This document discusses the differences between hard power and soft power in international relations. Hard power refers to coercion and military force, while soft power involves persuasion and attraction. It notes that after WWII, the US had significant hard and soft power, relying more on hard power after 9/11. Soft power involves attracting others through culture, values and policies. While hard power is sometimes necessary, many countries now focus on soft power approaches. The conclusion debates whether it is better for a country to be feared or loved in international relations.
Relations among states take place in the absence of a world government. For realists, this means that the international system is anarchical. International relations are best understood by focusing on the distribution of power among states. Despite their formal legal equality, the uneven distribution of power means that the arena of international relations is a form of ‘power politics’. Power is hard to measure; its distribution among states changes over time and there is no consensus among states about how it should be distributed. International relations is therefore a realm of necessity (states must seek power to survive in a competitive environment) and continuity over time. When realists contemplate change in the international system, they focus on changes in the balance of power among states, and tend to discount the possibility of fundamental change in the dynamics of the system itself.
The following key thinkers all subscribe to these basic assumptions in their explorations of the following questions:
(1) What are the main sources of stability and instability in the international system?
(2) What is the actual and preferred balance of power among states?
(3) How should the great powers behave toward one another and toward weaker states?
(4) What are the sources and dynamics of contemporary changes in the balance of power?
Despite some shared assumptions about the nature of international relations, realists are not all of one voice in answering these questions, and it would be wrong to believe that shared assumptions lead to similar conclusions among them. In fact, there is sharp disagreement over the relative merits of particular balances of power (unipolarity, bipolarity and multipolarity). There is also much debate over the causal relationship between states and the international pressures upon them, and the relative importance of different kinds of power in contemporary international relations.
Relations among states take place in the absence of a world government. For realists, this means that the international system is anarchical. International relations are best understood by focusing on the distribution of power among states. Despite their formal legal equality, the uneven distribution of power means that the arena of international relations is a form of ‘power politics’. Power is hard to measure; its distribution among states changes over time and there is no consensus among states about how it should be distributed. International relations is therefore a realm of necessity (states must seek power to survive in a competitive environment) and continuity over time. When realists contemplate change in the international system, they focus on changes in the balance of power among states, and tend to discount the possibility of fundamental change in the dynamics of the system itself.
The following key thinkers all subscribe to these basic assumptions in their explorations of the following questions:
(1) What are the main sources of stability and instability in the international system?
(2) What is the actual and preferred balance of power among states?
(3) How should the great powers behave toward one another and toward weaker states?
(4) What are the sources and dynamics of contemporary changes in the balance of power?
Despite some shared assumptions about the nature of international relations, realists are not all of one voice in answering these questions, and it would be wrong to believe that shared assumptions lead to similar conclusions among them. In fact, there is sharp disagreement over the relative merits of particular balances of power (unipolarity, bipolarity and multipolarity). There is also much debate over the causal relationship between states and the international pressures upon them, and the relative importance of different kinds of power in contemporary international relations.
We all know How this Subject International Relations is taking the world by storm.
So, I have tried to show the nature and Evolution of International Relations through Analytical View.
This Presentation is about the introduction of International Relation, the subject matter of IR, It's historical and institutional evolution and nature of IR.
This presentation is made by Samin VossoughiRad. American University for Humanities- Tbilisi campus
The security Dilemma is the them of the presentation and it has been explained exactly why states goes to war
One of the key questions in international relations and foreign policy is the question of how you examine state behavior. This is the level of analysis problem. Scholars see several levels of analysis through which state behavior can be examined.
Security is the deepest and most abiding issue in politics. At its heart is the question: How can people live a decent and worthwhile existence, free from threats, intimidation and violence?' The search for security is therefore linked to the pursuit of order; and for the establishment of relative peace and stability amongst individuals and groups with different needs and interests. These concerns are commonly thought to resolved in the domestic realm by the existence of a sovereign state, a body capable of imposing its will on all the groups and institutions within its borders. Nevertheless, domestic security raises important issues, particularly about the roles of the institutions of the 'coercive state'; the police and the military. However, the issue of security is often considered to be especially pressing in international politics because the international realm, unlike the domestic realm, is anarchical, and therefore threatening and unstable by its nature. There has been fierce theoretical debate about whether this implies that international conflict and war are inevitable features of world affairs, and about the extent to which states are able to keep war at bay through cooperation. These debates have become increasingly pressing due to the advent of new challenges to international security, such as the rise of transnational terrorism and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Finally, growing interest in the concept of 'human security' has shifted attention from the security of the state to the security of the individual, and, in the process, widened the notion of security to include, for instance, economic security, food security and personal security.
Realists advance a power politics model of world affairs in which security is primarily understood in terms of 'national security' and war is kept in check by the balance of power. The liberal belief in interdependence and balance in world affairs inclines them to place their faith in 'collective security', while critical theorists have either emphasized the extent to which state interactions are mediated by beliefs, values and assumptions, or exposed masculinist biases in the conventional realist paradigm.
FORCE MULTIPLIERS: The Instrumentalities of ImperialismMaximilian Forte
In the drive to accumulate ever more global power for the US state and its allies, both political and corporate, the quest for totalization confronts the challenge of “overreach”. To operate using smaller efforts to carry larger loads, US strategists have devised what they call “force multipliers”. Force multiplication is about “leverage”: using partners and proxies in an expanding network. Forces are conceptualized in multi-dimensional terms. Anything in the world of cultural systems, social relationships, and material production can become force multipliers for imperialism: food security, oil, electricity, young leaders, aid, social media, NGOs, women’s rights, schoolgirls, democratization, elections, the G8, the European Union, NATO, the IMF, the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, AFRICOM, development, policing, borders, and epidemics, among others.
We all know How this Subject International Relations is taking the world by storm.
So, I have tried to show the nature and Evolution of International Relations through Analytical View.
This Presentation is about the introduction of International Relation, the subject matter of IR, It's historical and institutional evolution and nature of IR.
This presentation is made by Samin VossoughiRad. American University for Humanities- Tbilisi campus
The security Dilemma is the them of the presentation and it has been explained exactly why states goes to war
One of the key questions in international relations and foreign policy is the question of how you examine state behavior. This is the level of analysis problem. Scholars see several levels of analysis through which state behavior can be examined.
Security is the deepest and most abiding issue in politics. At its heart is the question: How can people live a decent and worthwhile existence, free from threats, intimidation and violence?' The search for security is therefore linked to the pursuit of order; and for the establishment of relative peace and stability amongst individuals and groups with different needs and interests. These concerns are commonly thought to resolved in the domestic realm by the existence of a sovereign state, a body capable of imposing its will on all the groups and institutions within its borders. Nevertheless, domestic security raises important issues, particularly about the roles of the institutions of the 'coercive state'; the police and the military. However, the issue of security is often considered to be especially pressing in international politics because the international realm, unlike the domestic realm, is anarchical, and therefore threatening and unstable by its nature. There has been fierce theoretical debate about whether this implies that international conflict and war are inevitable features of world affairs, and about the extent to which states are able to keep war at bay through cooperation. These debates have become increasingly pressing due to the advent of new challenges to international security, such as the rise of transnational terrorism and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Finally, growing interest in the concept of 'human security' has shifted attention from the security of the state to the security of the individual, and, in the process, widened the notion of security to include, for instance, economic security, food security and personal security.
Realists advance a power politics model of world affairs in which security is primarily understood in terms of 'national security' and war is kept in check by the balance of power. The liberal belief in interdependence and balance in world affairs inclines them to place their faith in 'collective security', while critical theorists have either emphasized the extent to which state interactions are mediated by beliefs, values and assumptions, or exposed masculinist biases in the conventional realist paradigm.
FORCE MULTIPLIERS: The Instrumentalities of ImperialismMaximilian Forte
In the drive to accumulate ever more global power for the US state and its allies, both political and corporate, the quest for totalization confronts the challenge of “overreach”. To operate using smaller efforts to carry larger loads, US strategists have devised what they call “force multipliers”. Force multiplication is about “leverage”: using partners and proxies in an expanding network. Forces are conceptualized in multi-dimensional terms. Anything in the world of cultural systems, social relationships, and material production can become force multipliers for imperialism: food security, oil, electricity, young leaders, aid, social media, NGOs, women’s rights, schoolgirls, democratization, elections, the G8, the European Union, NATO, the IMF, the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, AFRICOM, development, policing, borders, and epidemics, among others.
HI guys I think you loved this presentation
The world was left only with single superpower the US and came to be known as the US Hegemony to show the superiority of its military power. The US hegemony also shaped world economy and emerged in the form of military domination, economic order, political clout and cultural superiority.
Soft power: A conceptual appraisal of the power of attractionFidel525104
This lecture covers discussion surrounding the concept of power, the place of soft power within broader discussions about power, and how soft power is operationalized.
Pinning down Power in Ukraine Crisis: West versus RussiaBright Mhango
In February 2014, the people of Ukraine managed to topple their government by way of prolonged protest which was in part a call for the Eastern European nation to move closer to Europe and away from Russia.
The deposed Russian-backed President of Ukraine Victor Yanukovych sparked the wrath of the Ukrainians by refusing to sign a ‘trade agreement’ that would have brought Ukraine closer to the EU. Instead he preferred closer ties with Russia which is sort of creating its own ‘EU’ called the Customs Union.
This paper posits that Ukraine has been a battleground for power both between the West and Russia (external power) and that of the state versus the citizens (Internal).
The paper will try to lay bare the various power struggles that were and are at play in the Ukrainian crisis and conclude that with the West looking like having won, the power play has only begun as Russia will not allow a nation so close to it and vital to its prestige get aligned with the West, its arch-enemy.
Before the Ukraine case can be tackled, it is essential to discuss the notion of power as it occurs in the discipline of International Relations. It will also feature a summary of two prescribed course readings on Power.
Binary Discourse in U.S. Presidential Speeches from FDR to Bush IIIOSR Journals
The contemporary study of American Presidential rhetoric is of great significance. Politics is very largely the use of language. Presidential speech and action increasingly reflect the opinion that speaking is governing. In fact, the power of the presidency depends on its ability to persuade. The application of power is often legitimized through rhetorical persuasion; and, in the case of American Presidents, such power, and its associated rhetoric, becomes the fulcrum upon which many global issues turn
Democratic Peace or Clash of CivilizationsTarget States and.docxsimonithomas47935
Democratic Peace or Clash of Civilizations?
Target States and Support for War in Britain
and the United States
Robert Johns University of Essex
Graeme A. M. Davies University of Leeds
Research on public support for war shows that citizens are responsive to various aspects of strategic context. Less
attention has been paid to the core characteristics of the target state. In this comparative study we report survey
experiments manipulating two such characteristics, regime type and dominant faith, to test whether the ‘‘democratic
peace’’ and the ‘‘clash of civilizations’’ theses are reflected in U.S. and British public opinion. The basic findings show
small differences across the two cases: both publics were somewhat more inclined to use force against dictatorships than
against democracies and against Islamic than against Christian countries. Respondent religion played no moderating
role in Britain: Christians and nonbelievers were alike readier to attack Islamic states. However, in the United States,
the dominant faith effect was driven entirely by Christians. Together, our results imply that public judgments are
driven as much by images and identities as by strategic calculations of threat.
T
he ‘‘Bush doctrine’’ is one of preemption. If
force is to be used in response not only to actual
but also to potential future threats, the question
arises of how such threats are to be identified. One
answer is that key characteristics of the target state act
as a guide to its likely behavior. In justifications of
action in Afghanistan and Iraq, two such characteristics
were often invoked. One was the undemocratic nature
of the incumbent regimes. Tony Blair expressed his fear
‘‘that we wake up one day and we find that one of these
dictatorial states has used weapons of mass destruc-
tion’’ (BBC 2004). And, as George W. Bush put it: ‘‘we
know that dictators are quick to choose aggression,
while free nations strive to resolve their differences in
peace’’ (CBS News 2004). This encapsulates the ‘‘dem-
ocratic peace’’: that democracies rarely go to war with
one another (Doyle 1983; Russett 1993). The second,
seldom as explicit but often discernible in these leaders’
rhetoric, is that these were Islamic countries. Bush
notoriously referred to the ‘‘war on terror’’ as a
‘‘crusade’’ (White House 2001), and Blair described
the ‘‘mutual enmity toward the West’’ of Islamic
extremists and their host regimes (BBC 2004). This
calls to mind the ‘‘clash of civilizations,’’ a term coined
by Samuel Huntington for whom ‘‘the most pervasive,
important and dangerous conflicts . . . are along the
line separating peoples of Western Christianity, on the
one hand, from Muslim and Orthodox people on the
other’’ (1996, 28). In short, it appears that U.S. and
U.K. elite military decisions are influenced by both the
regime type and the dominant faith in the target state.
This article is about public support for war and
whether it too is influenced by these factors. Are the
democ.
Reply the response requirement 1. Respond to a specific prom.docxdebishakespeare
Reply the response requirement
1. Respond to a specific prompt in detail and with sustained interest over the discussion
2. Apply concepts and ideas from lecture and/or readings to something currently in the news.
Your participation will be assessed using the following criteria:
· Activity (25%):
· How much do you participate in our online discussions? Are you “lurking” or actively conversing? Do you wait until the last minute or work consistently throughout the discussion period?
· Are you taking the initiative to post and to work with one another?
· Quality (50%):
· How strong are your contributions to the online discussions? Do they deepen your group’s general understanding of the course materials and ideas contained therein?
· Are your contributions based on the ideas contained in the readings and do they strengthen our deliberations OR are they merely expressions of unsupported opinion—“data-free” analysis?
· Interest (25%):
· Are you bringing some new and relevant information into the discussion that deepen the general understanding of your group? For example, are you discussing an interesting journal or newspaper article that pertains to the topic for the week?
· Are you applying concepts and ideas from lecture and/or readings to a current case or a particular class
Original Prompt
Folks,
What are the building blocks of American exceptionalism and how did they (and continue to) influence foreign policy? In thinking about this question let's try to draw a line between past uses of the term and current expressions.
Response
American exceptionalism is deep rooted in our history, and difficult for me to understand as a contemporary citizen. The Beautiful Lie of American Omnipotence in combination with Mead’s The American Foreign Policy Legacy began to enlighten me a little as to how American foreign policy came to be exceptionalism, and more importantly, how we are still operating under exceptionalism in the light of a new era, where: “our commitments have grown massively… but our resources are not what they once appeared (qtd. In Beinart).”
The foundation of American exceptionalism is, as far as I can tell, a huge amount of military clout, and natural resources. The nation was built by nationalist pride and a strong desire for independence. Once the United States had been established as a nation, exceptionalism was fostered by the geographic location (oceans on either side, posing little threat) and the political climate of Democracy that made America feel as though it were a city on a hill as Winthrop said. With the strength of the US military, we were never forced to give up this national image, even though, today political rhetoric clings to an empty shell of what nationalism once was.
“The American character, wrote Arthur Schlesinger Sr., ‘is bottomed upon the profound conviction that nothing in the world is beyond its power to accomplish’ (Beinart 1).” The passage quoted here goes on to explain how because of this conviction ...
this is a slide about the analysis of a political speech from the perspective of rhetorical devices: pronoun, metaphor, simile, rule of three, parallelism and euphemism.
RIGHTS OF VICTIM EDITED PRESENTATION(SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Victims of crime have a range of rights designed to ensure their protection, support, and participation in the justice system. These rights include the right to be treated with dignity and respect, the right to be informed about the progress of their case, and the right to be heard during legal proceedings. Victims are entitled to protection from intimidation and harm, access to support services such as counseling and medical care, and the right to restitution from the offender. Additionally, many jurisdictions provide victims with the right to participate in parole hearings and the right to privacy to protect their personal information from public disclosure. These rights aim to acknowledge the impact of crime on victims and to provide them with the necessary resources and involvement in the judicial process.
ASHWINI KUMAR UPADHYAY v/s Union of India.pptxshweeta209
transfer of the P.I.L filed by lawyer Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay in Delhi High Court to Supreme Court.
on the issue of UNIFORM MARRIAGE AGE of men and women.
Military Commissions details LtCol Thomas Jasper as Detailed Defense CounselThomas (Tom) Jasper
Military Commissions Trial Judiciary, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Notice of the Chief Defense Counsel's detailing of LtCol Thomas F. Jasper, Jr. USMC, as Detailed Defense Counsel for Abd Al Hadi Al-Iraqi on 6 August 2014 in the case of United States v. Hadi al Iraqi (10026)
How to Obtain Permanent Residency in the NetherlandsBridgeWest.eu
You can rely on our assistance if you are ready to apply for permanent residency. Find out more at: https://immigration-netherlands.com/obtain-a-permanent-residence-permit-in-the-netherlands/.
PRECEDENT AS A SOURCE OF LAW (SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Precedent, or stare decisis, is a cornerstone of common law systems where past judicial decisions guide future cases, ensuring consistency and predictability in the legal system. Binding precedents from higher courts must be followed by lower courts, while persuasive precedents may influence but are not obligatory. This principle promotes fairness and efficiency, allowing for the evolution of the law as higher courts can overrule outdated decisions. Despite criticisms of rigidity and complexity, precedent ensures similar cases are treated alike, balancing stability with flexibility in judicial decision-making.
Responsibilities of the office bearers while registering multi-state cooperat...Finlaw Consultancy Pvt Ltd
Introduction-
The process of register multi-state cooperative society in India is governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. This process requires the office bearers to undertake several crucial responsibilities to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. The key office bearers typically include the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with other elected members of the managing committee. Their responsibilities encompass administrative, legal, and financial duties essential for the successful registration and operation of the society.
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
Visit Now: https://www.tumblr.com/trademark-quick/751620857551634432/ensure-legal-protection-file-your-trademark-with?source=share
2. Definition of Power
Hard power plays an important role for
international relations.
A → B (to make B do what A wants)
Coercion - (sticks)
Persuasion - (carrots)
Incentives
"The basic concept of power is the ability to influence others to get
them to do what you want. There are three major ways to do that: one
is to threaten them with sticks; the second is to pay them with carrots;
the third is to attract them or co-opt them, so that they want what you
want. If you can get others to be attracted, to want what you want, it
costs you much less in carrots and sticks." – Joseph Nye, Soft Power:
The Means to Success in World Politics.
3. Hard Power
Also known as “command power”
“The ability to change what others do
through coercion” (Smith-Windsor, 2000)
4. Hard Power and the USA
After WWII, US has a huge amount of
hard and soft power
Hard power – Cold War
Soft power – “Western ideal” (more on
this in a second)
1991-2001: US relies less on hard
power
After September 11, US heavily relies
on hard power
8. This can be the
effect of using
hard power
This can be the
effect of using
hard power
9. Soft Power
“The ability to attract or repel
other actors to want what you
want.” (Joseph Nye, 1990)
Examples?
Education, media, consumerism,
exporting values, etc.
Soft power (unlike hard power)
can be wielded by actors other
than states
Is soft power “better” than hard
power?
Certain situations require hard power
(ex. WWII)
However, many developing nations
are now using soft power extensively
10. Structural Power
Hard Power + Soft Power = Structural
Power
“Power and inequality embedded in (and
produced by) economic, social, political, and
ideological structures.”
"Power that organizes and orchestrates the
systemic interaction within and among societies,
directing economic and political forces on the one
hand and ideological forces that shape public
ideas, values and beliefs on the other.” –
Haviland, 2001.
11. America v. Europe: Different Approaches
America dealt with terrorist attacks using
hard power
EU mainly relies on persuasion and
incentive
Results: as mixed as the US using hard power
Ex. EU and Iran nuclear weapon program
Presently, the EU has no common military
power.
EU depends on America’s hard power
“the soft power of Europe requires US hard
power behind it to be effective” (Kern, 2007)
12. Fighting Terrorism
“Hearts and Minds”
Why has America increasingly relied on
hard power to combat terrorism?
How do we win the war on terror?
Is it possible to win the war with just
hard power?
13. Conclusion
“Diplomats from a militarily
weak country may have trouble
making their point. Those from
a militarily strong country are
listened to carefully” (Roskin
and Berry, 2002:280)
Machiavelli famously said that it
is more important for a prince
to be feared than to be loved
How would MLK have felt about
this? Or Gandhi?