Compressive flows
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•421 views
This document discusses oblique shock waves that occur in compressible fluid flows. It defines oblique shock waves as inclined shock waves that form when supersonic flow encounters a corner, compressing and deflecting the flow. The document outlines the properties of oblique shock waves, including decreases in Mach number, total pressure, and energy compared to normal shock waves. Equations governing oblique shock wave behavior relate pre- and post-shock Mach numbers to shock angle and flow properties. Applications include reducing velocity in supersonic engine inlets through a series of oblique shock waves with lower energy losses than normal shock waves.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Fluid mechanics
Fluid mechanics deals with the behavior of fluids at rest and in motion. It can be divided into three divisions: hydrostatics, kinematics, and dynamics. Hydrostatics studies fluids at rest, kinematics deals with fluid motion without forces, and dynamics relates velocities, accelerations, and forces acting on fluids. Fluids include liquids and gases, with gases being readily compressible and liquids being nearly incompressible. Fluid mechanics has many applications in daily life and engineering.
shock wave
This document discusses shock waves. It defines shock waves as thin regions where supersonic flow is rapidly decelerated to subsonic flow through an adiabatic but non-isentropic process. There are three types of shock waves discussed: normal shock waves, which are perpendicular to flow; oblique shock waves, which are at an angle to flow; and curved shock waves. Examples of normal shock wave formation and oblique shock wave applications in aircraft are provided. Over-expanded and under-expanded flows through converging-diverging ducts are also summarized.
Centrifugal Pumps
This document discusses centrifugal pumps, including their basic principles, classification, components, and potential issues. Centrifugal pumps work by imparting a whirling motion to liquid using a rotating impeller with backward curved vanes, forcing the liquid to move from the center to the outer edge and discharge from the casing. Pumps can be classified based on the number of impellers, shaft disposition, or developed head. Cavitation, where bubbles form and implode inside pumps, can cause damage and should be avoided by ensuring the net positive suction head available exceeds the required level.
1. introduction aerodynamics
This document outlines the course objectives and content for Aerodynamics 301A taught at Cairo University's Faculty of Engineering. The course aims to teach students: 1) how to predict aerodynamic forces on aircraft components and whole aircraft; 2) how to determine air properties moving internally through engines; and 3) how to apply various aerodynamic principles to different applications. The course covers topics such as the governing equations of fluid motion, potential flow theory, and finite wing theory.
Eulers equation
This document discusses Euler's equation in fluid mechanics. It provides background on the history of understanding fluid motion, defines key terms like pressure and fluid pressure. It then defines Euler's equation, which relates velocity, pressure and density of a moving fluid based on Newton's second law of motion. Bernoulli's equation is derived from integrating Euler's equation, relating pressure, velocity and fluid height. Applications of these equations in understanding bird flight and airplane wing design are discussed. The document provides detailed definitions and derivations of these important fluid mechanics equations.
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 6. Boundary Layer Concept
This document provides an overview of boundary layer concepts and laminar and turbulent pipe flow. It defines boundary layer thickness, displacement thickness, and momentum thickness. It describes how boundary layers develop on surfaces and transition from laminar to turbulent. It also discusses Reynolds number effects, momentum integral estimates for flat plates, and examples calculating boundary layer thickness in air and water flow. Finally, it introduces concepts of laminar and turbulent pipe flow.
Types of fluid flow
This document discusses the different types of fluid flows. It describes 6 main types of fluid flows: 1) steady and unsteady, 2) uniform and non-uniform, 3) laminar and turbulent, 4) compressible and incompressible, 5) rotational and irrotational, and 6) one-, two-, and three-dimensional flows. For each type of flow, it provides a brief definition and examples to explain the differences between the types.
Propeller
The document provides an overview of propellers, including:
1) A propeller converts rotational power from an engine into thrust by generating an aerodynamic lift force through its rotating blades, similar to how an airplane wing passes through air. Additional factors like trailing vortices and compressibility also affect propeller performance.
2) Propeller types include fixed pitch, variable pitch, constant RPM, feathering, and reverse pitch propellers. Variable pitch propellers can adjust their blade angle to maintain a constant RPM despite changing loads. Feathering propellers angle their blades parallel to airflow to reduce drag.
3) Other topics briefly covered include propeller slippage, pitch, push vs pull configurations, and
Recommended
Fluid mechanics
Fluid mechanics deals with the behavior of fluids at rest and in motion. It can be divided into three divisions: hydrostatics, kinematics, and dynamics. Hydrostatics studies fluids at rest, kinematics deals with fluid motion without forces, and dynamics relates velocities, accelerations, and forces acting on fluids. Fluids include liquids and gases, with gases being readily compressible and liquids being nearly incompressible. Fluid mechanics has many applications in daily life and engineering.
shock wave
This document discusses shock waves. It defines shock waves as thin regions where supersonic flow is rapidly decelerated to subsonic flow through an adiabatic but non-isentropic process. There are three types of shock waves discussed: normal shock waves, which are perpendicular to flow; oblique shock waves, which are at an angle to flow; and curved shock waves. Examples of normal shock wave formation and oblique shock wave applications in aircraft are provided. Over-expanded and under-expanded flows through converging-diverging ducts are also summarized.
Centrifugal Pumps
This document discusses centrifugal pumps, including their basic principles, classification, components, and potential issues. Centrifugal pumps work by imparting a whirling motion to liquid using a rotating impeller with backward curved vanes, forcing the liquid to move from the center to the outer edge and discharge from the casing. Pumps can be classified based on the number of impellers, shaft disposition, or developed head. Cavitation, where bubbles form and implode inside pumps, can cause damage and should be avoided by ensuring the net positive suction head available exceeds the required level.
1. introduction aerodynamics
This document outlines the course objectives and content for Aerodynamics 301A taught at Cairo University's Faculty of Engineering. The course aims to teach students: 1) how to predict aerodynamic forces on aircraft components and whole aircraft; 2) how to determine air properties moving internally through engines; and 3) how to apply various aerodynamic principles to different applications. The course covers topics such as the governing equations of fluid motion, potential flow theory, and finite wing theory.
Eulers equation
This document discusses Euler's equation in fluid mechanics. It provides background on the history of understanding fluid motion, defines key terms like pressure and fluid pressure. It then defines Euler's equation, which relates velocity, pressure and density of a moving fluid based on Newton's second law of motion. Bernoulli's equation is derived from integrating Euler's equation, relating pressure, velocity and fluid height. Applications of these equations in understanding bird flight and airplane wing design are discussed. The document provides detailed definitions and derivations of these important fluid mechanics equations.
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 6. Boundary Layer Concept
This document provides an overview of boundary layer concepts and laminar and turbulent pipe flow. It defines boundary layer thickness, displacement thickness, and momentum thickness. It describes how boundary layers develop on surfaces and transition from laminar to turbulent. It also discusses Reynolds number effects, momentum integral estimates for flat plates, and examples calculating boundary layer thickness in air and water flow. Finally, it introduces concepts of laminar and turbulent pipe flow.
Types of fluid flow
This document discusses the different types of fluid flows. It describes 6 main types of fluid flows: 1) steady and unsteady, 2) uniform and non-uniform, 3) laminar and turbulent, 4) compressible and incompressible, 5) rotational and irrotational, and 6) one-, two-, and three-dimensional flows. For each type of flow, it provides a brief definition and examples to explain the differences between the types.
Propeller
The document provides an overview of propellers, including:
1) A propeller converts rotational power from an engine into thrust by generating an aerodynamic lift force through its rotating blades, similar to how an airplane wing passes through air. Additional factors like trailing vortices and compressibility also affect propeller performance.
2) Propeller types include fixed pitch, variable pitch, constant RPM, feathering, and reverse pitch propellers. Variable pitch propellers can adjust their blade angle to maintain a constant RPM despite changing loads. Feathering propellers angle their blades parallel to airflow to reduce drag.
3) Other topics briefly covered include propeller slippage, pitch, push vs pull configurations, and
Wind Tunnel Ex
The document provides information about conducting wind tunnel experiments for students in grades 8-12. It includes sample experiments such as measuring lift versus angle of attack and lift versus velocity. It also discusses governing equations, flow visualization techniques, how to make measurements, background on why wind tunnels are used, and selected references for further reading.
Boundary layer theory
This document discusses boundary layer development. It begins by defining boundary layers and describing the velocity profile near a surface. As distance from the leading edge increases, the boundary layer thickness grows due to viscous forces slowing fluid particles. The boundary layer then transitions from laminar to turbulent. Turbulent boundary layers have a logarithmic velocity profile and thicker boundary layer compared to laminar. Pressure gradients and surface roughness also impact boundary layer development and transition.
Fluid kinematics
This document discusses fluid kinematics, which is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with the geometry of motion of fluids without considering forces or energies. It describes Lagrangian and Eulerian methods for describing fluid motion, defines types of flow such as laminar, turbulent, steady, and unsteady. It also discusses concepts like acceleration fields, circulation, vorticity, streamlines, pathlines, streaklines, stream functions, and velocity potential functions. Flow nets, which use a grid of streamlines and equipotential lines, are introduced as a way to study two-dimensional irrotational flows.
Chapter 1. introduction to fluid mechanics
This document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics. It begins with definitions of mechanics, statics, dynamics, and fluid mechanics. It then discusses different categories of fluid mechanics including fluid statics, fluid kinematics, fluid dynamics, hydrodynamics, hydraulics, gas dynamics, and aerodynamics. The document also defines what a fluid is, discusses the properties of fluids including density, specific weight, specific volume, and specific gravity. It concludes by explaining viscosity, kinematic viscosity, and Newton's law of viscosity.
Calibration of Venturi and Orifice Meters
This experiment aims to calibrate venturi and orifice flow meters by plotting the coefficient of discharge against Reynolds number for each and measuring the pressure drop across them at various flow rates. A known volume of water is passed through the meters and the flow rate is calculated. For both meters, the coefficient of discharge increases as the Reynolds number decreases, and the pressure drop increases non-linearly with flow rate, with a greater pressure drop observed for the orifice meter.
Types of drag
There are several types of drag that act on an aircraft as it moves through the air:
1) Parasite drag includes form or pressure drag from the aircraft's shape, skin friction drag from the surface, and interference drag between different parts.
2) Lift induced drag is caused by the direction of lift being perpendicular to the airflow.
3) Wave drag occurs at transonic and supersonic speeds and is caused by shock waves forming on the aircraft.
Methods to reduce drag include streamlining the aircraft's shape to reduce form drag, making surfaces smooth to reduce skin friction, adding winglets to improve lift and reduce induced drag, and research into reducing wave drag at high speeds.
Sandeep fm ppt
This document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics concepts. It defines a fluid, discusses the differences between liquids and gases, and classifies various types of fluid flows according to whether they are viscous or inviscid, internal or external, compressible or incompressible, laminar or turbulent, natural or forced, steady or unsteady, and one-, two-, or three-dimensional. The document also introduces concepts of stress, pressure, systems, control volumes, units, and modeling engineering problems either experimentally or analytically.
Shock wave 1
This document defines and discusses different types of shock waves. It begins by defining a shock wave as a sudden violent disturbance that produces a strong pressure wave. It then defines key terms like Mach number and discusses normal shock waves that are perpendicular to flow, oblique shock waves that are at an angle, and over-expanded and under-expanded flows related to pressure changes downstream from ducts. The objective is to study and discuss shock wave phenomena like formation and characteristics based on definitions of key concepts.
NPSH and pump cavitation
Most "pump problems" are really problems with the systems around the pumps. NPSH is a common cause, and cavitation is a common consequence.
Fluid Mechanics - Fluid Pressure and its measurement
This document provides an overview of fluid pressure and measurement techniques. It begins with defining key concepts like hydrostatic pressure, Pascal's law, and pressure variation in static fluids. It then describes various devices used to measure pressure, including manometers (U-tube, single column, differential), and mechanical gauges (diaphragm, Bourdon tube, dead-weight, bellows). The document is divided into 5 units covering fluid statics, kinematics, dynamics, pipe flow, and dimensional analysis with the goal of teaching students to calculate pressure, hydrostatic forces, fluid flow, and losses in closed conduits.
Mach Number and Shock waves
When an aerodynamic body moves through air faster than the speed of sound, shock waves are generated ahead of the body. At subsonic speeds, sound waves propagate outward in circles around the moving body. But at supersonic speeds, the body moves faster than the speed of the sound waves it generates, so the sound waves are always behind the body. As pressure waves accumulate ahead of a supersonic body, they can merge into shock waves. Shock waves instantaneously compress the gas by obtaining kinetic energy from the upstream flow, heating the gas above isentropic compression temperatures and increasing entropy through an irreversible process.
A STUDY ON VISCOUS FLOW (With A Special Focus On Boundary Layer And Its Effects)
This document summarizes a study on viscous flow with a focus on boundary layers and their effects. It defines viscosity and describes the boundary layer that forms along a solid surface moving through a fluid. Laminar and turbulent boundary layers are differentiated. The boundary layer equations are presented and used to derive the Navier-Stokes equations that govern viscous fluid flow. Key properties of boundary layers like thickness and velocity profiles are discussed. The interaction of boundary layers and shockwaves is also summarized.
Impact of jet
1) The document discusses the impact of a jet of water on stationary and moving plates. It defines impact of jet as the force exerted by the jet on a plate.
2) Key factors that determine the force include the jet velocity, plate velocity, plate angle, and whether the plate is flat, curved, or includes a series of vanes.
3) Formulas are provided to calculate the force and work done on plates in different configurations based on impulse-momentum principles.
Shock polar
The term shock polar is generally used with the graphical representation of the Rankine-hugonoit eqution. This is either the hodograph plane or the pressure ratio-flow deflection angle plane .The polar itself is the locus of all possible states after an oblique shock.The minimum angle Ө, which an oblique shock can have is the mach no. µ=〖sin^(−1) (〗〖1/푀〗), where M is the initial mach no. before the shock and the shock greatest angle corresponds to a normal shock .
The range of shock angles is therefore sin^(−1)〖1/푀〗≤Ө≤Л/2
Fluid Mechanics 2 ppt
Fluid mechanics 2 presentation
IUBAT- International University of Business Agriculture and Technology
Fluid mechanics
This document discusses laminar and turbulent fluid flow in pipes. It defines laminar flow as smooth, ordered motion of fluid layers and turbulent flow as irregular motion with velocity fluctuations. The Reynolds number determines the flow regime, with laminar flow below 2000 and turbulent flow above 4000. For fully developed laminar pipe flow, the velocity profile is parabolic and the pressure drop is proportional to flow rate, pipe length, and fluid viscosity, inversely proportional to pipe diameter raised to the fourth power.
FLUID MECHANICS
This document defines fluids and their properties. It discusses the differences between solids and fluids, and defines the various states of matter. Fluids are classified as ideal fluids, real fluids, Newtonian fluids, and non-Newtonian fluids. The key properties of fluids discussed include density, specific weight, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension. Concepts such as bulk modulus, compressibility, and capillarity are also introduced. Various fluid flow measurement devices that utilize Bernoulli's equation are briefly mentioned.
Boundary layer
Boundary layer theory, Boundary layer separation and different methods to control boundary layer separation.
Operation of reciprocating pump
it is the ppt of Operation of reciprocating pump under the subject of fluid power engineering or fluid mechanic
Boundary layer
The boundary layer is the layer of fluid in immediate contact with a bounding surface, where the effects of viscosity are important. Within the boundary layer, the fluid velocity increases from zero at the surface to 99% of the free-stream velocity. The boundary layer equations allow simplifying the full Navier-Stokes equations by dividing flow into viscous and inviscid regions. Laminar and turbulent boundary layers can form, with laminar producing less drag but being prone to separation in adverse pressure gradients. Boundary layer control techniques influence transition and separation.
High Speed Aerodynamics
1) When air flows around a corner at supersonic speeds, it does not create a shock wave but rather forms an expansion wave where the flow accelerates and Mach lines diverge.
2) In supersonic flow, expansion waves occur when the cross-sectional area of the flow path increases, lowering both temperature and pressure.
3) For a flat plate at a positive angle of attack in supersonic flow, the upper surface experiences an expansion wave at the leading edge and oblique shock at the trailing edge, producing uniform suction pressure to generate lift along with associated drag.
EE8701-High Voltage Engineering (1).pptx
anna university /EEE/ 7 th semester subject .it deals with unit1 : causes of over voltage in power system.
internal over voltage
external over voltage
More Related Content
What's hot
Wind Tunnel Ex
The document provides information about conducting wind tunnel experiments for students in grades 8-12. It includes sample experiments such as measuring lift versus angle of attack and lift versus velocity. It also discusses governing equations, flow visualization techniques, how to make measurements, background on why wind tunnels are used, and selected references for further reading.
Boundary layer theory
This document discusses boundary layer development. It begins by defining boundary layers and describing the velocity profile near a surface. As distance from the leading edge increases, the boundary layer thickness grows due to viscous forces slowing fluid particles. The boundary layer then transitions from laminar to turbulent. Turbulent boundary layers have a logarithmic velocity profile and thicker boundary layer compared to laminar. Pressure gradients and surface roughness also impact boundary layer development and transition.
Fluid kinematics
This document discusses fluid kinematics, which is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with the geometry of motion of fluids without considering forces or energies. It describes Lagrangian and Eulerian methods for describing fluid motion, defines types of flow such as laminar, turbulent, steady, and unsteady. It also discusses concepts like acceleration fields, circulation, vorticity, streamlines, pathlines, streaklines, stream functions, and velocity potential functions. Flow nets, which use a grid of streamlines and equipotential lines, are introduced as a way to study two-dimensional irrotational flows.
Chapter 1. introduction to fluid mechanics
This document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics. It begins with definitions of mechanics, statics, dynamics, and fluid mechanics. It then discusses different categories of fluid mechanics including fluid statics, fluid kinematics, fluid dynamics, hydrodynamics, hydraulics, gas dynamics, and aerodynamics. The document also defines what a fluid is, discusses the properties of fluids including density, specific weight, specific volume, and specific gravity. It concludes by explaining viscosity, kinematic viscosity, and Newton's law of viscosity.
Calibration of Venturi and Orifice Meters
This experiment aims to calibrate venturi and orifice flow meters by plotting the coefficient of discharge against Reynolds number for each and measuring the pressure drop across them at various flow rates. A known volume of water is passed through the meters and the flow rate is calculated. For both meters, the coefficient of discharge increases as the Reynolds number decreases, and the pressure drop increases non-linearly with flow rate, with a greater pressure drop observed for the orifice meter.
Types of drag
There are several types of drag that act on an aircraft as it moves through the air:
1) Parasite drag includes form or pressure drag from the aircraft's shape, skin friction drag from the surface, and interference drag between different parts.
2) Lift induced drag is caused by the direction of lift being perpendicular to the airflow.
3) Wave drag occurs at transonic and supersonic speeds and is caused by shock waves forming on the aircraft.
Methods to reduce drag include streamlining the aircraft's shape to reduce form drag, making surfaces smooth to reduce skin friction, adding winglets to improve lift and reduce induced drag, and research into reducing wave drag at high speeds.
Sandeep fm ppt
This document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics concepts. It defines a fluid, discusses the differences between liquids and gases, and classifies various types of fluid flows according to whether they are viscous or inviscid, internal or external, compressible or incompressible, laminar or turbulent, natural or forced, steady or unsteady, and one-, two-, or three-dimensional. The document also introduces concepts of stress, pressure, systems, control volumes, units, and modeling engineering problems either experimentally or analytically.
Shock wave 1
This document defines and discusses different types of shock waves. It begins by defining a shock wave as a sudden violent disturbance that produces a strong pressure wave. It then defines key terms like Mach number and discusses normal shock waves that are perpendicular to flow, oblique shock waves that are at an angle, and over-expanded and under-expanded flows related to pressure changes downstream from ducts. The objective is to study and discuss shock wave phenomena like formation and characteristics based on definitions of key concepts.
NPSH and pump cavitation
Most "pump problems" are really problems with the systems around the pumps. NPSH is a common cause, and cavitation is a common consequence.
Fluid Mechanics - Fluid Pressure and its measurement
This document provides an overview of fluid pressure and measurement techniques. It begins with defining key concepts like hydrostatic pressure, Pascal's law, and pressure variation in static fluids. It then describes various devices used to measure pressure, including manometers (U-tube, single column, differential), and mechanical gauges (diaphragm, Bourdon tube, dead-weight, bellows). The document is divided into 5 units covering fluid statics, kinematics, dynamics, pipe flow, and dimensional analysis with the goal of teaching students to calculate pressure, hydrostatic forces, fluid flow, and losses in closed conduits.
Mach Number and Shock waves
When an aerodynamic body moves through air faster than the speed of sound, shock waves are generated ahead of the body. At subsonic speeds, sound waves propagate outward in circles around the moving body. But at supersonic speeds, the body moves faster than the speed of the sound waves it generates, so the sound waves are always behind the body. As pressure waves accumulate ahead of a supersonic body, they can merge into shock waves. Shock waves instantaneously compress the gas by obtaining kinetic energy from the upstream flow, heating the gas above isentropic compression temperatures and increasing entropy through an irreversible process.
A STUDY ON VISCOUS FLOW (With A Special Focus On Boundary Layer And Its Effects)
This document summarizes a study on viscous flow with a focus on boundary layers and their effects. It defines viscosity and describes the boundary layer that forms along a solid surface moving through a fluid. Laminar and turbulent boundary layers are differentiated. The boundary layer equations are presented and used to derive the Navier-Stokes equations that govern viscous fluid flow. Key properties of boundary layers like thickness and velocity profiles are discussed. The interaction of boundary layers and shockwaves is also summarized.
Impact of jet
1) The document discusses the impact of a jet of water on stationary and moving plates. It defines impact of jet as the force exerted by the jet on a plate.
2) Key factors that determine the force include the jet velocity, plate velocity, plate angle, and whether the plate is flat, curved, or includes a series of vanes.
3) Formulas are provided to calculate the force and work done on plates in different configurations based on impulse-momentum principles.
Shock polar
The term shock polar is generally used with the graphical representation of the Rankine-hugonoit eqution. This is either the hodograph plane or the pressure ratio-flow deflection angle plane .The polar itself is the locus of all possible states after an oblique shock.The minimum angle Ө, which an oblique shock can have is the mach no. µ=〖sin^(−1) (〗〖1/푀〗), where M is the initial mach no. before the shock and the shock greatest angle corresponds to a normal shock .
The range of shock angles is therefore sin^(−1)〖1/푀〗≤Ө≤Л/2
Fluid Mechanics 2 ppt
Fluid mechanics 2 presentation
IUBAT- International University of Business Agriculture and Technology
Fluid mechanics
This document discusses laminar and turbulent fluid flow in pipes. It defines laminar flow as smooth, ordered motion of fluid layers and turbulent flow as irregular motion with velocity fluctuations. The Reynolds number determines the flow regime, with laminar flow below 2000 and turbulent flow above 4000. For fully developed laminar pipe flow, the velocity profile is parabolic and the pressure drop is proportional to flow rate, pipe length, and fluid viscosity, inversely proportional to pipe diameter raised to the fourth power.
FLUID MECHANICS
This document defines fluids and their properties. It discusses the differences between solids and fluids, and defines the various states of matter. Fluids are classified as ideal fluids, real fluids, Newtonian fluids, and non-Newtonian fluids. The key properties of fluids discussed include density, specific weight, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension. Concepts such as bulk modulus, compressibility, and capillarity are also introduced. Various fluid flow measurement devices that utilize Bernoulli's equation are briefly mentioned.
Boundary layer
Boundary layer theory, Boundary layer separation and different methods to control boundary layer separation.
Operation of reciprocating pump
it is the ppt of Operation of reciprocating pump under the subject of fluid power engineering or fluid mechanic
Boundary layer
The boundary layer is the layer of fluid in immediate contact with a bounding surface, where the effects of viscosity are important. Within the boundary layer, the fluid velocity increases from zero at the surface to 99% of the free-stream velocity. The boundary layer equations allow simplifying the full Navier-Stokes equations by dividing flow into viscous and inviscid regions. Laminar and turbulent boundary layers can form, with laminar producing less drag but being prone to separation in adverse pressure gradients. Boundary layer control techniques influence transition and separation.
What's hot (20)
Fluid Mechanics - Fluid Pressure and its measurement
Fluid Mechanics - Fluid Pressure and its measurement
A STUDY ON VISCOUS FLOW (With A Special Focus On Boundary Layer And Its Effects)
A STUDY ON VISCOUS FLOW (With A Special Focus On Boundary Layer And Its Effects)
Similar to Compressive flows
High Speed Aerodynamics
1) When air flows around a corner at supersonic speeds, it does not create a shock wave but rather forms an expansion wave where the flow accelerates and Mach lines diverge.
2) In supersonic flow, expansion waves occur when the cross-sectional area of the flow path increases, lowering both temperature and pressure.
3) For a flat plate at a positive angle of attack in supersonic flow, the upper surface experiences an expansion wave at the leading edge and oblique shock at the trailing edge, producing uniform suction pressure to generate lift along with associated drag.
EE8701-High Voltage Engineering (1).pptx
anna university /EEE/ 7 th semester subject .it deals with unit1 : causes of over voltage in power system.
internal over voltage
external over voltage
Mechanical oscillation
The document discusses wind-induced oscillations in overhead transmission line conductors. It describes three main types of oscillations: Aeolian vibration, galloping vibration, and wake-induced vibration. Aeolian vibration is caused by vortex shedding from the conductor in the wind, galloping occurs at higher wind speeds, and wake-induced vibration affects bundled conductors. Vibration dampers are used to control oscillations and prevent fatigue failures. Common damper types include the Stockbridge damper and spiral damper.
ULTRASOUND 1.pptx
This document discusses ultrasound and its production and effects. It defines ultrasound as sound waves with frequencies above 20 kHz. Ultrasound is produced using piezoelectric crystals that expand and contract when alternating voltage is applied. Therapeutic ultrasound is typically between 0.5-5 MHz. Ultrasound propagates as longitudinal waves through media by compression and rarefaction. Intensity, frequency, duration, and mode (continuous vs pulsed) are parameters that determine ultrasound's effects, which can be thermal through heating or non-thermal through cavitation, acoustic streaming, and micro-massage.
1.2 reflection Fizik SPM
The document discusses damping and resonance in oscillating systems. It defines damping as the gradual decrease in amplitude of an oscillating system's oscillations over time until they stop. Damping is caused by the loss of the system's energy as heat. It decreases both the amplitude and energy of the system's oscillations but does not change its frequency. For oscillations to continue, an external force must be applied to supply energy. Resonance occurs when a system is driven to oscillate at its natural frequency, producing maximum amplitude oscillations. Examples of resonance effects in everyday life are also provided.
Corona
Corona discharge occurs when the electric field strength around a conductor exceeds a threshold value, causing the ionization of surrounding gas molecules. It represents a power loss for electric utilities and can occur on overhead power lines. The corona inception voltage is the lowest voltage where continuous corona discharge is observed and depends on factors like frequency, conductor surface irregularities, and geometry. While corona can help dissipate transient overvoltages, it also causes power losses, ozone production, and potential equipment corrosion. Methods to prevent corona include increasing conductor spacing and radii and avoiding sharp points or edges.
Vibration damping
The document discusses vibration damping and Aeolian vibration in overhead power lines. It provides information on different types of wind-induced oscillations like Aeolian vibration, gallop, and simple swinging. It explains the concepts of bluff bodies, vortex shedding, Reynolds number, and their relationship to Aeolian vibration. Finally, it describes different types of vibration dampers used to control Aeolian vibration in conductors, including Stockbridge dampers, spiral vibration dampers, and tuned mass dampers.
Vibration damping
Wind induced oscillations
Aeolian vibration
Gallop
Simple swinging
Types of bodies
Bluff/blunt bodies
Vortex shedding
Reasons for vortex shedding
Governing equation
The Reynolds number
Relationship with the Reynolds number
What is Aeolian vibration?
Effect of Aeolian vibration
Working of vibration damper
Stock bridge damper
Spiral vibration damper
Tuned mass damper
Working principle
Circuit Breaker : Types
Circuit breakers are switching devices that can make, carry, and break electric currents under both normal and abnormal circuit conditions. They contain fixed and moving contacts that remain closed during normal operation but open automatically during faults to interrupt the fault current. When contacts open under fault conditions, an arc is produced that must be quickly extinguished. Different circuit breakers use various mediums like oil, air, vacuum, or SF6 gas to rapidly quench the arc through cooling and increasing dielectric strength between contacts. Common types of circuit breakers include oil, vacuum, air blast, and SF6 breakers that vary based on voltage level, switching speed, maintenance needs, and arc quenching method.
Understanding_lightning_protection.pptx
The document discusses lightning protection and lightning arrestors. It provides introductions to surges, lightning, and surge arrestors. It describes how surge arrestors work to protect power systems from lightning strikes and induced surges. The document covers types of arrestors, their construction, applications in transformers and transmission lines, and maintenance. Key topics include metal oxide varistor discs, ratings of arrestors, and selection of arrestors for different voltage systems.
Armature Reaction
Armature reaction in a DC machine is the effect of armature flux on the main field flux. It has two undesirable effects - it demagnetizes the main flux and distorts the main flux. This reduces generated voltage and torque and influences commutation limits. Methods to reduce armature reaction include compensating windings and interpoles, which produce fields opposing the armature flux effects.
Neutral grounding sra1 n
1) Lightning strikes on power lines cause steep voltage surges that can damage equipment if not protected. The waveforms of lightning surges rise very quickly over 1-5 microseconds.
2) There are two main categories of overvoltages: internal causes like switching operations and insulation failures, and external causes like lightning strikes. Lightning discharge occurs when the potential gradient in air due to charged clouds builds up and causes a pilot leader streamer that travels toward the ground.
3) Different types of lightning arrestors like rod gaps, sphere gaps, horn gaps, and modern valve/thyrite/lead oxide types are used to protect equipment by diverting lightning surges to ground.
Circuit breaker(encrypted)
This presentation discusses the basics of circuit breakers and their types. It begins by defining a circuit breaker as a switching device that can operate manually or automatically to control and protect electrical power systems. It then discusses the components of circuit breakers including fixed and moving contacts. Different methods of arc interruption are presented, including using high resistance and utilizing the natural zero of AC waves. Principles of air break circuit breakers are explained, along with types such as air blast and details on axial and cross blast designs. SF6 circuit breakers are also mentioned.
DAMPED VIBRATIONS and RESONANCE.pptx
Damping;
Free vibrations;
Damped vibrations;
resonance;
damping and resonance;
critical damping;
heavy damping;
light damping;
effects of damping;
swing;
energy in damping;
oscillations;
resonant system;
practical examples- damping;
practical examples: resonance;
Surge Arresters construction and working
in this presentation i have completely described the basic constriction and working of Surge Arresters so that you will find it easy to understand and it can be easily delivered to the listeners
study of lightning arrester
study of lightning arrester ' working principal and working of lighning and construction of lightning arrester. and at the end what are the types of lightning arrester how these types are different from each other and what is their working principal and which is used mostly on 500kva substation.
Circuit Breaker
This document discusses different types of circuit breakers and their operating principles. It describes how circuit breakers interrupt current by extinguishing the arc that forms between contacts. Vacuum circuit breakers use vacuum as the arc quenching medium, allowing for quick arc extinction due to rapid condensation. Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breakers use SF6 gas, which absorbs electrons from the arc. Air-blast circuit breakers employ high pressure air to cool and sweep away the arc.
UNIT IV Circuit Breaker.pptx
This document discusses various aspects of circuit breakers, including their design and operation. It describes how an arc is maintained between contacts during arcing periods and how factors like ionization, arc length and cross-section affect the arc resistance. It then discusses two main methods of arc extinction - the high resistance method which involves lengthening or cooling the arc, and the low resistance method which causes ionized particles to recombine. The document also covers topics like current chopping in air-blast circuit breakers, interruption of capacitive currents, classifications of circuit breakers, and the operation of different types of circuit breakers including oil, vacuum, SF6, and air blast.
Earthing
Lightning is an abrupt electrostatic discharge that occurs between clouds or from clouds to the earth. It is accompanied by a flash. Charges build up in clouds during storms and separate, with negative charges near the ground and positive charges higher up. When enough charge builds up, electrons move toward the positive charges, ionizing the air and allowing discharge along a path of least resistance in a zigzag pattern. Upward and downward leaders form until they meet, causing a stroke and releasing a large amount of heat and producing the flash and thunder. Lightning arrestors safely guide the current from a strike to ground to dissipate the energy.
Spiral & coaxial generator
This document discusses spiral and coaxial flux compression generators (FCGs). It provides background on FCGs, explaining that they use high explosives to compress a magnetic field and generate intense electromagnetic pulses. It describes the basic components and operating principles of spiral and coaxial FCGs. Specifically, it explains that spiral FCGs use a solenoid and expanding metal armature to compress flux and induce high currents, while coaxial FCGs do the same using a cylindrical stator, armature, and annular load coil.
Similar to Compressive flows (20)
Recently uploaded
Unit-III-ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE DEVICES.ppt
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Data Driven Maintenance | UReason Webinar
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
哪里办理(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India.pptx
It gives the overall description of SIH problem statement " AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India".
Design and optimization of ion propulsion drone
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Computational Engineering IITH Presentation
This Presentation will give you a brief idea about what Computational Engineering at IIT Hyderabad has to offer.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptx
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Recently uploaded (20)
4. Mosca vol I -Fisica-Tipler-5ta-Edicion-Vol-1.pdf
4. Mosca vol I -Fisica-Tipler-5ta-Edicion-Vol-1.pdf
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Data Control Language.pptx Data Control Language.pptx
Data Control Language.pptx Data Control Language.pptx
Engineering Drawings Lecture Detail Drawings 2014.pdf
Engineering Drawings Lecture Detail Drawings 2014.pdf
AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India.pptx
AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India.pptx
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptx
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptx
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Compressive flows
- 2. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MACH NUMBER AND FLOW TYPE 2
- 3. TYPES OF WAVES • When high velocity fluid flow meets an obstruction on its original path, it will generate three types of waves to change its path. • Normal shock waves • Oblique shock waves • Expansion waves 3
- 4. FORMATION OF OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVES • Oblique shock wave is an inclined shock wave with respect to the upstream flow directions. • Occurs when supersonic flow meets a corner that effectively turns the flow into itself compresses. 4
- 5. FORMATION OF OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVES 5 • After the oblique shock wave streamlines are going to deflect uniformly. • Consists of a very thin region across which nearly discontinuous changes in the thermodynamic properties of a gas occur.
- 6. 6
- 7. PROPERTIES OF OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVES • Mach number decreases to a less supersonic Mach number. • Total pressure decreases. • But pressure loss is lesser than a normal shock wave. • Total energy loss is also less than normal shock wave. • Due to heat of compression to the atmosphere. • Static pressure and density will increase. 7
- 8. OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE THEORY 8 • M1 – Pre-shock Mach number • M2 – Post-shock Mach number • β - Oblique shock angle • θ - Corner angle/ wedge angle • Mn1 – Pre-shock Mach number of normal shock • Mn2 – Post-shock Mach number of normal shock
- 9. OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE THEORY • 𝑀𝑛1 = 𝑀1 × 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝛽) • 𝑀2 = 𝑀𝑛2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (𝛽−𝜃) • 9
- 10. OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE THEORY 10
- 11. OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE THEORY • It is also possible to take the same answers with using the θ-β-M diagram and shock property tables. • If M2 is a supersonic Mach number, then the shock will be a weak shock wave. • If M2 is a subsonic Mach number, then the shock will be a strong shock wave. 11
- 12. OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE THEORY • Weak shock waves will generate when flow geometries are open to the atmosphere. Ex: outside of the aircraft (nose area, wing tips….) • Strong shock waves will generate normally at the confined geometries. Ex : inlet nozzle 12
- 13. OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE THEORY • Strong shock waves are required when flow needs match with the downstream conditions. 13
- 14. OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE THEORY • For any given Mach number, there is a maximum value for the wedge angle. • If current wedge angle is higher than the maximum wedge angle, then the oblique shock will detached from the surface. • It is known as “detached bow shock wave”. 14
- 16. INTERSECTION OF RIGHT & LEFT RUNNING SHOCK WAVES 16
- 17. INTERSECTION OF TWO LEFT RUNNING SHOCK WAVES 17
- 18. SUPERSONIC FLOW OVER WEDGES & CONES WEDGE (2D) CONE (3D) Stronger oblique shock waves Weaker oblique shock waves Wedge surface pressure is high Cone surface pressure is less Post shock streamlines are straight. (parallel to the deflection) Streamlines are curved above the cone surface. 18
- 19. APPLICATIONS OF OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVES • For supersonic engine inlets • Reduce velocity through series of oblique shock waves • It decreases the total energy losses when Compared with normal shock wave. 19
- 20. CONCLUSION • Types of shock waves. • Formation of oblique shock waves. • Property changes across an oblique shock wave. • Equations which governs the oblique shock waves. • Limitations of oblique shock waves. • Shock interactions. • Applications of the oblique shock waves. 20
- 22. THANK YOU 22