This document defines and discusses different types of shock waves. It begins by defining a shock wave as a sudden violent disturbance that produces a strong pressure wave. It then defines key terms like Mach number and discusses normal shock waves that are perpendicular to flow, oblique shock waves that are at an angle, and over-expanded and under-expanded flows related to pressure changes downstream from ducts. The objective is to study and discuss shock wave phenomena like formation and characteristics based on definitions of key concepts.

1. VIJENDRA SINGH
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
MAHATMA JYOTIBA PHULE ROHILKHAND UNIVERSTY
BAREILLY

2. • Objective
 Introduction Of Shock Wave
 Definition Of Shock Wave
 Normal Shock Wave
 Oblique Shock Wave
 Over-Expanded Shock Wave
 Under-Expanded Shock Wave

3. To Define The Shock Wave Phenomena.
To Study The Shock Wave.
To Discuss The Mach Number,
To Discuss About The Formation Of Shock Wave.
To Discuss About The Over-Expanded & Under
Expanded Flow.
OBJECTIVE

4. A shock wave is produced in any medium (plasma, gas, liquid, or
solid,) as a result of a sudden violent disturbance. to produce a shock
wave in a given region, the disturbance must take place in a shorter
time than the time required for sound wave to transverse the region.
such disturbance occur in steady transonic or supersonic flows, during
explosions, earthquakes, hydraulic jumps, lightening strokes,
detonations, supersonic movement of bodies, power full electric
discharge and contact surface in laboratory devices etc. in fluid
mechanics, a shock wave is a strong pressure wave produced by the
explosions or other phenomena that create violent changes in
pressure.

5.  A shock wave is a type of propagating disturbance. An alternative
name for the shock wave is shock front.
 Like an ordinary wave, it carries energy and can propagate through a
medium(solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or some cases in the absence of
a material medium, through a field such as the electromagnetic field.
 Shock wave is a very thin region in a flow where supersonic flow is
decelerated to subsonic flow the process is adiabatic but non isotropic.
 Shock wave are characterized by abrupt nearly discontinuous change
in the characteristics of the medium.

6.  The ratio of the speed of a moving object (v) to the speed of sound (c) in a
fluid is known as the Mach number in honor of Ernst Mach (1838-
1916), the Moravian physicist, psychologist, and philosopher who studied
sound and ballistics.
 The Mach number is a dimensionless measure of speed common in
aerodynamics. Mach 0.5 is half the speed of sound, Mach 2 is twice the
speed of sound, and so on. Speeds less than the speed of sound have Mach
number between zero and one are described as subsonic. Those greater than
the speed of sound have Mach numbers greater than one are a described as
supersonic. Speeds approximately equal to the speed of sound have Mach
numbers approximately equal to one and are described as transonic.

7. Case (1)-:
Mach number is less than 1 that means subsonic flow.
Case (2)-:
Mach number is equal to 1 that means sonic flow.
Case (3)-:
Mach number is greater than 1 that means supersonic flow.
Ma = V/C ,
Ma = mach number , V= velocity of fluid , C = velocity of sound in fluid,

8. There are three types of shock wave . These are
1. Normal shock wave
2. Oblique shock wave
3. Curved shock wave

9. If the shock wave is perpendicular to the flow direction it is
called a normal shock wave. A normal shock occur in front of
a supersonic object if the flow is turned by a large amount
and the shock cannot remain attached to the body.

10. An oblique shock wave is one that is no perpendicular to the
direction of fluid flow. Such a shock wave arises when a fluid
stream flowing at a supersonic speed moves along a
convergent and divergent boundary.

12. 1 OVER-EXPANDED FLOW-:
for non–isentropic chocked flows through convergence-
divergence duct if the pressure rises downstream of the
duct exit, the flow is considered as over expanded.

13. For non-isentropic chocked flows through convergence-
divergence duct if the pressure drops downstream of the
duct exit, flow is considered as under-expanded.

14. Shock wave find many application in different branches
of science and technology such as explosions,
supersonic flights, geophysics, meterology, plasma
physics , astrophysics etc.
1 Medical application
2 Industrial application
3 Agriculture application

15. (Geoffrey J. Pert), Introductory Fluid Mechanics For
Physicists And Mathematician
Department Of Physics, University Of York, UK
This Edition First Publish 2013 John Wiley & Sons
Ltd.
Carrier, G.F(1958). Shock WAVE IN A DUSTY GAS.
J. Fluid Mech.4(04), 376-382.