1) A shock wave is produced when a sound source moves faster than the speed of sound, causing interference of sound waves.
2) When a source exceeds the speed of sound, a shock wave or sonic boom is created outside the Mach cone from constructive interference. Inside the cone, interference is mostly destructive, reducing sound intensity.
3) A sonic boom from an aircraft produces two booms from the nose and tail, heard separately on the ground after the plane passes. Supersonic flights are restricted over land due to potential damage from sonic booms.
Identify sound waves in nature and physics, the type of piezowaves accompanying them, the difference between sound waves audible to humans and between ultrasound and subsonic waves, how to theoretically calculate their speed when they pass through different physical media, calculate their frequency and wavelength, and the effect of temperatures and the density of different materials on these calculations
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Identify sound waves in nature and physics, the type of piezowaves accompanying them, the difference between sound waves audible to humans and between ultrasound and subsonic waves, how to theoretically calculate their speed when they pass through different physical media, calculate their frequency and wavelength, and the effect of temperatures and the density of different materials on these calculations
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
SHOCK WAVES.pptx
1. SHOCK WAVES
By
Dr M. Arunachalam
Head, Dept. of Physics (Rtd.)
Sri SRNM College, Sattur
2. A shock wave is a wave that is produced
when a sound source moves faster than
the speed of sound. They are produced
due to the interference of sound waves.
3. Types of waves
Waves are widely classified into two types
1. Electro magnetic waves (Eg. Light waves, X-rays)
Require no medium for propagation
2. Mechanical waves (Eg. Sound waves, Ultrasonic
waves) Require an elastic medium for propagation
4. Properties of waves
Amplitude (A): The maximum displacement of the wave
from the mean position
Wavelength (λ): Distance between the points which are in
the same phase
Frequency (n): Number of waves crossing a point in one
second
Time period (T): Time taken by wave to cross a point
Speed (c) : The distance travelled by the wave in second
6. Doppler Effect
When there is a relative motion between the source of
the wave (Eg. Sound waves) and the observer there
exists an apparent change frequency
Definition: Doppler Effect refers to the change in
wave frequency during the relative motion between a
wave source and its observer.
Discovered by Christian Johann Doppler
7. Formula
no = n[(c –v)/(c – u)]
no – Observed frequency
n – Actual frequency
c = Velocity of sound
u– Velocity of the source
v = Velocity of the observer
8. Different cases
Case I: An observer moving away from the stationary
source.
Case II: An observer moving towards the stationary
source.
Case III: A source moving away from the stationary
observer.
Case IV: A source moving towards the stationary
observer.
9. Case IV: A source moving towards the
stationary observer
In that case the above equation becomes
no = n[c/(c – u)] (since v = 0)
From this equation we know that, if the velocity of the source
of sound increases the observed frequency no will increase.
When the source of waves is moving towards the observer they
will have an upward shift in frequency.
10. Source speed - Four cases
1. u = 0
2. u < c
3. u = c
4. u > c
11. Doppler Effect and High Velocity
no = n[c/(c – u)]
Further if the velocity of the source is equal to that of
sound, ie. when c = u
then the denominator is equal to zero, which means the
frequency is infinite.
What could this mean? What happens when a source
approaches the speed of sound?
12. Pictorial representation
(a) Source at rest
(u = 0)
(b) The source moving
towards the observer with
a speed u less than that of
speed of sound (u< c)
13. At the speed of sound
At the speed of sound, this result means that in front
of the source, each successive wave interferes with the
previous one because the source moves forward at the
speed of sound. The observer gets them all at the same
instant, so the frequency is infinite
14. At the speed of sound (Fig.) (u = c)
(c) The source moving towards the
observer with a speed equal to the speed
of sound
15. Compare the figures
(a) the source is at rest (u = 0)
(b)The source is moving with a velocity less
than the speed of sound (u < 0)
(c) The source moves at the speed of sound,
Now each successive wave interfere with the
previous one and the observer observes them
all at the same instant (u = c)
(a) (u = 0)
(b) (u < 0)
(c) (u = c)
16. What happens if the speed of source
exceeds the speed of sound?
It was once argued by some scientists that such a
large pressure wave would result from the
constructive interference of the sound waves, that
it would be impossible for a plane to exceed the
speed of sound because the pressures would be
great enough to destroy the airplane.
17. speed of source > the speed of sound
waves ie.u > c
Sound waves from a source that moves faster than the
speed of sound spread spherically from the point where
they are emitted, but the source moves ahead of each wave.
Constructive interference along the lines shown (a cone in
three dimensions) from similar sound waves is arriving
there simultaneously. This superposition forms a
disturbance called a shock wave out side the cone
19. Angle of Shock wave (θ)
The angle of the shock wave can be found from the
geometry.
sinθ =
ct/ut= c/u
T - Time taken
c - Velocity of sound
U - Velocity of source
20. Constructive interference of sound
Constructive interference along the lines shown
(a cone in three dimensions) from similar sound
waves is arriving there simultaneously.
21. something interesting happens
If the source exceeds the speed of sound, no sound is
received by the observer until the source has passed,
so that the sounds from the approaching source are
mixed with those from it when receding. This mixing
appears messy, but something interesting happens—
a shock wave (or sonic boom) is created out side
the cone
22. What about inside?
Inside the cone, the interference is mostly destructive,
so the sound intensity there is much less than on the
shock wave
23. Sonic Boom
A sonic boom is the intense sound that occurs as the
shock wave moves along the ground.
The sound associated with shock waves created by an
object travelling through air at supersonic speeds is
called as a sonic boom. Sonic booms are felt as a
thunder like noise a person on the ground hears when
an aircraft flies over head at super sonic speed (u > c)
25. Occurrence of Shock Wave
Shock waves are sound waves. They occur in the
atmosphere when aeroplanes break through the sound
barrier.
Also during explosive events, like during detonations
or lightning strikes or the passage of a bullet
26. How it behaves
A shock wave is an extremely thin wavefront that
passes tsunami-like through solids, liquids and
gases at high speeds, driven by molecular collisions
at the nanoscale.
A compression wave—a sudden spike in pressure
followed by a sudden drop in pressure
27. Properties of Shock Waves
High speed large amplitude compressibility waves
Like ordinary waves they carry energy
They can propagate through a medium (Solid, liquid, gas
or plasma
Across the shock waves there is always extremely rapid
rise in pressure, temperature and density of flow
Causes abrupt changes in the characteristics of the
medium
Causes instantaneous change in density, pressure,
temperature , velocity, Mach number
28. Velocity of Shock waves
It is the velocity at which the shock wave front
travels.
It is faster than the speed of sound in the material.
It is also called Explosive velocity, or detonation
velocity or
velocity of detonation (VoD)
29. Mach number
The Mach number is the ratio of the speed of a body to
the speed of sound in the surrounding medium. M = u /c
u - speed of the body
C – Speed of sound
We know that sinθ = ct/ut=c/u
Hence Mach number is the reciprocal of Sinθ
30. More about Supersonic flights
An aircraft creates two shock waves, one from its nose and one
from its tail.
Two distinct booms will be heard.
Separated by exactly the time it would take the aircraft to pass
by a point.
Observers on the ground often do not see the aircraft creating
the sonic boom, because it has passed by before the shock
wave reaches them, (see Fig.)
31. Two sonic booms experienced by observers,
created by the nose and tail of an aircraft as the
shock wave sweeps along the ground, are observed
on the ground after the plane has passed by.
32. Impact of supersonic flights
If the aircraft flies close by at low altitude, pressures
in the sonic boom can be destructive and break
windows as well as rattle nerves. Because of how
destructive sonic booms can be, supersonic flights are
banned over populated areas.
