The document discusses the role of mass media in shaping the political agenda and influencing public opinion. It describes how the media acts as a gatekeeper by deciding what issues to cover and therefore influence public priorities. It also explains how the media links citizens to government, informs on policies and candidates, and can persuade on issues through tools like priming and framing. The types of media discussed include print, broadcast, cable, and the internet. The document also addresses criticism of shallow coverage, consolidation of media ownership, and regulation of media through the FCC.
Opinion polls companies are major stakeholders, if not actors, in the 2013 General Election campaigns.
Polls are regularly reported and commented on in the media. They are an inseparable part of news coverage as there is no more accurate way to gauge the sentiments of the voters, at a given time, than through a carefully designed and executed opinion poll.
But polls are also criticized, especially by political party leaders who disregard results that do not favor them and by some civil society actors who say they promote a two-horse race campaign. The situation has forced opinion poll researchers and company managers to appear on political TV and radio shows to defend their methodology, and their integrity.
Kenyans can remember that in the run up to the 2007 General Election, the media’s lack of capacity to contextualize and analyze data led to confusion when the results didn’t match predictions. The media had failed to explain the difference between polling data and election results.
Internews in Kenya recently trained a group of radio journalists to improve the use, analysis and reporting of opinion polls. Over 25 journalists were taught to scrutinize the methodology of different polling firms.
When has a poll been conducted according to accepted professional standards? When does a poll’s findings have legitimate news value? What is an appropriate way to publish or broadcast newsy poll findings?
Internews in Kenya Democracy and Governance Programs Director Brice Rambaud responds in the following Power Point presentation.
Opinion polls companies are major stakeholders, if not actors, in the 2013 General Election campaigns.
Polls are regularly reported and commented on in the media. They are an inseparable part of news coverage as there is no more accurate way to gauge the sentiments of the voters, at a given time, than through a carefully designed and executed opinion poll.
But polls are also criticized, especially by political party leaders who disregard results that do not favor them and by some civil society actors who say they promote a two-horse race campaign. The situation has forced opinion poll researchers and company managers to appear on political TV and radio shows to defend their methodology, and their integrity.
Kenyans can remember that in the run up to the 2007 General Election, the media’s lack of capacity to contextualize and analyze data led to confusion when the results didn’t match predictions. The media had failed to explain the difference between polling data and election results.
Internews in Kenya recently trained a group of radio journalists to improve the use, analysis and reporting of opinion polls. Over 25 journalists were taught to scrutinize the methodology of different polling firms.
When has a poll been conducted according to accepted professional standards? When does a poll’s findings have legitimate news value? What is an appropriate way to publish or broadcast newsy poll findings?
Internews in Kenya Democracy and Governance Programs Director Brice Rambaud responds in the following Power Point presentation.
This was a talk to George Washington University students about how the process of government and politics is becoming 'mediatised'. By that I mean that the process of creating and implementing policies, as well as reporting and deliberating upon politics, is becoming saturated in an unprecedented volume and variety of sources, platforms and content creators. This creates a kind of networked politics. This has good aspects and bad.
Using the weekly news show “Meet the Press” as a model, students will portray George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Barack Obama in a television interview. Students will develop answers to the host’s questions by researching primary documents and current news articles.
This was a talk to George Washington University students about how the process of government and politics is becoming 'mediatised'. By that I mean that the process of creating and implementing policies, as well as reporting and deliberating upon politics, is becoming saturated in an unprecedented volume and variety of sources, platforms and content creators. This creates a kind of networked politics. This has good aspects and bad.
Using the weekly news show “Meet the Press” as a model, students will portray George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Barack Obama in a television interview. Students will develop answers to the host’s questions by researching primary documents and current news articles.
A powerpoint slide presentation on Agenda Setting Theory. A topic under Communication Theory subject. How the media can be manipulative in controlling what that we feels important news today? By NurSyazreen Marican
DRAFT - History of U.S. Public Diplomacy efforts, with discussion of soft power, the Cold War, Fulbright and other exchange programs, etc, with some recent examples taken from USG programs in Ukraine. NOTE: This is basically just a revision to an earlier PowerPoint uploaded on this site.
Presentation developed for a series of lectures on the media and American politics for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Slide show prepared for a series of lectures on the media and American politics for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Fall 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Lecturer.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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1. The Mass Media and the
Political Agenda
AP UNIT TWO (Continued)
2.
3. • mass media - forms of
communication that can reach a
large audience at a given time
• Is a major linkage institution (connects
people and their policy goals to the
government)
• Serves as a gatekeeper – decides what
information is filtered out to the
American public and what is considered
to be “important” can therefore
shape the policy agenda by what it
reports on and the issues the people
consequently want the government to
address
4. Roles of the Mass Media
• Broadcast: media events - political events
created specifically for media coverage (ex:
presidential debates, speeches, etc.)
• Investigate: investigative journalism - in-
depth investigations of purposely-hidden
information to reveal suspected political
corruption, criminal activity, or abuse of
power
5. • Link: serve as a linkage institution
between the people and gov’t
• Inform: serve to teach the public
about candidates, public policies,
and political issues
• Persuade: used to influence the
public concerning political issues
• Satirize: criticize/bring attention
to gov’t/politician failures using
humor
6. Types of Media
• print media - includes newspapers and
magazines
• America’s oldest form of mass media
• Grew to mass popularity during 19th
century
• yellow journalism - sensationalist
media aimed at exaggerating facts
• muckraking - early investigative
journalism aimed at exposing social,
economic, and political injustices and
corruption
7. • electronic media - includes radio, TV,
and Internet (radio and TV are examples
of broadcast media)
• 1930s and on - radio serves to inform
listeners of news, hosts presidential
addresses, etc.
• 1950s and on - TV begins broadcasting news,
presidential debates, etc. - changes the
nature of media by giving a video visual of
candidates and political events
8. TV and the Rise of Cable
• narrowcasting - media content aimed at
a narrow audience, unlike broadcasting
• Ex: ESPN for sports fans, C-SPAN for
politics enthusiasts
• The specialties of cable encourage
this approach toward getting
information: people pick what
interests them
9. Common Criticisms
of Cable
• 24 hour news cycle: focused more on
speculation and repetition (to fill up
time) than fact-giving
• gives a “shallow” view of news
• Controlled by political ideologies rather
than objective viewpoints:
• selective exposure: process by which
people choose to get news from
sources whose views match their own
10.
11. • too focused on sensationalism,
arguing, and overdoing whatever
is “breaking news”
• Question: Do
“infotainment”/satire shows
hinder true understanding of
gov’t? Do they help educate the
public?
12. The Internet
• Newest addition to mass media: contains
broader array of knowledge than ever
before
• Not largely used by public for political
learning (only 0.12% traffic to political
sites!)
• Used more for communication/discussion
about politics (ex: blogs, social media,
etc.)
13. Reporting the News
• News is usually presented in a shallow-
summary format, focused on the most
interesting parts of a story
• sound bites - clips of 10 seconds or less
of a politician’s speech
• cannot give in-depth view of their policies or
ideas
• talking head - a view from the neck up
of a person talking (can also refer to
pundits - experts who analyze politics)
14. • horse-race journalism – when the
media focuses more on a
candidate’s polling numbers/
position in an election than on their
policies/beliefs
• trial balloon - an info “leak” to the
media to gauge public opinion
before an official political
announcement
15. Mass Media and Public
Opinion
• priming - media discussion of a
topic prepares the public to
question/consider things about a
candidate
• Ex: media reports on gun control
public considers what kinds of
guns a candidate has
16. • framing - how the media
reports on a topic leads
the public to interpret
the event a certain way
• How the media sees it =
how the public sees it
• Ex: excessive reporting on a
disease leads the public to
believe that the disease is
more widespread than it
actually is
17. • agenda-setting effect (aka media
gatekeeping) - what the media
reports on has the ability to shape
political agenda
• Picks and chooses what to report on
and tells the public what’s important
• these topics become the public’s
priorities (and later, the gov’t’s)
18. Private Control of the
Media
• U.S. media is owned by companies, not
the gov’t (but a few publicly owned)
• media consolidation - media is gradually
being owned by fewer and few
companies
• Biggest media owners today: Comcast,
CBS/Viacom, News Corps, AT&T/TimeWarner,
Disney
• Thus, coverage across different sources
is generally becoming more and more
similar (less differentiation of news)
19. Regulation of the Media
• FCC (Federal Communications
Commission) - independent gov’t agency
that monitors/enforces rules censoring
profanity, obscenity, etc. on public radio,
TV, cable, satellite, and wire
• Media companies must be FCC licensed in
order to operate on the public airwaves
20. A few FCC rules…
• equal time rule - different
candidates for the same office must
have equal time to communicate
their messages in the media
• right of rebuttal - candidates must
be given a chance to address
personal attacks
21. • fairness doctrine –required
important topics “in the public
interest” to be covered by FCC-
licensed stations in a fair and
balanced way
• if one side of an issue is presented,
equal time to the opposing viewpoint
must be given (esp. if controversial)
• repealed in 1987
22. Media Attention and
the Gov’t
1.) The president gets the most media
coverage – 65% (ex: press conferences,
addresses, State of the Union, etc.)
• Uses media the most to communicate
policies to the American public (media
press corps to follow president’s
movements)
• one person = easier to follow in news
• people look to president as the leader
of the country especially in times of
crisis
23. • Congress gets the second-most
media coverage (29%)
• especially big legislation being
passed, Senate confirmations,
investigations, and important
hearings
• larger body of people = a little
harder to follow in the news
24. • 3.) The Supreme Court gets the
least media coverage of gov’t (6%)
• SC does not allow cameras in the
Court room; justices hardly ever
address the public
• Most coverage when SC accepts
big cases or makes landmark
decisions