Communications and media have changed dramatically in recent decades. The document discusses several theoretical perspectives on how media influences culture and society. It analyzes the role of media through the lenses of functionalism, political economy, public sphere theory, and hyperreality. Scholars debate whether contemporary society reflects more of an Orwellian or Huxleyan vision of media control and the challenges it presents for democracy.
Social stratification and divisionssept12 intakefatima d
Social stratification describes inequalities between individuals and groups in societies. There are four basic systems of stratification: slavery, caste, estates, and class. Class stratification is based on large groupings that share economic resources which shape lifestyles. Theories of class include Marx who saw two main groups based on ownership of capital or labor, and Weber who saw class as one dimension alongside status and party, with life chances dependent on skills and qualifications as well as economic position. Debates continue around the sources and persistence of social stratification, and whether it benefits society or primarily serves the interests of elites.
This document provides an overview of the topics and structure of an International Relations course. It discusses:
1) The course will cover major theories of IR like realism and liberalism as well as topics like globalization, non-state actors, and specific issues relating to development, the environment, and human rights.
2) Assessments will include a mid-term test, group presentations, and a final exam.
3) Different theories of IR like realism, liberalism, and constructivism are introduced, which offer different perspectives on states, power, and the role of non-state actors in global politics.
The document discusses six types of internationalism: hegemonic, liberal, revolutionary, self-determination, humanitarianism/global citizenship, and peace and security. For each type, it provides examples, arguments for and against, and in some cases additional context. The overarching topics covered are the different motives and theories behind internationalism.
This document summarizes different feminist theories of international relations, including liberal feminism, feminist constructivism, critical feminism, feminist poststructuralism, and postcolonial feminism. It discusses the key scholars and ideas within each approach. It also provides an example case study on feminist perspectives of sanctions against Iraq from 1990-2013, analyzing how questions around gender, power structures, and experiences are approached differently than mainstream theories. The document advocates using gendered lenses to re-examine other mainstream international relations case studies as well.
The document discusses identity politics and its role in academia from a postmodern perspective. It covers several key topics:
- Identity politics refers to political positions based on social identities like gender, race, class, etc. It shaped the divisions between communist and capitalist blocs after World War 2.
- Philosophers like Marx, Foucault, and others influenced how identity is understood. Foucault was critical of universal metanarratives and viewed them as tools of oppression.
- Postmodernism challenged academic standards and hierarchies. It promoted a more student-centered approach in education theory.
- The document outlines the three waves of western feminism and some of the important events and developments
The document provides an overview of a college lecture on Western political thought and American foreign policy. It discusses several key concepts, including the American persona, how the US rose to power, models of decision making, deterrence theory, and the strategic defense initiative. It also summarizes the different phases of missile defense - boost, midcourse, and terminal phase intercepts - and programs like the Airborne Laser and Kinetic Energy Interceptors that are being developed to intercept missiles in different phases of flight.
The document provides an overview of the field of international relations. It discusses the following key points:
- International relations emerged as a formal academic discipline in 1919, drawing on fields like political science, economics, and law.
- Major theories studied in international relations include realism, liberalism, Marxism, and constructivism. Realism focuses on state security and power, while liberalism emphasizes cooperation.
- The modern international system developed out of European colonial expansion and the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which established principles of state sovereignty.
- Major events like the French Revolution and decolonization shaped the current global order of independent nation-states. However, some states operate outside this
Social stratification and divisionssept12 intakefatima d
Social stratification describes inequalities between individuals and groups in societies. There are four basic systems of stratification: slavery, caste, estates, and class. Class stratification is based on large groupings that share economic resources which shape lifestyles. Theories of class include Marx who saw two main groups based on ownership of capital or labor, and Weber who saw class as one dimension alongside status and party, with life chances dependent on skills and qualifications as well as economic position. Debates continue around the sources and persistence of social stratification, and whether it benefits society or primarily serves the interests of elites.
This document provides an overview of the topics and structure of an International Relations course. It discusses:
1) The course will cover major theories of IR like realism and liberalism as well as topics like globalization, non-state actors, and specific issues relating to development, the environment, and human rights.
2) Assessments will include a mid-term test, group presentations, and a final exam.
3) Different theories of IR like realism, liberalism, and constructivism are introduced, which offer different perspectives on states, power, and the role of non-state actors in global politics.
The document discusses six types of internationalism: hegemonic, liberal, revolutionary, self-determination, humanitarianism/global citizenship, and peace and security. For each type, it provides examples, arguments for and against, and in some cases additional context. The overarching topics covered are the different motives and theories behind internationalism.
This document summarizes different feminist theories of international relations, including liberal feminism, feminist constructivism, critical feminism, feminist poststructuralism, and postcolonial feminism. It discusses the key scholars and ideas within each approach. It also provides an example case study on feminist perspectives of sanctions against Iraq from 1990-2013, analyzing how questions around gender, power structures, and experiences are approached differently than mainstream theories. The document advocates using gendered lenses to re-examine other mainstream international relations case studies as well.
The document discusses identity politics and its role in academia from a postmodern perspective. It covers several key topics:
- Identity politics refers to political positions based on social identities like gender, race, class, etc. It shaped the divisions between communist and capitalist blocs after World War 2.
- Philosophers like Marx, Foucault, and others influenced how identity is understood. Foucault was critical of universal metanarratives and viewed them as tools of oppression.
- Postmodernism challenged academic standards and hierarchies. It promoted a more student-centered approach in education theory.
- The document outlines the three waves of western feminism and some of the important events and developments
The document provides an overview of a college lecture on Western political thought and American foreign policy. It discusses several key concepts, including the American persona, how the US rose to power, models of decision making, deterrence theory, and the strategic defense initiative. It also summarizes the different phases of missile defense - boost, midcourse, and terminal phase intercepts - and programs like the Airborne Laser and Kinetic Energy Interceptors that are being developed to intercept missiles in different phases of flight.
The document provides an overview of the field of international relations. It discusses the following key points:
- International relations emerged as a formal academic discipline in 1919, drawing on fields like political science, economics, and law.
- Major theories studied in international relations include realism, liberalism, Marxism, and constructivism. Realism focuses on state security and power, while liberalism emphasizes cooperation.
- The modern international system developed out of European colonial expansion and the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which established principles of state sovereignty.
- Major events like the French Revolution and decolonization shaped the current global order of independent nation-states. However, some states operate outside this
International Relations: Constructivism pt1Timothy Lim
Constructivism rejects a purely materialist view of international relations that focuses only on how the distribution of power shapes state behavior. Instead, constructivists argue that social factors like shared ideas, norms, and perceptions play an equally important role in shaping the international system and state interests and identities. The international system is not a fixed structure defined by material forces, but rather is socially constructed and can change as shared understandings between states change. For example, the end of the Cold War showed how states can redefine their interests and identities, transforming anarchy from a culture of "enemies" to "friends" through altered social interactions and understandings between them.
The document discusses several major theoretical paradigms for explaining cooperation and conflict in international relations, including realism, liberalism, and constructivism. It provides an overview of key theories within each paradigm related to topics like alliances, polarity, and economic interdependence. Major theories discussed include democratic peace theory, balance of power, and theories of rivalry and territory. The document aims to explain the theoretical foundations and logical progression from premises to fully developed international relations theories.
International Relations Conflict Theoriesbrennanikns
The document defines conflict as an opposition of needs, values, and interests that can occur internally within a person or externally between two or more individuals, groups, or organizations. Conflict in political terms can refer to wars, revolutions, or other struggles that may involve force. The document goes on to discuss different types of conflict including personal conflict and nation-to-nation conflict. It also summarizes three main theories of international relations: liberal theory which believes human nature is good, realist theory which views the world as chaotic with states focused on survival, and radical theory which sees conflict arising from uneven distribution of resources between the rich and poor.
Liberalism is a paradigm that believes applying reason and universal ethics to international relations can lead to a more orderly, just and cooperative world. It assumes anarchy and war can be reduced through institutional reforms that empower international law. Liberalism focuses on international institutions, collective security, and increasing cooperation through international regimes and interdependence between states.
Theories of International Relations-IntroductionKeshab Giri
The document provides an overview of international relations theories including realism, liberalism, and recent trends. It summarizes key concepts from classical and neo realism such as the assumptions of human nature and states operating under anarchy. Neo-liberal institutionalism and its focus on the conditions under which states can cooperate is discussed. Recent theories of international conflict and cooperation explained include bargaining theory of war, alliance theory, diversionary theory of war, democratic peace theory, hegemonic stability theory, and rational design theory. The document concludes with questions about which theories may help explain specific international events.
1. The document discusses the key differences between neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism, also known as liberal institutionalism.
2. Neorealism, as developed by Kenneth Waltz, focuses on international structure defined by anarchy and the distribution of power among states. States are concerned with relative gains and cooperate only when it is in their security interests.
3. Neoliberal institutionalism, developed by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, sees institutions as facilitating cooperation by coordinating policy responses, reinforcing reciprocity, and punishing defection. It emphasizes complex interdependence and transnational links between states and non-state actors.
Political Science 7 – International Relations - Power Point #5John Paul Tabakian
This document provides an overview of several topics discussed in Dr. Tabakian's Political Science 7 course on modern world governments, including: liberal institutionalism and international regimes; collective security; the waning of war; peace studies; democratic peace theory; and feminist approaches to international relations. Key theorists discussed include Kant, Keohane, Nye, and Wendt. The document also summarizes perspectives on gender in war and peace, and the roles and impacts of women in international relations.
The Black Power Movement, A State of the Field. Joseph PE, 2009.RBG Communiversity
This document summarizes the evolution of scholarship on the black power movement. It discusses how early narratives portrayed black power negatively, undermining civil rights struggles. Recent studies have provided more nuanced perspectives, establishing black power studies as a field. The black power movement fundamentally transformed racial justice struggles through uncompromising pursuit of social, political, cultural, and economic change across various areas like education, politics, and women's issues. The meaning and impact of black power remains complex with both positive and negative dimensions.
International relations theories aim to explain global politics and relations between states. Realism is a prominent theory that views states as rational actors competing for power in an anarchic international system. According to realism, states pursue power to ensure their own security in the absence of a higher authority. The 1648 Treaty of Westphalia established the modern system of sovereign states interacting within this anarchic structure. Realism posits that states will continue seeking to maximize their share of power to survive within this self-help system.
Realism, liberalism, and constructivism are three major theories of international relations discussed in the document. Realism sees states as rational actors in an anarchic system focused on survival and power. Liberalism also views the system as anarchic but emphasizes cooperation between states that share economic and political interests. Constructivism examines how ideas, norms, and identities shape state interests and behavior, going beyond realism's focus on material factors and liberalism's lack of attention to humanity. The document aims to compare and contrast the three theories while acknowledging their interconnections and differences in explaining international politics.
The document discusses the key assumptions and logic of the realist paradigm in international relations. It outlines 10 basic points of realism, including that anarchy exists in the international system, states are sovereign and rational actors, and security requires self-help. It focuses on explaining the structural realist perspective, particularly the assumptions of anarchy, sovereignty, and states as rational unitary actors. Anarchy is significant because in its absence of government, it creates a perpetual state of insecurity similar to a state of nature, requiring states to prioritize self-help and security.
Wk4 – Ideology and news - News and societyCarolina Matos
1) The document discusses several approaches to understanding news media sources and ideology, including the propaganda model, hegemonic model, and Hall's primary definers of news.
2) It outlines Herman and Chomsky's propaganda model which argues 5 filters shape news to benefit elites, including ownership, advertising, sourcing, flak, and anti-communism.
3) Hall's theory of encoding and the preferred reading is examined, as well as his concept of primary definers that give powerful sources preferential access in news production.
National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox
The Making of African American Identity: Vol. III, 1917-1968
Stokely Carmichael.Toward Black Liberation The Massachusetts Review Autumn 1966 Excerpt*
Aluta Continua From Jim Crow to Civil Rights to Black LiberationRBG Communiversity
This document summarizes the progression of the Black liberation movement in America from the 1950s through the 1970s. It discusses the civil rights movement's focus on desegregation and democratic rights, as well as the rise of more radical groups advocating for Black nationalism and power, such as the Nation of Islam, SNCC, the Black Panthers, and the Revolutionary Action Movement. These groups aimed for social and economic equality as well as community control over institutions. The document outlines the activities and repression of these revolutionary organizations and argues that the struggle for Black liberation continues today against systemic racism.
This document discusses several theories of crime and deviance:
1. Labelling theories propose that deviance is not inherent to an act or person, but is a consequence of others applying rules and sanctions to label someone as deviant. This labeling can lead to secondary deviance where the label becomes central to one's identity.
2. Subcultural theories argue that deviant behavior arises from collective groups rejecting mainstream values and norms when opportunities for success are limited. Gangs provide alternative values of aggression and toughness.
3. Strain theories like anomie and Merton's theory of deviant adaptations propose that a lack of clear norms or a strain between goals and means can lead to disorientation, anxiety,
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of development assistance (DA). It discusses how DA began after World War II through institutions like the World Bank and Marshall Plan to help reconstruct Europe. It then expanded in the postwar period and Cold War era for political reasons. Major shifts occurred in the 1980s with structural adjustment programs and 2000s with the Millennium Development Goals. Effectiveness of DA has been debated and impacted by factors such as amounts given for political rather than development reasons and tying aid to goods from donor countries.
International Relations: Constructivism pt1Timothy Lim
Constructivism rejects a purely materialist view of international relations that focuses only on how the distribution of power shapes state behavior. Instead, constructivists argue that social factors like shared ideas, norms, and perceptions play an equally important role in shaping the international system and state interests and identities. The international system is not a fixed structure defined by material forces, but rather is socially constructed and can change as shared understandings between states change. For example, the end of the Cold War showed how states can redefine their interests and identities, transforming anarchy from a culture of "enemies" to "friends" through altered social interactions and understandings between them.
The document discusses several major theoretical paradigms for explaining cooperation and conflict in international relations, including realism, liberalism, and constructivism. It provides an overview of key theories within each paradigm related to topics like alliances, polarity, and economic interdependence. Major theories discussed include democratic peace theory, balance of power, and theories of rivalry and territory. The document aims to explain the theoretical foundations and logical progression from premises to fully developed international relations theories.
International Relations Conflict Theoriesbrennanikns
The document defines conflict as an opposition of needs, values, and interests that can occur internally within a person or externally between two or more individuals, groups, or organizations. Conflict in political terms can refer to wars, revolutions, or other struggles that may involve force. The document goes on to discuss different types of conflict including personal conflict and nation-to-nation conflict. It also summarizes three main theories of international relations: liberal theory which believes human nature is good, realist theory which views the world as chaotic with states focused on survival, and radical theory which sees conflict arising from uneven distribution of resources between the rich and poor.
Liberalism is a paradigm that believes applying reason and universal ethics to international relations can lead to a more orderly, just and cooperative world. It assumes anarchy and war can be reduced through institutional reforms that empower international law. Liberalism focuses on international institutions, collective security, and increasing cooperation through international regimes and interdependence between states.
Theories of International Relations-IntroductionKeshab Giri
The document provides an overview of international relations theories including realism, liberalism, and recent trends. It summarizes key concepts from classical and neo realism such as the assumptions of human nature and states operating under anarchy. Neo-liberal institutionalism and its focus on the conditions under which states can cooperate is discussed. Recent theories of international conflict and cooperation explained include bargaining theory of war, alliance theory, diversionary theory of war, democratic peace theory, hegemonic stability theory, and rational design theory. The document concludes with questions about which theories may help explain specific international events.
1. The document discusses the key differences between neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism, also known as liberal institutionalism.
2. Neorealism, as developed by Kenneth Waltz, focuses on international structure defined by anarchy and the distribution of power among states. States are concerned with relative gains and cooperate only when it is in their security interests.
3. Neoliberal institutionalism, developed by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, sees institutions as facilitating cooperation by coordinating policy responses, reinforcing reciprocity, and punishing defection. It emphasizes complex interdependence and transnational links between states and non-state actors.
Political Science 7 – International Relations - Power Point #5John Paul Tabakian
This document provides an overview of several topics discussed in Dr. Tabakian's Political Science 7 course on modern world governments, including: liberal institutionalism and international regimes; collective security; the waning of war; peace studies; democratic peace theory; and feminist approaches to international relations. Key theorists discussed include Kant, Keohane, Nye, and Wendt. The document also summarizes perspectives on gender in war and peace, and the roles and impacts of women in international relations.
The Black Power Movement, A State of the Field. Joseph PE, 2009.RBG Communiversity
This document summarizes the evolution of scholarship on the black power movement. It discusses how early narratives portrayed black power negatively, undermining civil rights struggles. Recent studies have provided more nuanced perspectives, establishing black power studies as a field. The black power movement fundamentally transformed racial justice struggles through uncompromising pursuit of social, political, cultural, and economic change across various areas like education, politics, and women's issues. The meaning and impact of black power remains complex with both positive and negative dimensions.
International relations theories aim to explain global politics and relations between states. Realism is a prominent theory that views states as rational actors competing for power in an anarchic international system. According to realism, states pursue power to ensure their own security in the absence of a higher authority. The 1648 Treaty of Westphalia established the modern system of sovereign states interacting within this anarchic structure. Realism posits that states will continue seeking to maximize their share of power to survive within this self-help system.
Realism, liberalism, and constructivism are three major theories of international relations discussed in the document. Realism sees states as rational actors in an anarchic system focused on survival and power. Liberalism also views the system as anarchic but emphasizes cooperation between states that share economic and political interests. Constructivism examines how ideas, norms, and identities shape state interests and behavior, going beyond realism's focus on material factors and liberalism's lack of attention to humanity. The document aims to compare and contrast the three theories while acknowledging their interconnections and differences in explaining international politics.
The document discusses the key assumptions and logic of the realist paradigm in international relations. It outlines 10 basic points of realism, including that anarchy exists in the international system, states are sovereign and rational actors, and security requires self-help. It focuses on explaining the structural realist perspective, particularly the assumptions of anarchy, sovereignty, and states as rational unitary actors. Anarchy is significant because in its absence of government, it creates a perpetual state of insecurity similar to a state of nature, requiring states to prioritize self-help and security.
Wk4 – Ideology and news - News and societyCarolina Matos
1) The document discusses several approaches to understanding news media sources and ideology, including the propaganda model, hegemonic model, and Hall's primary definers of news.
2) It outlines Herman and Chomsky's propaganda model which argues 5 filters shape news to benefit elites, including ownership, advertising, sourcing, flak, and anti-communism.
3) Hall's theory of encoding and the preferred reading is examined, as well as his concept of primary definers that give powerful sources preferential access in news production.
National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox
The Making of African American Identity: Vol. III, 1917-1968
Stokely Carmichael.Toward Black Liberation The Massachusetts Review Autumn 1966 Excerpt*
Aluta Continua From Jim Crow to Civil Rights to Black LiberationRBG Communiversity
This document summarizes the progression of the Black liberation movement in America from the 1950s through the 1970s. It discusses the civil rights movement's focus on desegregation and democratic rights, as well as the rise of more radical groups advocating for Black nationalism and power, such as the Nation of Islam, SNCC, the Black Panthers, and the Revolutionary Action Movement. These groups aimed for social and economic equality as well as community control over institutions. The document outlines the activities and repression of these revolutionary organizations and argues that the struggle for Black liberation continues today against systemic racism.
This document discusses several theories of crime and deviance:
1. Labelling theories propose that deviance is not inherent to an act or person, but is a consequence of others applying rules and sanctions to label someone as deviant. This labeling can lead to secondary deviance where the label becomes central to one's identity.
2. Subcultural theories argue that deviant behavior arises from collective groups rejecting mainstream values and norms when opportunities for success are limited. Gangs provide alternative values of aggression and toughness.
3. Strain theories like anomie and Merton's theory of deviant adaptations propose that a lack of clear norms or a strain between goals and means can lead to disorientation, anxiety,
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of development assistance (DA). It discusses how DA began after World War II through institutions like the World Bank and Marshall Plan to help reconstruct Europe. It then expanded in the postwar period and Cold War era for political reasons. Major shifts occurred in the 1980s with structural adjustment programs and 2000s with the Millennium Development Goals. Effectiveness of DA has been debated and impacted by factors such as amounts given for political rather than development reasons and tying aid to goods from donor countries.
This document discusses China's increasing economic involvement in Africa, known as the "Beijing Consensus," which offers an alternative to the "Washington Consensus" model of Western nations. The Beijing Consensus generally involves infrastructure loans and investment without political conditions. While critics argue China is engaging in a new colonialism focused on resource extraction, the document notes China pays market or above market prices and its involvement in Africa goes beyond resources to broader economic cooperation. It examines both China's historical involvement since the 1950s as well as current approaches and criticisms of its growing role in Africa.
Religion can both oppress groups and transform societies. Classical theorists like Marx saw religion justifying inequality, while Durkheim saw it promoting social cohesion through shared beliefs and rituals. Weber believed particular religions, like Protestantism, prompted social change by influencing views on work and economic success. Religious symbols and rituals help embed culture by marking major life events. While religion provides meaning and order, it can also legitimize power structures and divert attention from inequities according to conflict theorists.
This document discusses concepts related to race, ethnicity, and migration. It begins by outlining key terms like race, ethnicity, and minority groups. It notes that race is a social construct rather than a biological one. The document then examines theories of racism, including ethnocentrism, group closure, and resource allocation. It also discusses models of ethnic integration such as assimilation, melting pot, and cultural pluralism. The document considers debates around multiculturalism and issues like cultural diversity versus solidarity. It concludes by reflecting on concepts like "us and them" as well as ethnicity and inequality.
The document discusses three main topics regarding families and relationships:
1) Diversity of family forms - Family structures have become more varied with single-parent families, same-sex couples, and stepfamilies now common. However, not all forms are equally accepted.
2) Violence and abuse in families - While family life is often portrayed as happy, violence and abuse occur frequently within families. Both individual and societal factors can contribute to domestic violence.
3) The search for intimacy - In modern societies intimacy is sought through relationships based on equality, negotiation and self-fulfillment rather than tradition. However, forming lasting intimate bonds remains challenging.
The document discusses integration, which is the reverse process of differentiation. It provides formulas for integrating polynomial expressions like xn and axn and explains how to find the constant of integration C. Examples are given for integrating expressions and finding the area under a curve by integrating between limits of integration.
1) The document discusses graph transformations of functions including shifting curves vertically or horizontally, reflecting in the x-axis or y-axis, and stretching or compressing graphs.
2) It provides examples of how to sketch the graph of a function after a transformation based on the original function and explains how to write the equation of a transformed curve.
3) The second half discusses using graphs to solve economics problems like finding the equilibrium price and quantity in a market with a demand and supply function. It also shows how a tax changes the supply curve.
This document discusses different approaches to development issues and global inequality. It begins by outlining key questions in development and then examines global inequality since 1945. Several designations for developed and developing states are presented. Patterns of global inequality are shown relative to GDP per capita in 2010. Consequences of inequality like poverty and hunger are addressed. Definitions of relative and absolute poverty are provided. Explanations of hunger look at both absolute numbers and distribution of resources. Mainstream approaches to development like embedded liberalism, modernization theory, and neoliberalism are outlined as well as alternative approaches focusing on basic needs, sustainability, and human development.
This document provides a summary of lecture 2 on quadratic equations and straight lines. It covers how to factorize, complete the square, and use the quadratic formula to solve quadratic equations. It also discusses how to find the equation of a straight line given its gradient and y-intercept, or two points on the line. Additionally, it explains how to sketch lines, find the midpoint and distance between two points. Key terms defined include quadratic, surd, gradient, and intercept. Methods demonstrated include solving quadratic equations, finding lines from gradient/point and two points, and calculating midpoints and distances on a graph.
12a beyond bipolarity fukuyama and huntingtonfatima d
1) Francis Fukuyama argued that with the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of Marxism-Leninism, Western liberal democracy had emerged victorious and its values would continue to spread globally, marking "the end of history."
2) Samuel Huntington rejected this optimistic view, arguing major conflicts would emerge along cultural and religious lines between civilizations, particularly between the Western and Islamic worlds due to a "clash of civilizations."
3) Critics like Edward Said dismissed Huntington's notion of monolithic civilizations and his prediction of inevitable conflict, arguing it promoted oversimplified stereotypes.
The document provides an overview of contract law and the tort of trespass. It discusses the key elements needed to form a valid contract, including offer, acceptance, and consideration. It also examines the differences between an offer and invitation to treat. Additionally, the document outlines the different types of trespass, including trespass to the person, land, and goods. It defines these torts and discusses the elements a claimant must prove to succeed in a trespass claim. Defences to torts like battery and false imprisonment are also mentioned.
The document discusses probability and related concepts:
- Probability can be expressed as a percentage, fraction, or decimal between 0 and 1.
- The probability of an event is the number of ways it can occur divided by the total possible outcomes.
- The probabilities of all possible outcomes sum to 1.
- Probability trees can model multiple dependent or independent events.
The United Nations was created in 1945 in response to the failures of the League of Nations. It aimed to maintain international peace and security through collective action. The UN structure includes the General Assembly, where all member countries have representation, and the Security Council, which has permanent members and rotating members and is responsible for responding to threats to peace. However, the veto power of the permanent members has limited the Security Council's effectiveness in responding to some crises.
This document provides an overview of equity law and equitable remedies. It defines equity as fairness or natural justice that supplements common law rules. Historically, equity was administered separately in the Court of Chancery, but the Judicature Acts merged law and equity into a single court system. Equitable remedies include specific performance and promissory estoppel. The document discusses the Central London Property Trust v High Trees House case that established promissory estoppel and the "shield not sword" principle. Learning outcomes cover understanding equity, remedies, and applying principles from cases.
The document discusses the shifting global power dynamics in the 21st century away from unipolarity dominated by the United States. While the US remains the only military superpower, its power has limitations as shown by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. China has emerged as an economic power and is translating that into growing military capabilities including an aircraft carrier. This expanded military reach has caused tensions as China claims territories in the South and East China Seas that overlap with others in the region. It remains uncertain whether China will integrate peacefully into the international system or become a rival to US power.
The document summarizes a case study of the French aircraft carrier Clemenceau and how the environmental NGO Greenpeace successfully pressured France to prevent the toxic ship from being dismantled in India. Greenpeace utilized globalization and media attention to raise awareness about the environmental and health issues. Despite France's military and political power, it was unable to overcome the domestic and international criticism generated by Greenpeace's campaign. This shows that NGOs can influence state policies, even powerful ones, on issues related to the environment and morality. However, NGOs face more constraints operating in authoritarian states where governments are less sensitive to public opinion.
This document provides an overview of the law of misrepresentation in contracts. It defines misrepresentation as a false statement of fact that induces a party to enter a contract. There are three types of misrepresentation: fraudulent, negligent, and innocent. For fraudulent misrepresentation, the innocent party can rescind the contract and claim damages. For negligent misrepresentation, rescission and damages are also available if there was a special relationship. For innocent misrepresentation, the court decides on remedies. The document discusses key cases like Hedley Byrne v Heller that established rules around duties of care for negligent misrepresentation. It provides examples and explains available remedies under the Misrepresentation Act 1967.
This lecture discusses the history and operations of multinational corporations (MNCs). It explains that MNCs first emerged to facilitate long-distance trade in the early modern period. Major modern MNCs operate across a wide range of industries from extraction and manufacturing to services. While MNCs can stimulate economic development and job creation, they also wield significant power over governments and influence policies. The case study of Shell in Nigeria illustrates how MNC activities have negatively impacted local environments and communities in the Niger Delta region through oil spills, pollution, and suppression of dissent.
The document discusses different types and definitions of terrorism. It notes that terrorism involves acts of violence to achieve political change, but definitions depend on views of the legitimacy of causes. Terrorist groups include left-wing, right-wing, ethno-nationalist/separatist, and religious groups. While most terrorist groups achieve little, some like the PLO negotiated gains after entering politics. The document traces the history of terrorism and its evolution, including the rise of al-Qaeda and its influential 9/11 attacks, which dramatically impacted subsequent international relations events like the US "War on Terror".
Video of the conference can be found here: http://media.ruc.dk/2012-10-05_3/iframe2.html
Title: The Committee on Public Information: Persuading a nation to war
Paper Abstract: This paper discusses findings from an archival case study of the Committee on Public Information about how the cultural systems of propaganda, journalism and popular culture can be used in persuading, informing and entertaining of audiences to galvanize support for a cause. The Committee on Public Information (CPI) was an American government propaganda organisation credited with successfully mobilizing public opinion to gain support to enter World War I. The CPI had over twenty divisions. This study analyses three: the Division of News, composed of newspapermen to gain media support; the Four Minute Men, a national group of rhetorical orators who spoke at motion-picture houses; and the Division of Pictorial Publicity, a group of famous illustrators who created the only colour images available of the war.
A variety of opposed stakeholders, including immigrants of Irish and German descent, women who were considered dangerous pacifists, and businessmen whose industries were needed to generate war goods, were addressed through a transmedia campaign. Strategies of the campaign included media relations, endorsements by public figures and celebrities, and inducing citizen-to-citizen peer pressure at a local level, and social interaction on a local, state and national level. The CPI’s propaganda campaign utilized all media forms available at that time including the tactics of speeches, posters, buttons, music, school competitions, and fashion. The highly successful campaign rallied the nation to arms and war work, and convinced Americans to change their daily lives in order to ration war goods and financially support the war.
The study contributes to understanding how the expectations of persuasion, truth and amusement relate to each other when mediated in cultural systems. An analysis using close reading of archival documents and Yuri Lotman’s concept of the semiosphere found that media credibility and transmedia bridged a gap between disparate cultural systems to create a successful campaign.
This document discusses different types of old and new media. It provides statistics about social media usage, such as the number of Facebook users and tweets per day. The document also examines the power and influence of media, such as how radio was used for propaganda during WWII and how some media has portrayed gender and racial issues. It emphasizes that most of what people know comes from mediated sources and stresses the importance of being critical of media by analyzing the agenda and viewpoint of its creators.
The Hypodermic Needle Theory originated in the 1920s and posits that media has the power to directly inject influential messages into passive audiences, similar to how a hypodermic needle injects a substance. It assumes media can strongly impact public opinion and behavior in a uniform way. While influential early on, it is now seen as too simplistic given that audiences can reject messages and media effects vary between individuals and are influenced by other factors.
This document discusses the evolution of mass media and its effects. It presents two views on the effects of mass media: that it can benefit society by spreading information democratically, but others argue it allows those who control media to manipulate society. The document also discusses how media is no longer uniform, with fragmented audiences and many communication choices. It analyzes critiques of mass media as a tool for propaganda, and debates whether new media can better serve democratic ideals by empowering individuals. The role of media in shaping public debate and the concept of the "public sphere" is also examined.
This document discusses mass media ownership and its effects on society. It addresses the following key points:
1) A small number of huge corporations, like Time Warner and Disney, own most of the major media outlets in the U.S. This level of consolidation can have negative effects on the diversity of viewpoints and agenda-setting.
2) The propaganda model suggests that corporate media serve the interests of owners and advertisers rather than ordinary citizens. Reporting is framed and filtered in ways that maintain the status quo and limit debate.
3) Case studies of the Gulf War and East Timor coverage show how national media sometimes downplay atrocities committed by allies while exaggerating those of enemies, for political and
The document summarizes research on children's use of the internet in the UK. It finds that 75% of 7-16 year olds have used the internet, double the rate of adults. Children value the internet for information and entertainment, especially for communicating through chat, email, and instant messaging. Studies also show children prefer online entertainment related to established media like music, celebrities, sports, and television programs.
This document discusses different perspectives on the relationship between journalism and democracy. It addresses Walter Lippmann's views on the limits of people's knowledge and the role of objectivity in journalism. It also discusses agenda-setting theory and the media's role in shaping public opinion. Finally, it outlines different models of the media's role in democracy, including as a watchdog, civic forum, or means to empower various groups in society.
This document discusses the role of media and news agencies in the process of globalization from the 19th century onward. It outlines how advances in communication technologies like the telegraph, undersea cables, satellites, and the internet have facilitated the increasing global flow of information. News agencies that emerged in the 19th century, like Reuters and AFP, helped spread international news and contributed to establishing a global news system, initially expanding alongside European colonialism. While early media was mostly national in scope, globalization in the late 20th century led to greater cross-border cultural and information flows. However, issues around cultural imperialism and the "digital divide" demonstrate that globalization has also increased inequalities in access to media and technologies.
- Hadley Cantril was a psychologist born in Utah who received his PhD from Harvard and joined the faculty of Princeton University, where he later became chairman of the psychology department. Some of his most influential works included research on public opinion and mass communication.
- Orson Welles was an American actor, director and producer best known for his films Citizen Kane and The Magnificent Ambersons. His 1938 radio broadcast of The War of the Worlds, presented as a news bulletin, caused widespread panic among listeners who thought the fictional Martian invasion was real.
- The broadcast was so believable and frightening because it played on the anxieties and vulnerabilities of Americans during the Great Depression as war loomed in Europe
The document discusses institutions that produce mass media texts. It notes that media institutions are highly regulated global businesses that are profit-driven and hierarchical. They produce media texts through a production process and nurture individual talents, while also addressing issues of ideology, representation, and power. However, some alternative and independent media challenge the values of commercial institutions. The document then examines issues of power and control in media, providing case studies on Sheryl Crow's criticism of Wal-Mart and lack of women in Hollywood production roles. Finally, it discusses theories of cultural industries and imperialism.
Five paradoxes of soft power in a post globalization eraTerry Flew
The document discusses several paradoxes of soft power in the current era:
1) While media globalization enables soft power strategies, theories of active audiences reject the transmission model of culture assumed by soft power.
2) Nation-states are leading soft power initiatives even as globalization is thought to weaken states.
3) Media seen as distant from governments may have more influence, but governments fund such media as cultural diplomacy.
4) Popular entertainment arguably has more soft power but governments invest in news and high culture.
5) Most soft power discussions focus on traditional media, but digital media may enable the most effective strategies.
This document discusses the history and techniques of propaganda. It describes how propaganda was used extensively and effectively during WWI by the Committee on Public Information in the US to generate support for entering the war. Propaganda aims to manipulate public opinion through emotional appeals, selective stories, and narrow framing rather than factual arguments. While originally seen as incompatible with democracy, propaganda techniques developed by the CPI proved very influential and continued to be used by governments, political groups, and commercial interests.
This document provides an overview of Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's Spiral of Silence theory. The theory posits that people are less likely to express minority views due to fear of isolation. It suggests the media plays a role in shaping public opinion and silencing minority views. However, committed activists or "hard cores" can shift public opinion over time by sustained advocacy. The document outlines the key concepts of the theory including the role of the media and assessments of public opinion.
This document summarizes the historical trends in media effects research from the late 19th century to the 1980s. It describes how the field moved from a fear of powerful media effects to a view of limited effects in the 1940s-1970s. It then discusses several important studies that helped establish this limited effects paradigm, including the Payne Fund studies on movie effects in the 1920s-1930s, Hovland's experiments on persuading soldiers in WWII, and Katz and Lazarsfeld's study of personal influence and the two-step flow of communication. The document analyzes how these studies influenced the field to focus less on direct media effects and more on selective exposure and mediating factors.
This document discusses the use of propaganda in documentary films. While documentaries aim to present factual information about real events and issues, filmmakers have agendas and use techniques to push certain ideologies. Propaganda differs in that it aims to deceive rather than inform by only allowing for one dominant interpretation. Films like Triumph of the Will and Prelude to War demonstrate how documentaries can create false representations of history through selective framing of information.
Follow up to my "Documenting Facts?" lecture looking at the ways in which documentaries have sought to expose the limitations of news when dealing with the 'war on terror' (focussing on Israel/Gaza).
There's an accompanying video playlist here:
http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLRCHqijqFjGtbN0T8TSizGvuDA0NmEPk9
The document provides an overview of postmodernist thinkers Jean Baudrillard and Michel Foucault and their key ideas. It summarizes Baudrillard's concepts of simulations, simulacra, and hyperreality which suggest that media representations can distort perceptions of reality. It also outlines Foucault's ideas around how power is exercised through surveillance and the panopticon, and how this relates to concepts like reality television and social media. The document aims to help students understand these postmodern theories and apply them to analyze representations in media and their effects on audiences.
This document provides an overview of the history and current state of print and screen media. It discusses the development of printing technologies from woodblock printing in China to Gutenberg's printing press in Europe. It then covers the rise of newspapers and publishing giants. In the screen media section, it outlines the early history of cinema from the inventions of motion picture cameras and projectors to the establishment of Hollywood studios. It also discusses contemporary media ownership trends like consolidation, integration and the rise of platforms like Facebook and Google. Overall, the document traces the evolution of print and screen media technologies and industries over time.
This document discusses various aspects of propaganda including definitions, origins, types, techniques and theories. It begins by defining propaganda as information spread intentionally to help or harm a person, group or nation. It originates from the Catholic Church in the 1600s. The three main types are black, white and grey propaganda depending on the truthfulness of the information. It also discusses several propaganda techniques like name-calling, glittering generalities and bandwagon. Key theorists discussed include Lasswell and his campaign strategy theory, Lippmann's public opinion formation theory, and Herman and Chomsky's five filters model of modern propaganda.
This document discusses media manipulation and mind control. It outlines several tools used for media manipulation, including persuasion, misinformation, distraction, and repetition. It notes that controlling a small number of major media companies allows for orchestration of propaganda. The five biggest media companies that control most music, movies, and news are identified. The document suggests these companies are controlled by a global elite who aim to dominate the world economy and political systems. It notes what is rarely discussed in the media, such as the role of propaganda in democracy and how the public is distracted from important issues.
This document is the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights which was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1966 and entered into force in 1976. It recognizes a variety of economic, social, and cultural rights including the rights to work, form trade unions, social security, an adequate standard of living, health, education, and participation in cultural life. States that ratify the covenant agree to take steps to progressively realize these rights to the maximum of available resources and submit periodic reports on their implementation efforts.
This document outlines the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It establishes that all people have inherent dignity and equal rights. It requires states to respect these rights, including rights to self-determination, fair legal treatment, privacy, freedom of movement and religion. It prohibits torture, slavery, arbitrary detention and retroactive criminal laws. It protects rights to life, humane detention conditions, and freedom of expression and assembly. States must adopt laws to protect these rights and provide remedies for violations.
This document outlines the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, which was adopted in 1990 to provide guidance on human rights to member states based on Islamic principles. It affirms that all humans are equal and have inherent dignity. It guarantees rights to life, safety from harm, marriage and family, education, work, and property ownership. Some rights are not absolute, such as the right to life which can be revoked for a reason allowed under Islamic law. Overall it aims to balance human rights with responsibilities under Islamic teachings.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims 30 articles outlining fundamental human rights that all people should universally enjoy. It recognizes that the inherent dignity and equal rights of all people are the foundation of freedom, justice and peace. The Declaration establishes rights such as the right to life, liberty, security, equal treatment, and freedom from discrimination on the basis of things like race or religion. It also covers rights relating to work, social security, education, participation in government, and cultural life. The goal of the Declaration is to have its principles achieved worldwide for all individuals and societies.
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in Lecture 4, including:
1. How to sketch quadratic and cubic curves by finding intercepts and stationary points.
2. How to use the second derivative to determine if a stationary point is a maximum, minimum, or point of inflection.
3. Rules for simplifying expressions using indices and how to convert numbers to and from standard form.
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in Lecture 3 of a Calculus I course, including:
- Evaluating functions and using trial and improvement to find solutions to equations
- Differentiating polynomial expressions and finding the gradient of a curve at a given point
- Key terms like function, polynomial, curve, tangent, and derivative
- Examples of using trial and improvement to find solutions between values and determining points where the gradient of a curve is zero
C2 st lecture 8 pythagoras and trigonometry handoutfatima d
This document provides an overview of Pythagoras' theorem, trigonometric ratios, and formulas for working with triangles. It defines different types of triangles, introduces Pythagoras' theorem, and provides examples of using it to find missing sides of right triangles. It also defines the sine, cosine, and tangent ratios and includes examples of using trigonometric functions to find angles and sides. Finally, it presents the sine rule, cosine rule, and formulas for finding the area of various triangles.
C2 st lecture 10 basic statistics and the z test handoutfatima d
This document provides an overview of basic statistics concepts including averages, measures of dispersion, hypothesis testing, and the z-test. It defines the mode, median, mean, interquartile range, standard deviation, and absolute deviation. It explains how to perform a z-test including writing the null and alternative hypotheses, looking up the critical value, calculating the test statistic, and making a decision. Two examples of z-tests are provided to demonstrate the process.
1. The document discusses hypothesis testing using the Z-test and T-test. It provides examples and explanations of key concepts for performing a Z-test or T-test, including defining the null and alternative hypotheses, determining critical values, calculating test statistics, and making conclusions.
2. The examples demonstrate how to perform a T-test on sample data, including calculating the sample mean and standard deviation, determining degrees of freedom, finding the critical value, computing the test statistic, and determining whether to reject the null hypothesis.
3. The document emphasizes the differences between a Z-test and T-test, notably that a Z-test is used for large samples where the population standard deviation is known, while a
C2 st lecture 12 the chi squared-test handoutfatima d
Pearson's chi-squared test is used to determine if there is a relationship between two categorical variables. It has the following structure:
1) State the null and alternative hypotheses
2) Calculate the test statistic by finding residuals between observed and expected counts and summing their squares divided by expected values
3) Find the critical value based on degrees of freedom and significance level
4) Reject the null hypothesis if the test statistic exceeds the critical value, concluding the variables are dependent. Otherwise fail to reject, concluding independence.
Three examples are provided to demonstrate applying the chi-squared test to determine dependence between grades and attendance, height and nose size, and weather and season.
C2 st lecture 13 revision for test b handoutfatima d
This document provides an outline for a lecture series revising key concepts for Test B, including:
- Pythagoras' theorem, trigonometry, sine and cosine rules, and calculating triangle areas.
- Probability, probability trees, and examples calculating probabilities of dice rolls.
- Descriptive statistics like mode, median, interquartile range, mean, absolute deviation, and standard deviation.
- Hypothesis testing using z-tests, t-tests, and chi-squared tests; including setting up hypotheses, finding critical values, calculating test statistics, and making conclusions.
The revision is in preparation for Standard Track Test B which will be held the week of April 21st.
The document provides a 10 question math exam with various calculations and problems. It includes questions on simplifying expressions, evaluating functions, finding equations of lines, analyzing data through mean, median, and standard deviation, hypothesis testing using t and chi-squared distributions, and other math topics. The exam tests a wide range of mathematical concepts and skills.
1. The document provides worked solutions to mathematical problems involving differentiation, graph sketching, solving quadratic equations, and probability.
2. A key is provided with common statistical formulas and tables for critical values of t and z distributions.
3. The problems cover a range of mathematical topics at an intermediate level, with multiple parts requiring setting up and solving equations as well as interpreting results.
The document contains 10 mathematics problems involving algebra, calculus, statistics and geometry. Key details include:
- Problem 1 involves simplifying algebraic expressions and evaluating functions.
- Problem 2 finds the equation of a line and solves a system of simultaneous equations.
- Problem 3 applies the chi-squared test to test if there is a relationship between age and drink preference using a contingency table.
- Problems 4-6 cover calculating statistical measures like mode, median, and interquartile range, solving geometric problems involving trigonometry and areas, and solving quadratic equations.
- Problems 7-10 apply calculus concepts like differentiation and integration to word problems about elephant drinking habits, sketching graphs of functions, and rocket
1. The probability that both workers are unhappy is 1/25. The probability that at least one is happy is 24/25. The probability that less than two are happy is 9/25.
2. The length of side AC is 12.9 cm. The value of angle C is 35.5 degrees.
3. The probability of a big turnout and it raining is 0.3. The probability of a big turnout is 0.525.
4. The median length of calls is 53 minutes. The interquartile range is 25 minutes.
5. Angle A is 41.4 degrees. Angle C is 82.7 degrees. The area of triangle ABC is
1. The document provides solutions to various mathematical problems including: solving simultaneous equations, differentiation, determining stationary points, trigonometry involving a flagpole, probability, integration, and standard form.
2. A chi-squared test is performed to determine if there is a difference between students' views of maths and English. The null hypothesis is that there is no difference, and it is not rejected based on the test statistic being less than the critical value.
3. Various formulae are provided for statistical measures like mean, variance, z-score, t-score, as well as trigonometric, geometric formulas and tables of critical values for z, t and chi-squared tests.
Seminar activity 3 the search for intimacyfatima d
The document discusses how intimacy and love have changed in modern societies. It notes that while romantic love remains important, the institutions that frame love like marriage are now more diverse and fragmented. This creates new opportunities for relationships but also uncertainties. The authors describe the "normal chaos of love" today, where there are no universally agreed upon definitions of concepts like family, marriage, and love. Individuals must define these for themselves, drawing on various modern influences from pop songs to advertisements. This lack of clear social norms means relationships must be deliberately constructed through open discussion and negotiation rather than just following traditional models. Some may seek rigid definitions in response to this lack of clarity.
Religion seminar activity_group_1_religion_oppression_and_transformationfatima d
The document discusses the role and impact of religion, specifically Sunday schools, on social classes in the 19th century. It notes that while Sunday schools promoted values like hard work and respectability that aligned with industrial capitalism, they also helped create a distinct working-class culture. Sunday schools initially catered to the middle-class but became a predominantly working-class institution within two decades. The values taught, like honesty and orderliness, were not exclusively middle-class values but were the ideology of working people versus the idle classes. So Sunday schools both reinforced aspects of the social order while also fostering working-class identity and community.
Homework reading task government and politicsfatima d
This document outlines 4 homework tasks on governance, power and politics: 1) answering multiple choice questions on theories of power; 2) taking Cornell notes on political concepts from detailed reading; 3) completing a table with details from a box on the birth of the gay liberation movement; 4) preparing discussion questions on participation in politics/government and characteristics of old vs new social movements.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Communications and new media 2014
1. Communications
and New Media
March 2014
Early in life I had noticed that no
event is ever correctly reported in
a newspaper. George Orwell
In the long history of humankind those who
learned to collaborate and improvise most
effectively have prevailed.
~ Charles Darwin
2. Focus Topics
• How have communications changed in recent
decades?
• What role do the media play in shaping our
culture?
• How far are the media able to shape what we
think?
• How does sociology approach the media?
• Who controls the media and does this matter?
• How might bias be a problem for our
understanding of society?
3. Towers of Babel and the World Wide Web
3
Men in their
arrogance built
a tower into the
heavens.
God destroyed
it and created
all the
languages of the
world so man
would never
again attempt to
do the same
thing.
4. Theoretical Perspectives on Media
• Functionalism: Wright, C (1960); the media helps to
integrate and bind society. McQuail, D (2000) five stabilizing
functions
• Political Economy: Chomsky (1991); Philo & Berry (
2004); Frankfurt School (Horkheimer & Adorno 1947)
• Jürgen Habermas (1962): the Public Sphere
• Jean Baudrillard (1983;1991): Hyperreality
• John Thompson (1990; 1995): 3 kinds of
communication
5. Functionalism
Wright, C (1960); the media helps to integrate
and bind society.
McQuail, D (2000) five stabilizing functions:
• Information: lets us know what is happening in the world
• Correlation: interprets information around established social
norms and values
• Continuity: expresses common culture whilst recognizing
and incorporating new developments
• Entertainment: amusement and diversion reducing social
tensions
• Mobilization: encourage action to meet social and economic
goals
6. Conflict theory: Political Economy
Who owns the media and what influence does
that give them in society?
How does the media act to protect the interests
of those with wealth and power and to silence
critical voices and the voices of the powerless?
Two approaches:
Chomsky
Frankfurt School
7.
8. Political Economy I: Chomsky
Chomsky, N. (1991) Media Control: The Spectacular
Achievement of Propoganda
Large media corporations:
• Control the information made available to the public
• Create a climate of fear from external threats
• Do not question the unaccountability of powerful
corporations
• Do not question the relationship between big business
and the state
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMStCHtUNeY
9. Ideology
• Destutt De Tracy (1700s) ‘a science of ideas’
– Implies neutrality
• Marx sees ideology as important in the reproduction of the
relations of class domination:
– Powerful groups circulate their ideas
– Justify their own position
• Discourse analysis; ‘text analysis is an essential part of
discourse analysis, but discourse analysis is not merely the
linguistic analysis of texts’ (Fairclough 2000:3)
• The Glasgow University Media Group: Bad News (1976)
– Words chosen reflected bias: ‘trouble’, ‘radical’, ‘pointless strike’
– Videos: focus on confrontations
– Bad News from Israel (Philo & Berry 2004) ( - 3.40)
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnJEYVxLXbY
10. Political Economy II:
The Frankfurt School
• ‘The Culture Industry: the tyranny of mass
consumption’ (Horkheimer and Adorno 1947)
• Cultural goods are mass produced in the same
way as other goods
• Film, pop music and so on become bland and
empty and dull the recipient
• Art and ‘high culture’ become debased and
lose their power to transform and challenge
11. Jürgen Habermas (1962)
• The public sphere
– arena of public debate; general issues can be discussed,opinions
can be formed
• The public sphere first developed as part of enlightened
philosophical and political transformations to enable
informed, democratic, public debate
• The media has the potential to extend and deepen the public
sphere
• The media actually promotes entertainment and spectacle
• Politics becomes reduced to photo opportunities and sound
bites – debasing the public sphere
• Habermas remains optimistic; it is still possible to have a
political community where issues can be openly debated
12. In 2006, George Galloway participated in
Celebrity Big Brother because, he claimed, it
was a way of reaching out to younger people
and engaging them in political ideas…
13. Jean Baudrillard (1983; 1991)
It used to be possible to think of a distinction
between the social world and the media which
represented and reported on it. Now:
• Modern media are everywhere and increasingly
define and constitute the social world: reality is
what is on TV
• Rolling news channels report on events before
and while they happen and therefore shape them
in real time
• In this ‘hyperreality’ images are constructed with
reference to other images – they are not
grounded in any external social reality
• This may be an explanation for ‘celebrity culture’;
success is appearing in Hello.
14. Jean Baudrillard (1983; 1991)
• Baudrillard :
– mass media is the most
profound change in
modernity
– TV does not merely
represent
– it also defines our world
• Baudrillard: the border
between reality and
representation has
collapsed.
• Media representation is
now part of a hyper-reality.
15. The Gulf War Did Not Take Place
(Baudrillard, J. 1991)
• George Bush and Saddam
Hussein both had to watch
CNN to see what was actually
happening. The war wasn’t real
until it was on TV.
• Hyper-reality
– the world is created from
simulacra
– images that get their reality from
other images and hence have no
grounding in external reality.
• Criticism:
– events fall outside the interest of
western media
– Darfour- there is still a world
outside post-modern hyper-
reality.
16. US THEM
We have...
Army, Navy and Air Force
Press briefings
They have...
A war machine
Propaganda
Our boys are...
Cautious
Dare-devils
Loyal
Brave
Theirs are...
Cowardly
Cannon fodder
Blindly obedient
Fanatical
Our missiles cause...
Collateral damage
Their missiles cause...
Civilian casualties
We…
Precision bomb
They…
Fire wildly at anything in the skiesAll the expressions above were used by the
British press during the 1991 Gulf War
17. Two authors, two visions of the
future…
• George Orwell 1984
• Aldous Huxley A Brave New World
• Themes in both:
– Media, the control of information, ideas and
ideologies
18. Two Visions of the Future:
• A brave new world (Huxley, A.,
1932)
• London Hatching Centre: Alpha,
Beta, Gamma, Delta or Epsilon
• Soma – drug; pain relief
• Reproductive rights controlled
through sterilization. Promiscuity
encouraged.
• Use of science and technology to
create a happy, superficial world
• Technology makes the citizens so
happy, they do not care about their
personal freedom
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
WuiaT0nX9ls
• 2.40
• 1984 (Orwell, G., 1949)
• Oceania; London
• Winston, member of The Party
• Everywhere he goes, he is
monitored; filmed
• Works at Ministry of Truth: altering
papers
• Newspeak- language
• Oceania has always been at war with
Eurasia, and allied with Eastasia
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4rB
DUJTnNU
19. Amusing Ourselves to Death Postman,
N (1986)
• Orwell fears:
– Those who ban books
– Those who would deprive
us of information
– The concealment of truth
– We will become captured/
captive
– People are controlled by
pain or by fear
– What we hate will ruin us
• Huxley fears:
• Those who give us so
much information we
become passive
• That there is no one who
wants to read a book
• The truth will be drowned
in a sea of irrelevance
• What we love will ruin us
20. Amusing Ourselves to Death Postman,
N (1986)
• Postman argues that Huxley, rather
than Orwell, is correct in their
interpretation of the future
• TV trivialises, politics, education,
news, are all reduced to
entertainment.
• This is because TV as ‘the form’ is
incapable of sustaining serious
‘content’
• Printed word is capable of sustaining
complex and serious content
• Print creates a rational population
• TV creates an entertained
population
21. Bowling Alone Putnam, R (1995;
2000)
• Social capital: ‘ the social knowledge and connections that enable people to
accomplish their goals and extend their influence’ (Giddens 2009:817)
Example question:
Which, if any, of these things have you done in the past week? Discussed politics
– Had dinner in a restaurant
– Had friends in for the evening
– Went to the home of friends
– Saw a movie
• Bridging Social Capital (Outward-looking; inclusive, e.g. civil rights;
blacks/whites) Bonding Social Capital (Inward-looking; exclusive, e.g. church-
based women’s group)
• TV viewing is strongly negatively correlated to social trust and group
membership
– 1950 – 10% of Americans had a TV set
– 1959 – 90% had a TV set
• Heavy watchers of TV are unusually sceptical about the benevolence of other
people
22. Controlling the global media
• Held et al (1999) Global Transformations: Politics,
Economics and Culture:
– Increasing concentration of ownership:
• dominated by a small number of powerful corporations
– A shift from public to private ownership:
• Liberalization of the business environment; privatization
and commercialization of many media companies
– Transnational corporate structures:
• Media ownership rules loosened; cross-border investment
and acquisition
– Diversification over a variety of media products:
• Diversification and less segmentation (Time Warner – mix
media, music, news, print, TV programming)
– A growing number of corporate media mergers:
• Media becomes increasingly integrated
23. The question: whose vision of the
future is right?
• Orwell, or Huxley?
• Discuss with your partner, referring to:
– Putnam (1995; 2000)
– Held et al (1999)
– Postman (1986)
– Functionalism: Wright, C (1960); the media helps to integrate
and bind society. McQuail, D (2000) five stabilizing functions
– Political Economy: Chomsky (1991); Philo & Berry ( 2004);
Frankfurt School (Horkheimer & Adorno 1947)
– Jürgen Habermas (1962): the Public Sphere
– Jean Baudrillard (1983;1991): Hyperreality
– John Thompson (1990; 1995): 3 kinds of communication
25. The Impact of the internet
• Virtual Communities
• Control and Surveillance
• The Network Society
26. The Virtual Community Rheingold, H
(2000)
• Virtual communities: social aggregations that emerge from
the Net when enough people carry on… public discussions
long enough, with sufficient human feeling, to form webs of
personal relationships in cyberspace’ (2000:5)
• Being part of the WELL (Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link) is a
disembodied form of the real world:
– Argue
– Gossip
– Make plans
– Fall in love
– Make friends
– Lose friends
– In other words, we do the same, but leave our bodies behind
27. The Virtual Community Rheingold, H
(2000)
• There are positive sides to computer-
mediated communications:
– Supplement existing relationships
– Maintain contact with friends and relatives when
abroad
– Increased toleration of distance and separation
– New types of relationships; annonymous chat
– Expansion and enrichment of social networks
28. The Virtual Community Rheingold, H
(2000)
• There are negative sides to computer-mediated
communications:
– Commodity fetishism: gathering details and selling
detials
– Intensified surveillance; state monitoring:
– This last point is of course strongly related to Michel
Foucault’s thesis regarding power and surveillance…
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVTKHI5ovyc&feature=re
sults_video&playnext=1&list=PLCA2759BD95C139E4
29. Discipline & Punish Foucault, M (1975)
• ‘Is it surprising that prisons resemble
factories, schools, barracks, hospitals,
which all resemble prisons?’
(1975:228)
• Principles of surveillance, observation
and correcting unwanted behaviour do
not stop at the prison gates:
– These are part of modernity itself
– Prisoners are compelled to behave
well, as they never know when they
are being observed
– This makes for a ‘carceral society’,
placing citizens under a managerial
gaze
• We now live in a ‘surveillance society’
(Lyon 1994)
30. State Cyber Control
• Likewise it offers new
opportunities for invasion of
personal privacy- vast
amounts of data are
collated, on things like
shopping –Amazon sending
you lists of similar types of
books to those you have
placed in your basket.
• Consider- US government’s
demand that ISPs keep all e-
mails for 2 years, so they
can be accessed by law
enforcement agencies.
30
31.
32. Lull, J (1997) cited in Hogge (2005)
• 100 Chinese families:
– ‘Masters of interpretation’; reading between the lines
– Viewers were skilled at imagining the true situation,
knowing the government reports were bent or
exaggerated
– Access to TV and films showed images contrary to their
own way of life
• Google agreed to censor sensitive results for China
(2006):
– Tiananmen Square massacre (1989)
– Promotion of Taiwan independence
– Tibet
– This supports Hackett and Zhao (2005) (last week) profit
making rather than American values drives US media
companies
33. The rise of the Network Society
Castells, M (1996; 2001)
• It is impossible for organizations to survice without
being part of a network
• IT enables growth
• Organizational networking represents disintegration of
traditional, rational bureacracy (challenging Weber’s
thesis)
• For individuals, the Internet is:
– New combinations of work and self-employment
– Individual expression
– Collaboration and sociability
– Possibility of political activism
• ‘The network is the message’ not ‘The medium is the
message’
34. Media Imperialism (Herman &
McChesney 2003)
• The paramount position of the industrialized
countries (above all US) in the production and
diffusion of media:
– A cultural empire has been established.
– Less developed countries especially vulnerable
because they lack the resources to maintain their
own cultural independence.
35. Media Imperialism
• ‘hypodermic needle’ model
which tends to assume that
Western cultural products carry
Western values that are
‘injected’ into passive
consumers around the globe.
• Audience studies:
– consumers are active, not passive,
watchers and listeners
– may reject, modify or reinterpret the
messages in media products. Ien Ang’s
(1985) study of Dallas
• Glocalisation – Robertson, R (1995)
36. John Thompson (1990; 1995)
Three Types of Interaction:
1. face-to-face,
2. mediated,
3. quasi-mediated
The Frankfurt School underestimate the extent to
which the consumers of media messages (mediated
quasi-interaction) actively make sense of them
through other forms of interaction
Baudrillard overemphasises the dominance of
mediated quasi-interaction on social life
37. Conclusion
• To what extent is contemporary society is a
combination of an Orwellian/Huxley nightmare?
– To what extent doesmedia imperialism, especially
ownership, spreads the ideologies of the powerful, ensure
the public remain ‘entertained’ and dull to real situations.
• Or, new media has the potential for a Habermasian
public sphere of debate. As Thompson argues, face-to-
face communication and quasi-mediated interaction
enable criticism.
• You decide!