The document discusses shale oil and gas, focusing on unconventional reservoirs like the Eagle Ford and Bakken shales. It provides details on:
1) How shale formations were deposited in anoxic marine environments and matured over time to generate oil and gas from organic-rich source rocks.
2) Technological advances like horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing that made extraction of shale oil and gas economically viable.
3) Key properties that make shales good targets, like total organic carbon content and thermal maturity levels in the oil and gas windows.
4) Major shale oil and gas plays in the US like the Eagle Ford and Bakken, their geologic settings, production characteristics influenced by maturity
This document provides information about reservoir engineering. It discusses how reservoir engineers use tools like subsurface geology, mathematics, and physics/chemistry to understand fluid behavior in reservoirs. It also describes different well classes used for injection/extraction, environmental impacts of enhanced oil recovery, and various reservoir engineering techniques like simulation modeling, production surveillance, and evaluating volumetric sweep efficiency. Thermal and chemical enhanced oil recovery methods are explained, including gas, steam, polymer, surfactant, microbial and in-situ combustion injection.
1. Unconventional resources like shale gas and tight sands have low permeability and require techniques like hydraulic fracturing to produce commercially.
2. Shales can serve as both the source and reservoir for oil and gas, containing the hydrocarbons within their organic-rich matrix.
3. Characterizing shale reservoirs involves analyzing their depositional environment, thermal maturity, total organic carbon, porosity, permeability, and gas content to identify potential "sweet spots" for production.
1) Sedimentary basins are regions where thick layers of sediment have accumulated, up to 20 km deep in some cases. They form primarily through the extension of tectonic plates.
2) Most sedimentary basins contain source rocks rich in organic matter that generate hydrocarbons like oil and gas during burial and heating over geological time.
3) If the right combination of source, reservoir, seal and timing conditions exist within a sedimentary basin, significant accumulations of oil and gas can be discovered and produced from conventional reservoirs.
This document provides information on estimating oil and gas reserves. It defines various classifications of reserves from proven to unproven, and how reserves are estimated using volumetric, material balance, and production performance methods. The key classifications discussed are proven and probable reserves, with proven reserves having a 90% certainty of recovery and probable having 50% certainty. Volumetric estimation calculates initial hydrocarbon volumes using parameters like rock volume, porosity, fluid properties, and recovery factors.
What is tight reservoir?
To Understanding Tight Oil
Principle Types of Tight Reservoir; CHARACTERISTIC OF TIGHT RESERVOIR; FACTORS TO CONSIDER FOR TIGHT RESERVOIR; LOGGING IN TIGHT RESERVOIR;TECHNIQUES TO PRODUCE FROM TIGHT RESERVOIR; Light Tight Oil (LTO) Recovery; TIGHT OIL CHALLENGES; TIGHT OIL SOLUTIONS; WORLD ESTIMATE of TIGHT OIL
This document discusses key properties of crude oil, including:
1) Oil is classified based on properties like specific gravity, viscosity, density, etc. with specific gravity and viscosity most commonly used. Specific gravity is represented by API gravity which ranges from 8 to 58 degrees.
2) Bubble point pressure is the pressure at which a small amount of gas is in equilibrium with oil. When pressure drops below this point, gas is liberated from the oil.
3) Other properties discussed include formation volume factor (ratio of reservoir to surface volumes), solution gas-oil ratio (amount of gas dissolved in oil), and compressibility (change in volume with pressure change).
The document discusses various natural reservoir drive mechanisms that provide energy for hydrocarbon production including:
1) Solution gas drive where dissolved gas expands due to pressure drop, providing 5-25% oil recovery.
2) Gas cap drive where free gas expansion drives production, providing 20-40% oil recovery.
3) Water drive where aquifer water influx provides pressure to displace oil, providing 35-75% oil recovery.
4) Gravity drainage where gas migrates updip and oil downdip in high dip reservoirs.
This document provides information about reservoir engineering. It discusses how reservoir engineers use tools like subsurface geology, mathematics, and physics/chemistry to understand fluid behavior in reservoirs. It also describes different well classes used for injection/extraction, environmental impacts of enhanced oil recovery, and various reservoir engineering techniques like simulation modeling, production surveillance, and evaluating volumetric sweep efficiency. Thermal and chemical enhanced oil recovery methods are explained, including gas, steam, polymer, surfactant, microbial and in-situ combustion injection.
1. Unconventional resources like shale gas and tight sands have low permeability and require techniques like hydraulic fracturing to produce commercially.
2. Shales can serve as both the source and reservoir for oil and gas, containing the hydrocarbons within their organic-rich matrix.
3. Characterizing shale reservoirs involves analyzing their depositional environment, thermal maturity, total organic carbon, porosity, permeability, and gas content to identify potential "sweet spots" for production.
1) Sedimentary basins are regions where thick layers of sediment have accumulated, up to 20 km deep in some cases. They form primarily through the extension of tectonic plates.
2) Most sedimentary basins contain source rocks rich in organic matter that generate hydrocarbons like oil and gas during burial and heating over geological time.
3) If the right combination of source, reservoir, seal and timing conditions exist within a sedimentary basin, significant accumulations of oil and gas can be discovered and produced from conventional reservoirs.
This document provides information on estimating oil and gas reserves. It defines various classifications of reserves from proven to unproven, and how reserves are estimated using volumetric, material balance, and production performance methods. The key classifications discussed are proven and probable reserves, with proven reserves having a 90% certainty of recovery and probable having 50% certainty. Volumetric estimation calculates initial hydrocarbon volumes using parameters like rock volume, porosity, fluid properties, and recovery factors.
What is tight reservoir?
To Understanding Tight Oil
Principle Types of Tight Reservoir; CHARACTERISTIC OF TIGHT RESERVOIR; FACTORS TO CONSIDER FOR TIGHT RESERVOIR; LOGGING IN TIGHT RESERVOIR;TECHNIQUES TO PRODUCE FROM TIGHT RESERVOIR; Light Tight Oil (LTO) Recovery; TIGHT OIL CHALLENGES; TIGHT OIL SOLUTIONS; WORLD ESTIMATE of TIGHT OIL
This document discusses key properties of crude oil, including:
1) Oil is classified based on properties like specific gravity, viscosity, density, etc. with specific gravity and viscosity most commonly used. Specific gravity is represented by API gravity which ranges from 8 to 58 degrees.
2) Bubble point pressure is the pressure at which a small amount of gas is in equilibrium with oil. When pressure drops below this point, gas is liberated from the oil.
3) Other properties discussed include formation volume factor (ratio of reservoir to surface volumes), solution gas-oil ratio (amount of gas dissolved in oil), and compressibility (change in volume with pressure change).
The document discusses various natural reservoir drive mechanisms that provide energy for hydrocarbon production including:
1) Solution gas drive where dissolved gas expands due to pressure drop, providing 5-25% oil recovery.
2) Gas cap drive where free gas expansion drives production, providing 20-40% oil recovery.
3) Water drive where aquifer water influx provides pressure to displace oil, providing 35-75% oil recovery.
4) Gravity drainage where gas migrates updip and oil downdip in high dip reservoirs.
The document discusses resources and reserves in the oil and gas industry. It defines resources as total quantities of discovered and undiscovered petroleum, divided into discovered and undiscovered quantities initially in place. Reserves are classified according to certainty levels of proved, probable and possible. Reserves must be recoverable under economic conditions from known accumulations. Estimation involves volumetric, material balance and production decline analysis, considering future development projects. Regular validation through reserves reconciliation is important.
1) Gas hydrates are solid mixtures of natural gas and water that trap gas molecules in ice lattices, containing up to 180 times as much gas by volume as under standard conditions.
2) Global estimates indicate there is over 700,000 Tcf of methane trapped in gas hydrates, twice as much carbon as in all other fossil fuels combined, representing a potential future energy source.
3) Release of methane from destabilized gas hydrates could significantly impact climate change due to methane's high global warming potential, and the breakdown of hydrates may also trigger submarine landslides.
Unconventional petroleum refers to oil and gas deposits that require advanced extraction technologies and greater investment compared to conventional methods. It includes sources like oil sands, oil shales, coal-based liquids, and gas from shale formations and coal beds that has not migrated from its source rock. While more difficult to extract, unconventional sources are increasingly important as conventional reserves dwindle and new technologies make extraction economically viable.
Introduction to Reservoir Rock & Fluid PropertiesM.T.H Group
This document discusses reservoir rock properties and how core samples are used to characterize reservoirs. Reservoir rocks must have porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids. Core samples provide information on lithology, porosity, permeability and other properties essential for evaluating a reservoir's fluid storage and flow capabilities. Whole core samples are most representative but sidewall cores provide additional data points. Both core types are analyzed to understand factors like relative permeability needed for reservoir modeling and production forecasting.
The document outlines the life cycle of oil and gas wells, including planning, drilling, completion, production, and abandonment phases. It describes the planning process including well classification and formation pressure considerations. Key aspects of drilling are discussed such as rig types, crews, casing, and use of drilling mud to remove cuttings from the wellbore.
This document provides an overview of advanced well testing concepts and objectives. It aims to upgrade engineers' knowledge to prepare them for professional well testing positions. Key topics covered include: linking measurement data to customer decisions; understanding well testing equipment; preparing for different well conditions; and qualifying engineers to discuss business plans with customers. The course outlines topics such as reservoir properties, well testing purposes and equipment, testing various well types, and meeting customer needs for each test.
WHY IS A RESERVES DEFINITION NEEDED?;
Classification Framework; Proven Reserves; Unproven reserves; Resources; RESERVES UNCERTAINTY CATEGORIES; PROJECT MATURITY SUB-CLASSES; PETROLEUM RESOURCES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PROJECT STAGESOIL AND GAS PROJECT EVALUATION STAGES; OIL AND GAS PROJECT EVALUATION; PROJECT EVALUATION ; PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS (POSG)
This document discusses reservoir characteristics, rock and fluid properties, and drive mechanisms. It provides information on:
1) Techniques like seismic data, well logging, core analysis, and well testing that are used to understand the reservoir and develop an accurate reservoir model.
2) Reservoir characteristics including rock type, porosity, permeability, and factors that allow hydrocarbon accumulation like sufficient pore space and traps.
3) Rock properties such as porosity, permeability, and how they impact fluid flow.
4) Fluid properties including phase behavior under varying pressures and temperatures, properties of different fluid types, and sampling techniques.
5) Common experiments done to analyze reservoir fluids using pressure-volume-temperature cells
This document discusses methods for calculating hydrocarbon volumes in reservoirs, including volumetric and material balance methods. It provides details on calculating oil, gas, and total hydrocarbon volumes based on parameters like porosity, net thickness, and saturation. It also covers reservoir drive mechanisms that can provide energy for hydrocarbon production, such as solution gas drive, gas cap drive, water drive, compaction drive, and combination drives. Reservoir performance data like pressure trends and gas-oil ratios can help identify the active drive mechanism.
- Reservoirs are classified based on the composition of hydrocarbons present, initial reservoir pressure and temperature, and the pressure and temperature of produced fluids.
- A pressure-temperature diagram is used to classify reservoirs and describe the phase behavior of reservoir fluids, delineating the liquid, gas, and two-phase regions.
- Based on the diagram, reservoirs are classified as oil reservoirs if the temperature is below the critical temperature, and gas reservoirs if above the critical temperature.
This document provides an overview of the oil and gas production and shipping industry, including exploration, upstream production facilities, midstream facilities, and transportation. It describes the key stages and facilities involved, from exploration and drilling to separation, processing, storage, pipelines and export. The upstream section involves wellheads, manifolds, separation and processing facilities. Midstream includes gas plants for processing, pipelines for transportation, and LNG facilities for liquefaction and regasification. Various offshore and onshore production structures are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of fundamental reservoir fluid properties and concepts. It discusses sampling and analyzing reservoir fluids, classifying hydrocarbons and their phase behaviors. Key fluid properties like gas, liquid, and formation water characteristics are examined. Common hydrocarbon types and compositions in crude oil and natural gas are also outlined. Fundamental reservoir engineering concepts involving hydrocarbon reserves calculations and fluid flow are reviewed.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering Module-1Aijaz Ali Mooro
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of petroleum engineering. It outlines the key topics that will be covered, including what petroleum engineering entails, how petroleum is formed and its chemical composition, fractional distillation processes for crude oil, the history of oil production in Nigeria, and an overview of production sharing contracts. The learning objectives are to understand the basics of the petroleum engineering field and various upstream oil and gas industry concepts and processes.
The document provides information on different types of oil and gas drilling rigs used on land and offshore. It describes key components and uses of land rigs, as well as differences between light, medium, and heavy duty land rigs. For offshore rigs, it discusses jackup rigs, gravity platforms, semisubmersibles, tension leg platforms, spars, drillships and their applications in different water depths. Specific rigs like the Berkut and Seastars platforms are also summarized.
The efficiency of enhanced oil recovery method is a measure of the ability to provide greater hydrocarbon recovery than by natural depletion, at an economically attractive production rate.
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/petroleumengineeringz
Blogspot: http://petroleumengineeringsociety.blogspot.com/
This document discusses unconventional reservoirs and shale gas. It begins with defining unconventional resources as hydrocarbon reservoirs with low permeability and porosity that are difficult to produce. Shale gas is then introduced as natural gas trapped in shale formations. The document outlines a roadmap for identifying and developing shale plays, including geological, geophysical, geochemical, and geomechanical approaches. Key factors like total organic carbon content, thermal maturity, and brittleness are examined. The concept of a "sweet spot" is introduced as the most prospective volumes within a shale play, characterized by properties like thickness and permeability. The document concludes with thanking the audience.
The document provides an introduction and overview of offshore oil drilling operations. It discusses the reasons for offshore drilling given increasing global oil demand. It then reviews the history of offshore drilling from early platforms constructed in the late 1800s to modern large rigs. The document outlines the main steps in offshore drilling including exploration, leasing land, installing casing, cementing, connecting blowout preventers, and drilling. It also describes how wells are evaluated to determine if oil reserves are producible. Mobile drilling platforms commonly used are also identified.
Apresentação de Victor Manuel Salazar Araque, da Computer Modelling Group, durante o evento promovido pelo Sistema FIEB, Fundamentos da Exploração e Produção de Não Convencionais: a Experiência Canadense.
This document discusses shale gas, including its formation, extraction through hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, presence worldwide and in India, benefits and concerns. Shale gas forms from natural gas trapped within shale rock formations thousands of feet underground. It is extracted through hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. While shale gas is a viable energy source and cleaner than other fossil fuels, there are environmental and social concerns around its extraction methods and impacts. The document outlines the current state of shale gas production globally and potential for development in India.
Oil shale technology involves extracting kerogen from sedimentary rock to produce synthetic crude oil. There are over 10 trillion barrels of in-place oil shale resources worldwide, with significant deposits in the United States, Russia, and China. Current extraction methods include in-situ heating of shale deposits to produce oil and gas. While the technology is advancing, full commercial production is still 15-20 years away due to high costs. Future development depends on oil prices remaining over $40 per barrel.
The document discusses resources and reserves in the oil and gas industry. It defines resources as total quantities of discovered and undiscovered petroleum, divided into discovered and undiscovered quantities initially in place. Reserves are classified according to certainty levels of proved, probable and possible. Reserves must be recoverable under economic conditions from known accumulations. Estimation involves volumetric, material balance and production decline analysis, considering future development projects. Regular validation through reserves reconciliation is important.
1) Gas hydrates are solid mixtures of natural gas and water that trap gas molecules in ice lattices, containing up to 180 times as much gas by volume as under standard conditions.
2) Global estimates indicate there is over 700,000 Tcf of methane trapped in gas hydrates, twice as much carbon as in all other fossil fuels combined, representing a potential future energy source.
3) Release of methane from destabilized gas hydrates could significantly impact climate change due to methane's high global warming potential, and the breakdown of hydrates may also trigger submarine landslides.
Unconventional petroleum refers to oil and gas deposits that require advanced extraction technologies and greater investment compared to conventional methods. It includes sources like oil sands, oil shales, coal-based liquids, and gas from shale formations and coal beds that has not migrated from its source rock. While more difficult to extract, unconventional sources are increasingly important as conventional reserves dwindle and new technologies make extraction economically viable.
Introduction to Reservoir Rock & Fluid PropertiesM.T.H Group
This document discusses reservoir rock properties and how core samples are used to characterize reservoirs. Reservoir rocks must have porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids. Core samples provide information on lithology, porosity, permeability and other properties essential for evaluating a reservoir's fluid storage and flow capabilities. Whole core samples are most representative but sidewall cores provide additional data points. Both core types are analyzed to understand factors like relative permeability needed for reservoir modeling and production forecasting.
The document outlines the life cycle of oil and gas wells, including planning, drilling, completion, production, and abandonment phases. It describes the planning process including well classification and formation pressure considerations. Key aspects of drilling are discussed such as rig types, crews, casing, and use of drilling mud to remove cuttings from the wellbore.
This document provides an overview of advanced well testing concepts and objectives. It aims to upgrade engineers' knowledge to prepare them for professional well testing positions. Key topics covered include: linking measurement data to customer decisions; understanding well testing equipment; preparing for different well conditions; and qualifying engineers to discuss business plans with customers. The course outlines topics such as reservoir properties, well testing purposes and equipment, testing various well types, and meeting customer needs for each test.
WHY IS A RESERVES DEFINITION NEEDED?;
Classification Framework; Proven Reserves; Unproven reserves; Resources; RESERVES UNCERTAINTY CATEGORIES; PROJECT MATURITY SUB-CLASSES; PETROLEUM RESOURCES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PROJECT STAGESOIL AND GAS PROJECT EVALUATION STAGES; OIL AND GAS PROJECT EVALUATION; PROJECT EVALUATION ; PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS (POSG)
This document discusses reservoir characteristics, rock and fluid properties, and drive mechanisms. It provides information on:
1) Techniques like seismic data, well logging, core analysis, and well testing that are used to understand the reservoir and develop an accurate reservoir model.
2) Reservoir characteristics including rock type, porosity, permeability, and factors that allow hydrocarbon accumulation like sufficient pore space and traps.
3) Rock properties such as porosity, permeability, and how they impact fluid flow.
4) Fluid properties including phase behavior under varying pressures and temperatures, properties of different fluid types, and sampling techniques.
5) Common experiments done to analyze reservoir fluids using pressure-volume-temperature cells
This document discusses methods for calculating hydrocarbon volumes in reservoirs, including volumetric and material balance methods. It provides details on calculating oil, gas, and total hydrocarbon volumes based on parameters like porosity, net thickness, and saturation. It also covers reservoir drive mechanisms that can provide energy for hydrocarbon production, such as solution gas drive, gas cap drive, water drive, compaction drive, and combination drives. Reservoir performance data like pressure trends and gas-oil ratios can help identify the active drive mechanism.
- Reservoirs are classified based on the composition of hydrocarbons present, initial reservoir pressure and temperature, and the pressure and temperature of produced fluids.
- A pressure-temperature diagram is used to classify reservoirs and describe the phase behavior of reservoir fluids, delineating the liquid, gas, and two-phase regions.
- Based on the diagram, reservoirs are classified as oil reservoirs if the temperature is below the critical temperature, and gas reservoirs if above the critical temperature.
This document provides an overview of the oil and gas production and shipping industry, including exploration, upstream production facilities, midstream facilities, and transportation. It describes the key stages and facilities involved, from exploration and drilling to separation, processing, storage, pipelines and export. The upstream section involves wellheads, manifolds, separation and processing facilities. Midstream includes gas plants for processing, pipelines for transportation, and LNG facilities for liquefaction and regasification. Various offshore and onshore production structures are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of fundamental reservoir fluid properties and concepts. It discusses sampling and analyzing reservoir fluids, classifying hydrocarbons and their phase behaviors. Key fluid properties like gas, liquid, and formation water characteristics are examined. Common hydrocarbon types and compositions in crude oil and natural gas are also outlined. Fundamental reservoir engineering concepts involving hydrocarbon reserves calculations and fluid flow are reviewed.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering Module-1Aijaz Ali Mooro
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of petroleum engineering. It outlines the key topics that will be covered, including what petroleum engineering entails, how petroleum is formed and its chemical composition, fractional distillation processes for crude oil, the history of oil production in Nigeria, and an overview of production sharing contracts. The learning objectives are to understand the basics of the petroleum engineering field and various upstream oil and gas industry concepts and processes.
The document provides information on different types of oil and gas drilling rigs used on land and offshore. It describes key components and uses of land rigs, as well as differences between light, medium, and heavy duty land rigs. For offshore rigs, it discusses jackup rigs, gravity platforms, semisubmersibles, tension leg platforms, spars, drillships and their applications in different water depths. Specific rigs like the Berkut and Seastars platforms are also summarized.
The efficiency of enhanced oil recovery method is a measure of the ability to provide greater hydrocarbon recovery than by natural depletion, at an economically attractive production rate.
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/petroleumengineeringz
Blogspot: http://petroleumengineeringsociety.blogspot.com/
This document discusses unconventional reservoirs and shale gas. It begins with defining unconventional resources as hydrocarbon reservoirs with low permeability and porosity that are difficult to produce. Shale gas is then introduced as natural gas trapped in shale formations. The document outlines a roadmap for identifying and developing shale plays, including geological, geophysical, geochemical, and geomechanical approaches. Key factors like total organic carbon content, thermal maturity, and brittleness are examined. The concept of a "sweet spot" is introduced as the most prospective volumes within a shale play, characterized by properties like thickness and permeability. The document concludes with thanking the audience.
The document provides an introduction and overview of offshore oil drilling operations. It discusses the reasons for offshore drilling given increasing global oil demand. It then reviews the history of offshore drilling from early platforms constructed in the late 1800s to modern large rigs. The document outlines the main steps in offshore drilling including exploration, leasing land, installing casing, cementing, connecting blowout preventers, and drilling. It also describes how wells are evaluated to determine if oil reserves are producible. Mobile drilling platforms commonly used are also identified.
Apresentação de Victor Manuel Salazar Araque, da Computer Modelling Group, durante o evento promovido pelo Sistema FIEB, Fundamentos da Exploração e Produção de Não Convencionais: a Experiência Canadense.
This document discusses shale gas, including its formation, extraction through hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, presence worldwide and in India, benefits and concerns. Shale gas forms from natural gas trapped within shale rock formations thousands of feet underground. It is extracted through hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. While shale gas is a viable energy source and cleaner than other fossil fuels, there are environmental and social concerns around its extraction methods and impacts. The document outlines the current state of shale gas production globally and potential for development in India.
Oil shale technology involves extracting kerogen from sedimentary rock to produce synthetic crude oil. There are over 10 trillion barrels of in-place oil shale resources worldwide, with significant deposits in the United States, Russia, and China. Current extraction methods include in-situ heating of shale deposits to produce oil and gas. While the technology is advancing, full commercial production is still 15-20 years away due to high costs. Future development depends on oil prices remaining over $40 per barrel.
This document is an undergraduate graduation project on unconventional oil shale and shale gas. It contains an introduction that defines oil shale as a fine-grained sedimentary rock containing organic matter that yields oil and gas upon heating. It was deposited in various environments like lakes and swamps. The document consists of 8 chapters that discuss topics like the origin and composition of oil shale, exploration techniques, extraction methods, global resources and production, and an introduction to shale gas. It aims to provide an overview of unconventional oil and gas resources to undergraduate students.
This document discusses the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which coordinates oil production policies for 12 member countries that collectively produce around 40% of the world's crude oil. OPEC aims to stabilize oil prices through setting production quotas. It has faced criticism as its share of global oil production has declined from dominance in the 1980s due to growth in non-OPEC suppliers like Canada and Russia. While OPEC still exerts influence over prices by adjusting quotas, its ability to control the market unilaterally has diminished over time as demand has increasingly been met by non-member countries.
OPEC is an intergovernmental organization formed in 1960 by 12 oil producing countries. It is headquartered in Vienna, Austria and aims to coordinate oil policies among member countries to stabilize oil prices in international markets. Current members include Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. OPEC influences global oil prices through setting individual production quotas for members that collectively determine supply in international markets. Fluctuations in OPEC's quotas and international oil prices have significant economic impacts on both producing and consuming countries like India.
This document provides an overview of basic drilling for WE ADP 2014. It discusses the reasons for drilling wells, including gaining subsurface information and allowing communication between the surface and underground for hydrocarbon and fluid production or injection. It also describes the different types of wells including wildcat, appraisal, production, and in-filled wells. The document outlines the key components of drilling a well, including the surface, intermediate, and production sections; casing; cementing; logging; and perforating. It provides details on rig systems, equipment used in well construction like casing, mud, and downhole tools, as well as formation evaluation and well completion. Risks associated with drilling operations and working on the rig are also summarized.
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries - OPEC - International Busi...manumelwin
OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is an oil cartel whose mission is to coordinate the policies of the oil-producing countries. The goal is to secure a steady income to the member states and to secure supply of oil to the consumers.
Shale Gas | SPE YP Egypt Educational WeekAhmed Omar
This presentation is a result of intensive search about unconventional shale gas resources. These slides was presented at SPE Egyptian section educational week.
Authors :
Karim Magdy, Suez University, karim_magdy5298@yahoo.com
Karim Mohamed Kamel, The British University in Egypt, kareem.kaml@gmail.com
Ahmed Omar Eissa, Suez University, ahmedomar92@yahoo.com
Ahmed Alhassany, Al-Azhar University, Al7assany@gmail.com
Yunus Ashour, Alazhar University Eng.yunusashour@Gmail.com
Mahmoud Elwan, Cairo University, elwan_92@hotmail.com
Mahmoud Abbas , Suez university mahmoudabbas15@gmail.com
Khaled Elnagar, Suez University
KhElnagar@outlook.com
This document outlines a presentation on shale gas storage. It discusses research questions around how gas is stored in shales and what controls sorption capacities. It provides background on the basic principles of gas storage, including adsorption, pores, and desorption kinetics. Methods that will be used include porosity measurements, methane sorption experiments, and analyzing desorption rates. The results will provide insight into how shale properties control gas storage potential.
The document summarizes the shale revolution in the United States and its impacts. It discusses how hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling have unlocked oil and gas from shale formations with low permeability. This has led to the US becoming a major producer of shale gas and shale oil. However, the document notes that total US natural gas and crude oil production has peaked, as additions from new shale wells no longer compensate for declines in conventional production. It concludes that while the shale revolution is a reality in the US, it remains a myth elsewhere due to the need for higher prices to be profitable. The US also still imports a significant portion of its oil, so energy independence claims are still more myth than reality.
This document summarizes a presentation on modern shale gas development. It discusses how advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing have made shale gas production economically viable in recent years. It provides an overview of major shale gas plays in the US and details of the geology, drilling, fracturing process and environmental considerations of shale gas development. The presentation emphasizes how horizontal drilling reduces surface impacts compared to vertical wells and discusses water sourcing, reuse and disposal in different shale basins.
Shale gas, an emerging concept presently popular only in few regions (namely U.S., Canada) and industries has the potential to impact global energy industry significantly.
The document provides an overview of shale gas exploration in the UK, including:
1) It explains the process of shale gas extraction, which involves drilling horizontally and using hydraulic fracturing to release natural gas trapped in shale rock formations deep underground.
2) It acknowledges some of the environmental and social risks of shale gas extraction such as water usage, induced seismicity, and community impacts, and outlines the regulatory framework and monitoring in place.
3) It argues that shale gas could make a substantial contribution to the UK's energy needs and help reduce reliance on imports as North Sea gas production declines, while having a relatively small surface footprint compared to other energy sources.
Hydraulic fracturing is necessary to produce economic quantities of gas from shale reservoirs with very low permeability. Complex fracture geometry is important to maximize contact between the fracture and reservoir. The fracturing process involves pumping fluid to create fractures, then a slurry of proppant to prop open the fractures. Proppant and fluid selection depends on factors like embedment and closure stress. While aspects like rate, volume, and proppant quantity can be controlled, the natural variations in shale make the exact fracture geometry and productivity impacts difficult to predict. Monitoring tools provide some insight into the fracture treatment results.
OPEC acts as a cartel by controlling the global supply of oil in order to influence prices. As a cartel, OPEC sets production quotas for its members with the goal of maintaining high oil prices. However, the incentive for individual members to cheat on quotas and increase production for higher profits challenges the stability of the cartel. While OPEC was able to significantly impact oil prices in the short-run when demand and supply are inelastic, the cartel has struggled to maintain high prices in the long-run as demand and supply of oil become more elastic. The rise of non-OPEC oil producers has also eroded OPEC's ability to single-handedly control global oil supply and
Vidéo de la présentation lors de l'université d'été de la fondation e5t en août 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YlHudS3BO8 (10 min)
Le transcript de la présentation:
http://leseconoclastes.fr/2015/03/quelle-est-la-mobilite-du-futur/
The document discusses various unconventional hydrocarbon resources including heavy oil and tar sands, oil shale, gas hydrates, coal bed methane, and shale gas. It provides details on their geology, extraction methods, challenges, and key properties affecting production. Thermal methods like steam injection and electrical heating are used to extract heavy oil and tar sands. In situ conversion process and hydraulic fracturing improve extraction of oil shale and shale gas respectively.
Wac ncc091511 ascent,unconventional oil,northamericaDavid Edick Jr
The document discusses the rise of unconventional oil production in North America from oil sands and tight oil plays. It provides an overview of Canadian oil sands reserves and production forecasts, describing the primary production and upgrading processes. It also summarizes the Bakken tight oil formation in North Dakota, including its geology and significant production growth. The document notes debates around environmental impacts and challenges of regulatory oversight for oil sands and the potential for other North American shale trends.
What is fracking? What is retorting? How can it be done? Why should India go for extracting the shales?
This is a brief introduction to all the answers you might be wanting regarding shale gas and shale oil......
After all this is a research in progress in which India has a huge potential!
This document discusses shale gas, an unconventional source of natural gas found in shale rock formations hundreds of meters underground. It can be extracted through hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. While shale gas can increase energy supply and reduce dependence on foreign oil, there are environmental concerns about potential groundwater contamination and impacts on wildlife habitats and communities. The document also outlines the global distribution of shale gas resources and debates around the pros and cons of developing this energy source.
This document discusses shale gas, an unconventional source of natural gas found in shale rock formations hundreds of meters underground. It can be extracted through hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. While shale gas can increase energy supply and reduce dependence on foreign oil, there are environmental concerns about potential groundwater contamination and impacts on wildlife habitats and communities. The document also outlines the global distribution of shale gas resources and debates around the pros and cons of developing this energy source.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on gas hydrates. It defines gas hydrates as crystalline solids composed of water and gas molecules trapped in water cavities. Gas hydrates form under conditions of low temperature and high pressure in marine sediments and arctic permafrost. They contain vast quantities of methane globally and production methods include depressurization, thermal stimulation, and injecting carbon dioxide or inhibitors. The document outlines the occurrence, structure, and formation of gas hydrates as well as production techniques and their potential role as a future energy source and in climate change.
The document discusses shale and shale gas. It describes shale as a sedimentary rock made of clay particles that is low permeability. Shale gas is natural gas stored in shale formations. New technologies like horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing have allowed for increased shale gas extraction by cracking the shale and propping it open with sand. These technologies have led to a shale gas boom in the United States, increasing natural gas production and reducing prices.
State & Federal Regulation of Hydraulic Fracturing: A Comparative AnalysisDan Arthur
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I hope this ppt be useful & helpful to people working on this topic :)
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3. What is a petroleum system?
• Definition • Conventional system
– A petroleum system – Elements are separate
encompasses a pod of • Unconventional system
active source rock and all
genetically related oil and – Number of Elements can be the
gas accumulations. same
– E.g. shale source and reservoir
Elements
– Source rock
– Reservoir rock
– Seal rock
– Overburden rock
http://petroleumsupport.com
4. How long unconventional?
• Unconventional is a time specific term
• Over the next 20 years, shale gas is
destined to grow from 15% of US gas
production to roughly 50% of production.
• Eventually unconventional may become
conventional?
5. What is the influence of technology?
• 1970s - The Huron Shale. United States
government and Gas Research Institute
initiated the Eastern Gas Shales Project, a
set of dozens of public-private hydro-
fracturing, and horizontal drilling pilot
projects.
• 1977 - Department of Energy pioneered
massive hydraulic fracturing in tight
sandstone formations.
• 1997 - The Barnett Shale. Mitchell Energy
developed the hydraulic fracturing
technique known as "slickwater
fracturing" that made shale gas extraction
economical.
• 2002 - Horizontal drilling in the Barnett
Shale began .
• 2012 - represents over 30% Texas’s total Slick water fracturing : involves adding
gas production and over 15,000 wells. chemicals to water to increase the fluid
flow. Twice as fast as normal.
6. What is in a typical fracking fluid?
Component/Additive Percent Volume
Type
Example Compound(s) Purpose (vol) (gal)
Water Deliver proppant 90 2,700,000
Proppant Silica, quartz sand Keep fractures open to allow gas flow out 9.51 285,300
Acid Hydrochloric acid Dissolve minerals, initiate cracks in the rock 0.123 3,690
Friction reducer Polyacrylamide, mineral oil Minimize friction between fluid and the pipe 0.088 2,640
Surfactant Isopropanol Increase the viscosity of the fluid 0.085 2,550
Potassium chloride Create a brine carrier fluid 0.06 1,800
Gelling agent Guar gum, hydroxyethyl cellulose Thicken the fluid to suspend the proppant 0.056 1,680
Scale inhibitor Ethylene glycol Prevent scale deposits in the pipe 0.043 1,290
pH adjusting agent Sodium or potassium carbonate Maintain the effectiveness of other components 0.011 330
Breaker Ammonium persulfate Allow delayed breakdown of the gel 0.01 300
Crosslinker Borate salts Maintain fluid viscosity as temperature increases 0.007 210
Iron control Citric acid Prevent precipitation of metal oxides 0.004 120
Corrosion inhibitor N, n-dimethyl formamide Prevent pipe corrosion 0.002 60
Biocide Glutaraldehyde Eliminate bacteria 0.001 30
7. Where is shale found?
http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/
• Numerous shales occur throughout the world
• A number of significant shales are in Europe
• Unconventional hydrocarbons in shales are of interest to
many nations
8. What is the potential of u/c
hydrocarbons in shales?
• Figure shows the technically
recoverable shale gas resource
and the fraction which has
already been produced in the US.
• Only between one and three
percent has been produced.
• The size of the remaining
resource illustrated the future
importance of shale gas.
• New and developing plays are
omitted.
US Shale Gas Technically
Recoverable Resources and
Cumulative Production
9. What is the connection between shale
gas and shale oil?
• Late 2000s
• Barnett success led to tight reservoir
production elsewhere
• Bakken tight oil reservoir gave
encouraging signs
• Operators of Texas Eagle Ford play
(which began as a shale gas play in
dry gas window) began drilling into
wet gas window and finally oil
window, successfully.
• Most other shale gas plays have
potential oil and wet gas windows
• The production of shale oil has
increased dramatically since 2009
10. How do economics affect shale oil ?
• Shale gas production is commercial at gas prices in excess of $4 per million
BTU (although preferably should approach $8 per million BTU)
• The Henry Hub US benchmark dropped below $4 in mid-2011 and shale
gas production is now not commercial
• Because of high oil prices shale oil currently has better economics,
encouraging oil production
11. What is a good shale oil/gas target?
• Shales that host economic quantities
of gas and oil have a number of
common properties.
• Rich in organic material 0.5% to 25%
– total organic carbon
• Mature petroleum source rocks
– Shale oil - thermogenic oil window, where
high heat and pressure have converted
kerogen to petroleum
– Shale gas - thermogenic gas window,
where high heat and pressure have
converted petroleum to natural gas
• Correct rock type
– Sufficiently brittle and rigid enough to
maintain open fractures.
13. Where are organic rich shales today?
• Coastal margin sediments
Productivity
– Over 90% organic carbon
Anoxia
• High productivity
– 6% organic carbon
• Anoxic environments
– 1% organic carbon
• In the past
– Anoxic environments more
important
Coastal margins
14. What is the effect of the water
column?
• Surface organic matter descends
• During its passage to the deep ocean,
marine organic matter decomposes
in the water column, releasing CO2.
– 90 % recycled in surface waters 100 % organic matter
– 9 % recycled in deeper waters produced by
• Around 1% of this organic matter photosynthesis
reaches the sea-bed intact.
• Once incorporated in the sediment, 90 % recycled in
OMZ
degradation continues 10 %
surface waters
– Aerobic and anaerobic organisms
• 0.1% of the original surface water
organic matter preserved. 9 % recycled in
1%
• Can be enhanced deeper waters
– High primary productivity
– Accelerated sinking rates
– Rapid burial 0.9 % recycled
0.1 % buried
• Low energy, low oxygen on sea bed
environments
– Several types exist
15. How does sea level affect shales?
Transgressive
high sea level
• Transgressions
– Oxygen minimum
anoxia shelf
zone covers shelf
• Proximity to land
– High nutrient supply
Regressive – High productivity
swamp
low sea level
• High sea level
shelf
– Widespread shale
anoxia
deposition
16. How are shales distributed through
time?
• Distribution
– uneven
• Favourable conditions
– transgressions
– warm climate
– anoxia
• Periods
– Tertiary
– Early Cretaceous
– Late Jurassic
– Late Carboniferous
– Late Devonian
more recent – Silurian
Klemme & Ulmishek 1991
18. How does maturity affect oil and gas
generation?
• As Black Shale is buried, it is heated
(usually at 30°C km-1).
• Organic matter is first changed by the
increase in temperature into kerogen,
which is a solid form of
hydrocarbons.
• The oil window is an interval in the
subsurface where liquid is generated
and expelled from the source rocks.
• The oil window is often found in the
75-150°C interval (approx. 2-4 km
depth).
• The gas window is found in the 100-
220°C interval (4-6 km depth).
• Above 220°C the gas is destroyed
19. How does maturity influence
compound size?
• Alkane mixtures with depth
– variable distribution
• source and maturity
• Green River Shale, Colorado
• Shallow
– C17 mode
• algal source
– Odd C29, C31 & C33
• land plant source
• Deep
– C23 mode
• algal source
– Odd molecules lost
• maturation
20. How does maturity influence
unconventional petroleum?
• “Immature” “black” shale on the Oil extraction
surface or in shallow depths, where Burial by artificial
T°< 60°-80°C, so no petroleum is pyrolysis (in-
generated naturally. situ or after
• Rock can represents an oil shale mining)
target. 60°- 80° C
• Oil generation & expulsion to Shale-oil
OIL WINDOW
conventional traps. extraction by
• Residual shale represents shale oil hydraulic
reservoir. OIL fracking
• Gas generation from maturity & 110°-130° C
cracking and expulsion to
conventional traps. GAS WINDOW Shale-gas
• Residual gas represents shale gas extraction by
reservoir. hydraulic
fracking
GAS
23. Eagle Ford shale
• Deposition
– Deposited in Upper Cretaceous between
~92 and 88 Ma
– Marine transgression
– Sea level depths about 100 m
– Deposited about 20-50 km from the shore.
– Lower section of the Eagle Ford consists of
organic-rich, pyritic, and fossiliferous
marine shales
– Marks the the deepest water during Eagle
Ford deposition
• Field setting
– Crops out near the town of Eagle Ford,
Texas
– Dips steadily south to over 4,500m deep in
the East
24. Eagle Ford shale maturity
Depth & maturity
Oil
Wet gas
Dry gas
• The Eagle Ford play produces oil, condensate, gas and finally drier gas as
drilling proceeds down dip (to the bottom right).
• The various petroleum types are a direct response to maturity.
25. Eagle Ford play
• Eagle Ford Shale
– Could be the sixth largest U.S. oilfield ever
discovered and the largest in forty years
– shale 76m thick over a 40 by 80 km area
– Originally known as a source rock, for the
Austin Chalk and other oil and gas bearing
zones in South Texas
• Production
– Advances in horizontal drilling technology
and hydraulic fracturing made economic
production possible
– Operators realised they could recover
liquids
– Oil production has increased 40 fold in a
few years
– In 2010, EOG resources estimated the oil
reserves in the Eagle Ford Shale at more
than a trillion barrels.
– Now other initially shale gas plays are
being assessed for oil – positive data
26. Rock type and fracturing
• Geology can aid production
• The Eagle Ford shale has a
carbonate content up to 70%
calcite
• Makes it very brittle and easily
fractured during stimulation
• Effectively fractured rocks result
in impressive production figures
of both oil and gas
28. The Bakken Formation
• Distribution
– Underlies parts of Montana, North
Dakota, and Saskatchewan.
– The formation is entirely in the
subsurface, and has no surface
outcrop.
– Oil was first discovered within the
Bakken in 1951
– Historically, efforts to produce the
Bakken have encountered difficulties
29. The Bakken Formation
• Deposition
– Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous
(360 Ma)
– Three Forks Formation consists of
shallow marine to terrestrial
sediments
– Lower Bakken shale deposited in
shallow marine anoxic conditions.
– Middle Bakken variable rocks
associated with drop in sea level and
influx of sedimentary material into
near-shore environments.
– Upper Bakken shale member
deposited in resumed anoxic
conditions
– Overlying Lodgepole Formation was
deposited in oxidizing conditions
Anglo & Buatois 2012
30. The Bakken Formation
• Occupies about 520,000 km2 of the subsurface of the Williston Basin
• The Bakken is 46 m thick in NW North Dakota and it thins to the SE
• Upper and lower members consist of hard, siliceous, black organic-rich shales which form
effective seals for the middle member
• The middle member comprises five variable lithologies, from siltstones to fine-grained
sandstone and limestone, all with low permeability and porosity
• It is the temporary switch to oxygen-rich conditions that produced the shale-silt-shale
sandwich in the Bakken formation
31. Bakken maturity
• Rapid subsidence in the Cretaceous took the
Bakken shales into the oil window
• Bakken shales are mature
• Oil has been generated relatively recently
– 310 Myr after source rock deposition
Nordeng & LeFever 2008
32. Charging the Bakken reservoir
• The middle Bakken dolomite member is
the principal oil reservoir (at ~3.2 km
depth) Tight limestone
• Once the Bakken organic-rich shales are in
the oil window, they try to expel oil to all
directions Source rock Upper Bakken
• They are sealed from above and below by (oil source)
tight limestones so they expel the oil
towards the more porous dolomite
• Porosities in the Bakken dolomites
Porous rocks Middle Bakken
average about 5%, and permeabilities are (oil reservoir)
very low, averaging 0.04 millidarcies.
• However, the presence of horizontal Source rock Lower Bakken
fractures makes the dolomites an (oil source)
excellent candidate for horizontal drilling
• Overpressure generated by the oil may Tight limestone
produce micro-fractures thereby
enhancing their permeability
33. Bakken production
• Early drilling and completion techniques
made the Bakken uneconomic
• Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing
boosted well production in 2008
• In April 2008, the USGS report estimated
the amount of technically recoverable oil
at 3.0 to 4.3 billion barrels
• By the end of 2010 oil production rates
had reached 458,000 barrels (72,800 m3)
per day outstripping the capacity to ship
oil out of the Bakken
• Various other estimates place the total
reserves, recoverable and non-
recoverable with today's technology, at up
to 24 billion barrels.
35. Organic matter in sediments
Types of organic matter in sediments
Total rock
Analytical methods
Total organic matter
minerals
• Bitumen (soluble)
- solvent extraction
- fractionation
Bitumen (soluble) • Kerogen (insoluble)
kerogen - pyrolysis (thermal
(insoluble) degradation)
- chemical degradation
- spectroscopic techniques
asphaltenes
- IR, UV, NMR
aromatic hydrocarbons & resins
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons (H & C) C,H,S & N molecules
Mol. Wt. < 600 au Mol. Wt. > 500 au
36. Kerogen Types
• Type I kerogens
– Lacustrine organic matter
– High H/C (> 1.5), Low O/C (< 0.1)
• Type II kerogens
– Marine organic matter
– High H/C (~0.1), Low O/C (~0.1)
• Type III kerogens
– Land organic matter
– Low H/C (<0.1), High O/C (<0.3)
• Type IV kerogens
– No petroleum potential
37. Kerogen structure
Oil prone Gas prone
• Kerogen chemistry • Kerogen type
– Composed of biopolymers – Type I = long aliphatic chains
– Aliphatic or aromatic – Type II = medium aliphatic chains
– Proportions determine “kerogen type” – Type III = aromatic rings, short chains
38. Kerogen type and petroleum
Type I Type II Type III Type IV
WAX OIL NONE
39. Kerogen type and shale oil
• Type I Type I Type II
– Produces ‘waxy’ crude
– Flow assurance is the critical issue
– Risk of the crude oil solidifying in
flow equipment, for example when
exposed to low temperatures in the
oceans.
– The technology to solve these
problems exists
– Chemical additives, down-hole
pumps, heated pipelines
• Type II
– Produces normal crude
– Flow problems are absent WAX OIL
– Relative simplicity is economically
attractive
40. Kerogen types in the UK
• Type I kerogens (lacustrine) Type I
– E.g. Midland Valley,
Carboniferous
• Type II kerogens (marine)
– E.g. South England & Yorkshire ,
Jurassic
• Type III kerogens (coal swamp)
Type III
– E.g. Pennines, North West &
North East, Carboniferous
• The UK has a large amount of the
most favourable shale oil source Type II
rock starting material
• However, the correct maturity is
also needed – must be in oil
window www.bgs.ac.uk
41. UK shale oil
• Where there is oil there has
been a mature shale
• Barring further maturation
that has cracked or even
destroyed the oil a residual
oil should be present
• Oil seeps and wells are good
indicators of mature shale
Conventional wells drilled in the UK for oil
(●) and gas (●) (Harvey & Gray 2012).
42. The role of shale-oil in future
energy predictions
Can shale-oil change the “Peak Oil”
curve?
43. The news: The US will overtake Saudi Arabia’s oil output by around 2020!
(IEA, World Energy Outlook, 12 Nov. 2012)
Production of crude oil & liquids, MMBbl/day • « By around 2020, the United
States is projected to become the
US Saudi Arabia Russia largest global oil producer » and
overtake Saudi Arabia. "The result
is a continued fall in U.S. oil
imports (currently at 20% of its
needs) to the extent that North
America becomes a net oil
exporter around 2030.
• This shift will be driven primarily
by the faster-than-expected deve-
lopment of hydrocarbon resources
locked in shale and other tight
rocks that have just started to be
1990 2011 2015 2020 2025 produced by a new combination of
two technologies: hydraulic fra-
cturing and horizontal drilling.
The IEA's conclusions are partly supported by OPEC, which
acknowledged for the first time in early November 2012 that • US oil production is predicted to
shale oil would significantly diminish its share of the U.S. peak in 2020 at 11.1 MMBbl/day,
market. up from 8.1 MMBbl/day in 2011.
44. FORECASTS OF OIL
DEPLETION IN THE
WORLD:
The
“HUBBERT 1956 CURVE”
(or “Peak Oil”)
versus the
“USGS 2000 CURVE”
Extra reserves
needed
45. Hubbert Peak Graph showing that oil production has peaked in non-
OPEC and non-FSU countries
40
35
30
25
MMBbl/day
20
15
10
5
0
2000 2010
46. The production of some
countries follows the
Hubbert Curve.
Canada, however, has
modified the curve due
to the addition of oil
sands production
47. Peak oil curve in the United States: modification from 2010 onwards
Hubbert “peak oil” curve
48. Production of shale-oil could mitigate the reduction in US oil production by
producing millions of barrels per day for many years.
From: American Shale Oil, LLC (AMSO)
49. Monthly oil production in Texas, January
1988-July 2012
70
Millions of barrels 60
50
40
30
From: American Enterprise Institute website
The exponential increase in Texas crude oil production over the last two years is largely the
result of the large increase in oil production from the Eagle Ford Formation in Texas,
discovered in 2008. Eagle Ford crude production has more than doubled over the last year,
from 120 532 bbl/day in July 2011 to more than 310 000 bbl/day in July 2012.
50. World oil depletion per
Major Producer
Reserves: 1.25 trillion barrels
Depletion: 23.3 billion barrels/year
Source: National Geographic, issue 6,
2004
52. US oil production including the Green River Oil Shales (retort) (IEA)
2038
53. Historical and projected U.S. oil & gas production MMBoe/day
Unconventional gas
Conventional gas
Unconventional oil
Conventional oil
Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2012
Peak Oil line modified line?
54. Future oil price projections (from International Energy Outlook reports)
Since 2009, the price forecasts are lower, but always higher than $100/Bbl.
Historic
2000 projection
2005 projection
$US/barrel
2007 projection
2009 projection
2010 projection
2011 projection
2012 projection
55.
56. Political decisions on the management of remaining energy
sources and viable renewable ones.
Early 2000s
Affordable “Green” energy
“Easy”, cheap fossil Transition: expensive
(including energy for
fuel energy fossil fuels
transportation)
20-50 years?
This period can provide enough time
for R & D of cheap, “green” energy
sources, allowing a smooth transition
to the “era of renewables”.
This time gap can only be filled by expensive and controversial
conventional exploration in remaining remote areas of the globe
(e.g. Arctic?) plus shale-gas, shale-oil, pyrolysed oil, coalbed
methane, oil sands, gas hydrates (?). Horizontal fracking has
long been and is still used in “enhanced petroleum recovery” to
drain old, conventional oil/gas fields.
57. Without shale oil
From: “Peak of the Oil Age” by K. Aleklett, M. Höök, K. Jakobsson, M. Lardelli, S. Snowden, B. Söderbergh
Energy Policy, Volume 38, Issue 3, March 2010, Pages 1398-1414
58. CONCLUSION
• Shale-oil can only help the situation towards a renewable energy world, whenever
that comes. It is not an infinite fuel and it is expensive.
• Shale-oil could give a few extra decades of fossil fuel, in the future and soften the
collapse of the “Hubbert” curve.
• Even the “optimistic” USGS curve drops in the future.
• Shale-extracted products could give the “breathing space” needed during the
current, transitional period, when conventional, cheap petroleum is nearing its end.
Unless another renewable & affordable transportation fuel is developed, fossil fuels
will still be the most energy-efficient option.
• Current conventional exploration is focused on ultra-deep, expensive and
dangerous drilling (US Gulf of Mexico, Angola, Brazil), politically-troubled areas
(Iraq, Libya) or, remote and sensitive areas (Arctic).
• A long (100-years-plus) future for fossil fuels may only be envisaged if (i) natural
gas replaces oil in transportation and other energy needs; and, (ii) if the technology
allows the exploitation of the massive methane reserves (gas hydrates) under the
oceans.
• Shale-extracted exploration & production is now a strongly political and social
issue. The geological and engineering problems have mostly been solved.
59. CONCLUSIONS FROM IEA’s WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK, 12 Nov. 2012
• Policy makers face critical choices in reconciling energy, environmental &
economic objectives
•Changing outlook for energy production and use may redefine global
economic & geopolitical balances
• climate change slips off policy radar, the “lock-in” point moves closer
As
and the costs of inaction rise
•The gains promised by energy efficiency are within reach and are essential
to underpin a more secure and sustainable energy system