently studying in the U.S. at
American universities.
• A network of 4 EducationUSA advising centers provides assistance
to Ukrainians on the application process and the search for financial
assistance.
53. Ambassadors Fund for Cultural
Preservation (AFCP): Ukraine
Over the years, the AFCP has funded a number of projects in Ukraine to help
conserve, preserve, and/or promote or display the following:
•Fabrics in the Chekhov House-Museum (Yalta);
•16th century Golden Rose Synagogue (Lviv);
•Papers of Taras Shevchenko, rescued from archives in New York City (Kyiv);
•Mykytynska Sich fortifications in Nikopol (Dnipropetrovsk oblast);
54. Ambassadors Fund for Cultural
Preservation (AFCP): Ukraine
• St. Nicholas wooden church in Kolodne
(Zakarpattiya);
• Crimean Tatar music, manuscripts and
handicrafts;
• Studion Icon Collection (Lviv);
• 12th century Khystynopolsky Apostol
manuscripts (Lviv).
63. Bibliography
Arndt, Richard T., The First Resort of Kings: American Diplomacy in the Twentieth
Century.
Cull, Nicholas J., Public Diplomacy: Lessons From the Past. [Available electronically.]
Cull, Nicholas J., The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American
Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945-1989.
Davenport, Lisa E., Jazz Diplomacy: Promoting America in the Cold War Era.
Hart, Justin, Empire of Ideas: The Origins of Public Diplomacy and the Transformation
of U.S. Foreign Policy.
Hixson, Walter L., Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945-
1961.
Kiehl, William P., ed., The Last Three Feet: Case Studies in Public Diplomacy.
Prevots, Naima, Dance For Export: Cultural Diplomacy and the Cold War.
Von Eschen, Penny M., Satchmo Blows Up the World.
Wagnleitner, Reinhold, and May, Elaine Tyler, eds., Here, There and Everywhere: The
Foreign Policy of American Popular Culture.
64. Some Websites
PUBLIC DIPLOMACY
• University of South California’s Center for Public Diplomacy: http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/
U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLIC DIPLOMACY PROGRAMS
• U.S. Embassy Kyiv: ukrainian.ukraine.usembassy.gov (українська), ukraine.usembassy.gov (English),
www.facebook.com/usdos.ukraine (English), www.youtube.com/user/USEmbassyKyiv.
– Exchange Programs: http://ukrainian.ukraine.usembassy.gov/uk/exchanges.html (українська) or
http://ukraine.usembassy.gov/academic_exchanges.html (English).
– Window on America (WOA) centers,: http://ukraine.usembassy.gov/woacenters.html Information about
U.S. society, culture, policies, and values: http://ukrainian.ukraine.usembassy.gov/uk/ejournals.html
(українська), www.america.gov/amlife.html (English), and www.america.gov/ru/amlife.html (русский).
– Library Electronic Access Project (LEAP) (free internet access):
(http://ukraine.usembassy.gov/leap.html).
• EducationUSA Educational Advising Centers (EACs) in Ukraine: http://www.educationusa.info/Ukraine.)
– EAC locations: http://www.americancouncilskyiv.org.ua/uk/pages/17/ (українська - Kyiv),
http://www.center-osvita.dp.ua (українська – Dnipropetrovsk), http://www.osvita.kharkiv.org/ (English –
Kharkiv), http://www.osvita.org/ukr (українська - Lviv).
– Publications: "USA Education In Brief" (www.america.gov/publications/books/education-in-brief.html),
"See You in the USA.www.educationusa.info/Ukraine (English); See You In the USA”
(www.america.gov/see_you.html),;and "Campus Connections"
(www.america.gov/media/pdf/ejs/0809.pdf).
• American Library (at Kyiv-Mohyla Academy): (http://www.library.ukma.kiev.ua/amer/)
• Fulbright Program in Ukraine: www.fulbright.org.ua (українська), www.fulbright.org.ua/page.php (English),
http://www.iie.org/en/offices/kyiv (English).
• American Councils: www.americancouncilskyiv.org.ua/en (English); www.americancouncilskyiv.org.ua
(українська). FLEX Program (secondary school students); Legislative Fellows Program; etc.
• IREX: irex.ua/ua (українська); irex.ua/en (English). Global Undergraduate Program (Bachelor’s Degree
students); Muskie Program (degree and non-degree studies at the Master’s Degree level).
Editor's Notes
Early jazz ambassadors :
Dizzie Gillespie: East Pakistan, Turkey, Syria, Greece, Egypts, Lebanon, Yugoslavia (1956); Uruguay, Ecuador (1956).
Benny Goodman: Thailand, Indonesia, Malaya, Philippines, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Vietnam, Burma, Cambodia (1956).
1957: Louie Armstrong cancels State Department tour of Soviet Union to protest President Eisenhower’s slow response to the school desegregation crisis in Little Rock, Arkansas. But later that same year, goes on tour of Latin America.
Dave Brubeck: Poland, East Germany, urkey, South Asia (India, Afghanistan), Middle East (1958).
Louie Armstong: Africa (1960-61).
Etc…
Other musical performers: Wilbur De Paris’s New Orleans Jazz Orchestra: South Rhodesia, Congo, Tanzania, Sudan, Tunisia, Ethiopia, Morocco, Kenya, Nigerian (1957).
Opera singer Marian Anderson : Thailand, South Korea, South Vietnam, India, Philippines (1957).
The Peace Corps “attracts idealists and free spirits, and it does not tell them that they are to advance American foreign policy. But they are, and they do, because they think they are not so doing… [So,] a volunteer is an arm of American foreign policy precisely inasmuch as [he or she] if not an arm of American foreign policy.” Michael Kelly, editor, National Journal.