Abstract :- The current work is performed to determine the change of interfacial tension (IFT) of crude oil using alkaline salt. Ever since the discovery of crude oil it turned into one of the most important resource of the world, and since the availability of the crude oil is currently declining compared to that of its early period of production it is necessary to obtain the maximum output from the available source keeping this in mind the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques was introduced, the alkaline flooding is one of the chemical enhanced oil recovery techniques in which high pH alkaline chemicals are injected to the reservoir for recovering the residual oil, and it is one of the oldest EOR technique. This study is conducted to understand this change in IFT by using alkalis and to determine the best alkali salt.
Application: Chemical agents employed in natural gas processing include drilling fluid additives, methanol injection for freeze protection, glycol injection for hydrate inhibition, produced water treatment chemicals, foam and corrosion inhibitors, de-emulsifiers,and drag reduction agents. Chemicals are frequently administered by way of chemical injection skids.
Challenges: Level monitoring controls chemical inventory
and determines when the tanks require filling.The careful
selection and application of level controls to chemical injection systems can effectively protect against tanks running out of chemicals or overfilling.
Aromatic compound can be sulfonated directly with SO3 in commercially available continuous and batch equipment.
Conventionally sulfonation is done by sulphuric acid or oleum. But with SO3 sulfonation process has the following
advantages. It is more direct and considerably faster than the present process. It requires fewer man hours and,
therefore, is more economical. Conditions can be varied to give a wide range of products having different solubility
characteristics and combined SO3 content. Since the reaction, batch or continuous, is stoichiometric, no waste
products are formed, thus eliminating any pollution problems.
In sulfonation processes sulfur trioxide is vaporized and is brought into contact with the aromatic compound in the
presence of a gaseous diluent such as air, nitrogen or an inert hydrocarbon. It has been thought necessary to utilize
such diluent carrier gases to reduce the intensity of the reaction between the sulfur trioxide and the material being
sulfated and thereby suppress unwanted side reactions. The purpose of admixing the sulfur trioxide vapour with a
diluent gas is to reduce the partial pressure of the sulfur trioxide, so that the chance of a single molecule of the
material being sulfated or sulfonated contacting several molecules of Sulfur trioxide is reduced. Aromatic compound
is sulfonated by sulfur trioxide in sulfonation reactor.
This article is about salt chemical treatment and hot acid treatment of wells. In this case, research has covered different points of theoretical and methodological the hydrochloric acid treatment of the well. Finally, research has pinpointed on various views of outcomes and shortcomings at all. by Shukurov Abror Sharipovich 2020. Hydrochloric acid treatment of the well. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 9 (Sep. 2020), 77-79. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i9.592. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/592/566 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/592
Application: Chemical agents employed in natural gas processing include drilling fluid additives, methanol injection for freeze protection, glycol injection for hydrate inhibition, produced water treatment chemicals, foam and corrosion inhibitors, de-emulsifiers,and drag reduction agents. Chemicals are frequently administered by way of chemical injection skids.
Challenges: Level monitoring controls chemical inventory
and determines when the tanks require filling.The careful
selection and application of level controls to chemical injection systems can effectively protect against tanks running out of chemicals or overfilling.
Aromatic compound can be sulfonated directly with SO3 in commercially available continuous and batch equipment.
Conventionally sulfonation is done by sulphuric acid or oleum. But with SO3 sulfonation process has the following
advantages. It is more direct and considerably faster than the present process. It requires fewer man hours and,
therefore, is more economical. Conditions can be varied to give a wide range of products having different solubility
characteristics and combined SO3 content. Since the reaction, batch or continuous, is stoichiometric, no waste
products are formed, thus eliminating any pollution problems.
In sulfonation processes sulfur trioxide is vaporized and is brought into contact with the aromatic compound in the
presence of a gaseous diluent such as air, nitrogen or an inert hydrocarbon. It has been thought necessary to utilize
such diluent carrier gases to reduce the intensity of the reaction between the sulfur trioxide and the material being
sulfated and thereby suppress unwanted side reactions. The purpose of admixing the sulfur trioxide vapour with a
diluent gas is to reduce the partial pressure of the sulfur trioxide, so that the chance of a single molecule of the
material being sulfated or sulfonated contacting several molecules of Sulfur trioxide is reduced. Aromatic compound
is sulfonated by sulfur trioxide in sulfonation reactor.
This article is about salt chemical treatment and hot acid treatment of wells. In this case, research has covered different points of theoretical and methodological the hydrochloric acid treatment of the well. Finally, research has pinpointed on various views of outcomes and shortcomings at all. by Shukurov Abror Sharipovich 2020. Hydrochloric acid treatment of the well. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 9 (Sep. 2020), 77-79. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i9.592. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/592/566 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/592
A Relationship Between Calcium Phosphate And Silica Fouling In Wastewater Ro ...momalki
This paper was presented at AMTA and the IDA. It shows that allowing calcium phosphate scale to form will result in silica scaling. It also compares the performance of different antiscalants in control of calcium phosphate.
A Relationship Between Calcium Phosphate And Silica Fouling In Wastewater Ro ...momalki
This paper was presented at AMTA and the IDA. It shows that allowing calcium phosphate scale to form will result in silica scaling. It also compares the performance of different antiscalants in control of calcium phosphate.
Analysis of IFT (Interfacial Tension) and Viscosity of Various Polymer Based ...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: - The purpose of this experiment is to determine IFT and viscosity of various polymer based fluid in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Viscosity is a property of a liquid and it is defined as the resistance of a liquid to flow. Interfacial tension is the force that holds the surface of a particular phase together. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is the implementation of various techniques for increasing the amount of crude oil that can extracted from a well. One of the main techniques in EOR is by pushing crude oil by some fluids. Each fluid has different viscosity and IFT. A correct knowledge of IFT and viscosity of fluids using in EOR gives petroleum engineering tool of efficiently manage the production process of field. This study aimed to experimentally investigate the effect of different concentration Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide (KOH) & Xanthangum on fluids using EOR. Four samples of fluids with different concentration of NaOH, KOH & Xanthangum which is mixed with water and carbonated water were used in this study.
Reservoir engineering is the field to evaluate field performance by performing reservoir modeling studies and explore opportunities to maximize the value of both exploration and production properties to enhance hydrocarbon production.
Basic Thermal Power Plant Chemistry, for Operational Staff.Syed Aqeel Ahmed
Understand the basics of Water Quality Control to avoid the scale corrosion and biological growth in the Power plant system, and to operate the mentioned at max performance.
Understand the troubleshooting events to the plant chemistry system
CONVERSION OF DIMETHYL-NITROBENZENE TO DIMETHY L ANILINE, EFFECT OF SOME PROC...Berklin
The catalytic transfer hydrogenation of dimethyl-nitrobenzene (DN) to Dimethyl-aniline (DA) was studied
in the temperature range 343–403 K
o
, pressure range of 4–10 bar H2 and ethanol as solvent using Pd/C
as catalyst above agitation speed 800 rpm. The substrate feed concentration was varied in the range from
0.124 to 0.745 kmol/m3
while catalyst loading was in the range 4–12% (w/w) of dimethyl-nitrobenzene.
Dimethyl-aniline was the only reaction product, generated through the hydrogenation of the Nitro group of
dimethyl-nitrobenzene. The effects of hydrogen partial pressure, catalyst loading, dimethyl-nitrobenzene
concentration and temperature on the reaction conversion have been reported. Near first-order
dependence on dimethyl-nitrobenzene concentration and hydrogen pressure were observed for the initial
rate of dimethyl-nitrobenzene hydrogenation over the 5% Pd/C catalyst. Furthermore, an increase in the
catalytic activity as the reaction temperature, pressure and weight of catalysts was observed. Conventional
Arrhenius behavior was exhibited by catalyst, Pd/C showed activation energies of 614 J/mol.
Effect of activated carbon in textiles and textiles effluent.pptxDr. MANPREET KAUR
A Seminar entitled" Effect of activated carbon in textiles" presented in Department of Textiles and Apparel Designing, College of Community Science, UASD, Karnataka by Manpreet Kaur
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Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
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The column flotation technique and falcon concentratorSciencewithAhmed
The column flotation technique has many advantages such as:
Production of cleaner concentrate.
Lower energy consumption.
Lower capital costs.
Small space.
Wash Water & Froth depth.
Drying of agricultural products using forced convection indirect solar dryerIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Drying of three agricultural products namely potato slices, onion slices and whole grapes was done using an indigenously designed and fabricated forced convection indirect solar dryer and under open sunlight. The diurnal variation of temperature, relative humidity in the solar dryer was also compared with the ambient temperature and relative humidity during March and April 2017 for all the three products. The study showed increase of temperature and lower humidity inside the drying chamber at different time interval. Hourly moisture loss for all the three agricultural products in the drying chamber and open sun drying was also compared and the percentage of moisture loss in the drying chamber was found to be higher compared to open sun drying for all the products. The mass of water removed for all the three products in the drying chamber was also found to be higher than the open sun drying. Results of the study showed that forced convection indirect solar dryer is better than the open sun drying method for drying the agricultural products more efficiently.
The Problems of Constructing Optimal Onboard Colored RGB Depicting UAV SystemsIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:-The problems of constructing optimal adaptive onboard color RGB depictingUAV systems have been analyzed. The problem of optimal formation of color signals of RGB color system has been formulated and solved by implementing the adaptive flight mode of UAVs containing an onboard imaging system. An adaptive UAV mode with an imaging system on board is proposed, which consists of adaptive changes in flight altitude depending on the wavelength of the received color signal. As a result of the optimization of the proposed operating mode of the UAV imaging system, an analytic formula for adaptive device control has been obtained. Recommendations have been given on the practical implementation of the proposed method.
Flexible Design Processes to Reduce the Early Obsolescence of BuildingsIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- This work intends to analyze the processes of flexibility to improve the adaptability to the users and to define some strategies to delay building obsolescence. Some approaches that address the architectural flexibility processes are studied to understand the rapid transformation of user lifestyles and changes in needs and performance building requirements. Obsolescence is often characterized by the lack of flexibility in the structure and walls, as well as services that change rapidly according to the different uses of buildings. This poses a threat to the built environment, since a large number of buildings are demolished having still years of useful life. In this way, different types of obsolescence are analyzed, focusing on some structural, economic, functional and social aspects of the construction and the use of buildings, seeking the capacity to design and produce adaptive buildings that are more resilient to obsolescence. Thus, some concepts of flexibility and flexible process are presented to promote adaptability in buildings. However, flexibility is a complex process, a long way to achieve adaptability to the built environment and the changing needs of users. The method used in this analysis takes into account the diversity of the design process, making some considerations about the interrelation of the social, functional and technical aspects. Finally, some conclusions about the design methods faced by a flexible approach process can lead to more useful and adaptable spaces for future transformations in order to extend the life cycle and prevent early obsolescence of buildings.
Study on Performance Enhancement of Solar Ejector Cooling SystemIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: Cooling sector is dominating by vapor compression cooling sector which uses refrigerant which are harmful to environment. The solar ejector cooling system is alternative for vapor compression cycle which uses solar energy to give heat to the generator, which is a viable method for heat generation. The solar ejector cooling system not only fulfills cooling requirement but also helps in energy conservation and protection of environment. It reduces the generator work and decrease the throttling losses. Maintenance requirement and cost is low for ejector cooling system .In this paper, theoretically study is done on enhancement of the performance of solar ejector cooling system. Various system configuration are presented with detailed design. This system still needed a lot of research work to make it alternative for vapor compression cycle based cooling system completely.
Flight Safety Case Study: Adi Sucipto Airport Jogjakarta - IndonesiaIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: Adi Sucipto Airport-Jogyakarta is an airport with enclave civil status or as TNI-AU airbase (civilian airport within the military area) has limited infrastructure with Azimuth Runway 09-27, has no RESA (Runway End Safety Area). The calculation results using Acceptable Safety Level (ASL) standard 1 x 10-7 shows that the probability of accident risk at wet runway condition is greater than in dry condition. Runway Excursion occurs at the airport, especially when the runway is wet and overrun due to hydroplaning and the plane deviates from the center of runway as well as the aircraft wheels are in contact with ground or obstacle surface outside the runway. It means the thicker layer of water above the runway will cause increased risk of accidents on the runway. This is why standing water should be immediately removed from the runway as quickly as possible. Mitigation efforts need to be done simultaneously with recovery by adding RESA and other preventive efforts in order to water patch and standing water does not exceed 2 mm and apply the mandatory of SOP consistently at the airport.
A Review of Severe Plastic DeformationIRJESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This article reviews about Ultrafine grained (UFG) materials processed by Severe Plastic
Deformation. From the period of 1950’s, the researchers made a fountain stone for this technique. Over the last
decades, this SPD technique experienced an enormous growth among the research field. There was a
development of different methods of SPD, production of various materials by SPD with improved and
interesting results based on our requirement. Moreover, different post processing techniques will also help to
enhance the property of the SPD processed material. This paper reviews the overall development of this
technique, various methods of SPD, discussed about the enhancement of the properties and finally concluded
with some specific challenges and issues faced by the modern researchers. It may be helpful to those who wants
specialise in bulk nanomaterials produced by SPD.
Annealing Response of Aluminum Alloy AA6014 Processed By Severe Plastic Defor...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: In this paper the study of micro structural stability during annealing with respect to time of conventionally grains (CG) and ultrafine-grained (UFG) of Aluminum AA6014 i s carried out. It has been observed that, the effect of the second phase magnesium-silicon particles in the CG and UFG AA6014 samples leads to a rapid hardness which increases from 40HV10 to 70HV10 within 7 days. Artificial aging shows that the material hardness even increased after 20 hours of annealing at 180°C. In total 30 hours of annealing, the hardness arrives at its maximum and then reduces due to the formation of Mg2Si precipitates, which rise in size and change their coherency. The precipitates cannot efficiently pin the dislocations and act as barriers to the dislocation motion which indicate an overall decrease in the hardness. It also has been found that the ultrafinegrained AA6014 alloy loses its thermal stability at approximately 200°C and recrystallized at 300°C. Thermal stability is strongly dependent on the material purity, second phase particles and/or oxide particles which may break up during rolling and lead to some dispersion strengthening.
Evaluation of Thresholding Based Noncontact Respiration Rate Monitoring using...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: - A noncontact method for respiration rate monitoring using thermal imaging was developed and evaluated. Algorithms to capture images, detect the location of the face, locate the corners of the eyes from the detected face and thereafter locate the tip of the nose in each image were developed. The amount of emitted infrared radiation was then determined from the detected tip of the nose. Signal processing techniques were then utilised to obtain the respiration rate in real-time. The method was evaluated on 6 enrolled subjects after obtaining all ethical approvals. The evaluations were conducted against two existing contact based methods; thoracic and abdominal bands. Results showed a correlation coefficient of 0.9974 to 0.9999 depending on the location of the ROI relative to the detected tip of the nose. The main contributions of the work was the successful development and evaluation of the facial features tracking algorithms in thermal imagining, the evaluation of thermal imaging as a technology for respiration monitoring in a hospital environment against existing respiration monitoring systems as well as the real time nature of the method where the frame processing time was 40 ms from capture to respiration feature plotting.
Correlation of True Boiling Point of Crude OilIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- The knowledge of the crude boiling point is very important for the refining process design and optimization. In this project the aim is to find the correlation of true boiling points. The study will be very useful in crude transportation and downstream operations. Correlation is tried to obtain by testing a number of crude oil samples from heavy to light. The comparisons of boiling point of different crude samples obtained is tried to compare with already existing correlations. Framol, Destmol and Riazi’s, these three correlation models have taken. The result showed that comparison of three correlation models and which is more accurate.
Combined Geophysical And Geotechnical Techniques For Assessment Of Foundation...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: This study was carried out to assess the subsurface conditions around the school of technology complex in Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, using integrated geophysical and geotechnical techniques. The site lies within the Sedimentary terrain of southwestern Nigeria. Allied Ohmega Resistivity meter was used for data collection of 1-D and 2-D resistivitymeasurement while WinResist software and Dipro software were used for the processing respectively.The results of the vertical electrical sounding indicate that the depth to basement values ranges between 27.6 and 39.5m. The 2D resistivitysurvey has provided valuable information on the lateral and vertical variation of the layer competent for erecting foundation of engineering structures. The CPT probed an average depth of 4.8m and has identified material of very high shear strength associated with dense sand materials. The correlation of the three techniques used revealed similar soil layering consisting of topsoilsandy clay, coarse sand and sand.A mechanically stable coarse sand material was discovered as weathered layer which indicates high load bearing capacity suitable for foundation in the area and can support massive structures.
Abstract:- research stands out because it is provided by the model of Al-Mobaideen (2009) critics to analyze for the governance of information and communications technology (ICT) at the National University of Chimborazo factors which raises the factors such as: strategies and policies, infrastructure and networks, financing and sustainability, and institutional culture that should be taken into account if desired govern the successful integration of ICT in the school. The study is exploratory, the almost total lack of previous studies on Governance of ICT integration at the University. It is concluded that there is a set of organizations with addresses IT markedly different roles in their duties with regard to its orientation to administrative, academic and research. The University has failed to define the strategic role of ICT in their academic, because there is no objective referred to IT academia in 2013-2016 pedi, but also because there is not a pedi-oriented IT the formation. The limited effectiveness of IT organizations in academic activities is provided by the low rate of use of educationalplatformsb_learning.
Gobernanzade las TIC en la Educacion SuperiorIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:-Se destaca la investigación debido a que se da a conocer mediante el modelo de Al-Mobaideen (2009) los factores críticos a analizar para la gobernanza de las Tecnologías de la información y la Comunicación (TIC) en la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo donde plantea los factores como:estrategias y políticas, infraestructura y redes, financiación y sostenibilidad, y cultura institucional, que se debe tomar en cuenta si se desea gobernar la integración exitosa de las TIC en la institución educativa. El estudio es exploratoria, por la poca presencia de estudios previos sobre Gobernanza de la integración de las TIC en la Universidad. Se concluye que existe un conjunto de organismos con direcciones de TI con roles notoriamente diferenciados en sus funciones con respecto a su orientación a procesos administrativos, académicos y de investigación. La Universidad no ha logrado definir el rol estratégico de las TIC en su desarrollo académico, porque no existe ningún objetivo referido a TI para el ámbito académico en el PEDI 2013-2016, sino porque además, no se cuenta con un PEDI de TI orientado a la formación. La poca eficacia de los organismos de TI en actividades académicas se da a conocer por la baja tasa de uso de plataformas educativas b_learning.
The Analysis and Perspective on Development of Chinese Automotive Heavy-duty ...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: In recent years, under the influence of both China's domestic market demand and emissions standard improvement, Chinese manufacturers put great effort on the research and design of automotive heavy-duty diesel engine. This paper analyzes the technical parameters of heavy duty diesel engine in 11 / 13L displacement section and introduces its performance. At the same time, combined with the development of foreign heavy-duty diesel engine, the future development direction of Chinese heavy-duty diesel engine is forecasted.
Research on The Bottom Software of Electronic Control System In Automobile El...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: With the development of science and technology, car replacement faster and faster. The development of the automotive industry has a contradiction, on the one hand, the speed of upgrading the car technology can not keep up with the speed of the performance requirements of the car, on the other hand, the country's automobile exhaust emission standards become more stringent. In addition, the depletion of oil resources led to the rise in gasoline prices, the traditional car is facing a crisis. Considering the situation of gas fuel resource structure and supply situation in China, it is feasible to promote gas fuel engine[1].However, the pollution caused by the car has become one of the major pollution sources in the urban environment and the atmospheric environment, and this trend continues to deteriorate[2].Therefore, alternative energy vehicles and hybrid cars is the main direction of development, and any improvement in the car will be car electronics and software replacement for the premise. On the one hand, natural gas as an alternative to gasoline, with its low prices, excellent combustion emissions, the relative sustainable development and other characteristics of more and more car manufacturers favor;On the other hand, the mainstream of the automotive electronic control unit ECU software development to AUTOSAR structure, low power consumption, functional safety for the development direction. Based on the actual development of natural gas engine control unit, the structure and function of ECU software are studied with reference to AUTOSAR software design standard. This paper studies the structure of the application of the software layer of the electronic control system and the main control strategy under the various conditions of the structure, and puts forward the underlying software resources needed by the application layer software. This paper analyzes the internal and peripheral resources of Infineon XC2785x microcontroller and designs hardware abstraction layer software and ECU abstraction layer software. The current characteristics of the jet valve driven by the natural gas multi-point injection engine were investigated. Automotive electronics technology has been widely used in modern vehicles which, and gradually become the development of new models, improve the performance of the key technical factors[3] .
Evaluation of Specialized Virtual Health Libraries in Scholar Education Evalu...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- The aim is to evaluate the impact on academic training with specialized virtual health libraries (databases and catalogs) available in Institutions of Scholar Education, because there is uncertainty about the appropriate use of these libraries. The research was conducted on the databases available on 2 universities during the academic period August 2015 - February 2016. Using criteria and indicators for evaluating virtual libraries, model quality of university libraries based on fuzzy techniques, Bibliometric and criteria for virtual libraries in health. The study had the participation of 188 students from two universities or groups. The research reveals that for the first group and the second group almost always (60.45%) find the information, the (57.2%) have relevance to the topic, access (45.8%) once a month, and Elseiver and BiblioMedica are the most commonly used, however, mostly ie (78.55%) use traditional libraries versus (58.2%) which are virtual. Descriptive analysis was performed using the software SPSSv20. This experience allows us to confirm that the use of libraries contributes discreetly in academic education, therefore, it requires training plans, reference guides, strengthen the socialization of this resource, free access from anywhere.
Linking Ab Initio-Calphad for the Assessment of the AluminiumLutetium SystemIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: First-principles calculations within density functional theory (DFT) were used to investigate intermetallics in the Al-Lu system at 0 K. The five compounds of the system were investigated in their observed experimental structures. Thermodynamic modelling of the Au–Lu system was carried out by means of the CALPHAD (calculation of phase diagrams) method. The liquid phase and the intermetallic compounds Al3Lu, Al2Lu, AlLu, Al2Lu3 and AlLu2 are taken into consideration in this optimization. The substitutional solution model was used to describe the liquid phase. The five compounds are treated as stoichiometric phases. The enthalpies of formation of the compounds were found by the ab initio calculations and used in the optimization of the phase diagram.
Thermodynamic Assessment (Suggestions) Of the Gold-Rubidium SystemIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: Thermodynamic modellings of the Au–Rb system was carried out by means of the CALPHAD (calculation of phase diagrams) method. The liquid phase and the intermetallic compounds Au5Rb, Au2Rb, AuRb and Au7Rb3 and Au3Rb2 (new compounds) in addition to the compound AuRb2 (suspected compound) are taken into consideration in this optimization. The substitutional solution model was used to describe the liquid phase. The six compounds are treated as stoichiometric phases. The enthalpies of formation used in these optimizations were calculated within ab-initio method in precedent work
Elisa Test for Determination of Grapevine Viral Infection in Rahovec, KosovoIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: Vineyard in Kosovo is estimated to have a great economic potential. There are thousands of hectares of vineyards that contribute to the economic potential of Rahovec by expanding the cultivation area year by year. The vines are affected by a number of viral diseases or pathologies similar to them, which significantly have an impact against the plant life and their production. Therefore, this study was conducted in several farms in Rahovec to determine whether there is a presence of viral infection in the vines. Application of Das-Elisa, Protein A-DAS and Antigen Direct Binding - DASI verified the final identification of viral infection in the collected material. The yellow colour reaction shown on the plate showed the positive result of the Elisa assay for viruses GFLV, ArMV, GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, GVA and GVB in varieties Vranac, Smederevka, Prokup, Afuzali, Grocaka, Demir Kapi, Plovdina, Melika, Zhillavka. The use of specific antibodies will enable the examination of viral diseases in plant materials collected from vineyards and will be oriented to their phytosanitary status.
Abstract. Ensuring of permanent and continuous working process of oil-gas and field equipment alongside with the other factors, depends also on reliability of sealing units. A problem of deterioration modeling of a sealing element of a packer including into an oil field equipment complex is considered in this paper.
Determining Loss of Liquid from Different Types of Mud by Various Addictives ...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- Filtration is used in many industries to separate water from the solid. It is important to find fluid loss in drilling, cementing, fracturing, and almost every other type of downhole treatment design. The filter cake characterization is very essential for well selection of drilling fluid problems and formation damage. Therefore this study is taken up to experimentally investigate the effect of different concentrations of CMC, Starch, Wood fibers, Soda ash, Caustic soda, Bentonite and Barite on filtration loss and formation damages. Three different samples are used in this study at different concentration and a comparison is made. Although the discussion presented here is confined to fluid loss during drilling. Water-based drilling mud’s including Bentonite is wellknown and is being widely used in the petroleum industry. Among the important functions of water-based drilling fluid were to form filter cake on the wall of the well bore, prevent water leakage, and maintain the stability of the well wall. The properties of the water-based drilling fluid, such as the rheology and filtration loss, are affected by the fluid loss additive. Polymers, which are nontoxic, degradable, and environment friendly, are the best choice to be used as drilling fluids additives.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Determining Changes in Interfacial Tension of Crude Oil using Alkalis
1. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 6, Issue 3 (March 2017), PP.01-04
www.irjes.com 1 | Page
Determining Changes in Interfacial Tension of Crude Oil using
Alkalis
Rajesh Kanna1,*
, David Sharon2
, Mahesh V M2
, Arun C Albert2
, Sanith P2
1
Professor & HOD, Department of Petroleum Engineering, LORDS Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Hyderabad, India.
2
Undergraduate Student, Department of Petroleum Engineering, LORDS Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Hyderabad, India.
* Corresponding author email: rajeshkanna@lords.ac.in
Abstract :- The current work is performed to determine the change of interfacial tension (IFT) of crude oil
using alkaline salt. Ever since the discovery of crude oil it turned into one of the most important resource of the
world, and since the availability of the crude oil is currently declining compared to that of its early period of
production it is necessary to obtain the maximum output from the available source keeping this in mind the
enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques was introduced, the alkaline flooding is one of the chemical enhanced
oil recovery techniques in which high pH alkaline chemicals are injected to the reservoir for recovering the
residual oil, and it is one of the oldest EOR technique. This study is conducted to understand this change in IFT
by using alkalis and to determine the best alkali salt.
Keywords: - Alkalis, Surface tension, Tensiometer, Interfacial tension.
I. INTRODUCTION
The main aim of this project is to study the change in interfacial tension of crude oil using alkalis; this
method of using alkalis salts to reduce interfacial tension of crude oil comes under the category of Enhanced Oil
Recovery (EOR). Most of the current world oil production comes from mature fields. Increasing oil recovery
from the aging resources is a major concern for oil companies and authorities [1]. So in order to obtain this oil
from the reservoir in an economic way the Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) method called alkaline flooding is
introduced, in the alkaline flooding method a suitable alkaline salt is mixed with water and the water is pumped
in to the reservoir through an injunction well and the well is closed for some period of time, this time is called as
the incubation period, during the incubation period due to the presence of alkaline the reservoir the interfacial
tension between the formation water and crude oil gets declined and the production will get enhanced. The main
aim of this project is to identify the change in interfacial tension between oil and formation water using different
alkalis.
1.1 Surface Tension, Interfacial Tension
Interfacial or surface tension exists when two phases are present. These phases can be gas/oil,
oil/water, or gas/water. Interfacial tension is the force that holds the surface of a particular phase together and is
normally measured in dynes/cm. The surface tension between gas and crude oil ranges from nearly zero to
approximately 34 dynes/cm. It is a function of pressure, temperature, and the composition of each phase. The
surface tension of any fluid is a surface phenomenon which is measured respect to unit length; it is due to the
surface tension of a fluid which make it occupies the least surface area possible. The surface tension force
affects the shapes and the motions of the liquid that have open surfaces [2]. Surface tension is always measure at
the interfaces of liquids and air. Water is having the higher surface tension (67 dynes/cm) because of its
hydrogen bonding. Surface tension when referring to energy per unit of area, it is common to use the
term surface-energy. The surface tension is measured in the unit of Dynes/cm.
1.2 Alkalis
The word alkali is derived from an Arabic word al-qaly which means the calcined ashes; one of the
important properties of an alkali salt is that they will get soluble in water much faster due this property of alkalis
it can be defined as a base that dissolves in water. A solution of alkali salt will have a pH greater than 7.0, the
few other properties of alkaline aqueous solution include: concentrated solutions of alkali sails are caustic and
due to the saponification of the fatty substances on our skin we feel that alkaline solutions are slippery or soapy
to the touch, Alkalis are water soluble in nature although some like barium carbonate are only soluble when
reacting with an acidic aqueous solution.
The molarity of Alkali salt solution is calculated by using the formula.
2. Determining Changes in Interfacial Tension of Crude Oil using Alkalis
www.irjes.com 2 | Page
Molarity (M) = (1)
1.3 Du Nouy Ring Tensiometer
The Du Nouy ring method is one technique by which the surface tension and interfacial tension of liquids
can be measured. This technique was developed by French Physicist Pierre Lecomte du Nouy in 1925. It is one
of the oldest four common methods available for determining the surface tension. In particular, because the most
widely used of these methods, historically, has been the ring method. In the Du Nouy ring method a platinum
ring is used to measure surface tension and interfacial tension. The ring is dipped completely into the liquid to
be analyzed. It is then slowly withdrawn from the liquid until maximum force is attained and the reading can be
noted from the Dial And Vernear, it is a circular dial consisting of a scale from 0 -90 which coin-side with a
vernier. The point coin-sides with the dial give the measurement of interfacial tension or surface tension in
Dynes /cm.
Figure 1: Du Nouy Ring Tensiometer
1.3.1 Platinum Ring
Platinum is a chemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is dense, malleable, ductile,
highly unreactive, precious, gray-white transition metal. Its name is derived from the Spanish term platina,
translated into "little silver"[3].
It has six naturally occurring isotopes. It is one of the rarer elements in Earth's crust. It occurs
with nickel and copper ores, mostly in South Africa. Because of its scarcity in Earth's crust, only a few
hundred tonnes are produced annually, and given its important uses, it is highly valuable and is a major precious
metal commodity.
Figure 2: Du Nouy Ring
3. Determining Changes in Interfacial Tension of Crude Oil using Alkalis
www.irjes.com 3 | Page
Platinum is one of the least reactive metals it is of this property of platinum it has a high verity of
industrial application. It has remarkable resistance to corrosion, even at high temperatures, and is therefore
considered a metal it was first used by pre-Columbian South American natives to produce artefacts.
Platinum is used in catalytic converters, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts
and electrodes, platinum resistance thermometers, dentistry equipment, and jewellery. Being a heavy metal, it
leads to health issues upon exposure to its salts; but due to its corrosion resistance, metallic platinum has not
been linked to adverse health issues.
Material property Value
Atomic number 78
Atomic mass 195.09 g.mol-1
Density 21.4 g.cm at 20°C
Melting point 1772 °C
Boiling point 3800 °C
Energy of first ionization 867 kJ. mol-1
Energy of second ionization 1788 kJ. mol-1
Vanderwaals radius 0.138 nm
Table 1: Properties of Platinum
II. EXPERIMENTAL CONDUCTION
Volume of sample taken = 30ml
Weight of Alkaline salt taken = 1g
Volume of water taken = 20ml
Molarity Sodium Chloride solution:-
Molecular weight of Sodium Carbonate sample = 58.5
= 0.85M
Molarity Sodium Bicarbonate solution:-
Molecular weight of Sodium Bicarbonate sample = 84.01
= 0.59M
Molarity Sodium Hydroxide solution:-
Molecular weight of Sodium Hydroxide sample = 40
= 1.25M
Molarity Sodium Carbonate solution:-
Molecular weight of Sodium Carbonate sample = 105.99
= 0.47M
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Mix one gram of Sodium Chloride with 20 ml of water. Take the crude oil sample in a transparent
container. Lift the container up to the level so that the platinum ring toughest the water surface. Try to separate
the contact of water and platinum ring by raising the platinum ring by using knur led knob A. Not down the
vernier reading at the point where water and platinum ring gets separated, not down the value as initial
interfacial tension. Bring back the platinum ring to its initial position as before add 5 ml of Sodium Chloride
solution, in to the sample and wait for 10 minute. Try to separate the contact of water and platinum ring by
raising the platinum ring by using knur led knob A, and not down the value as change in interfacial tension.
Repeat the step by adding another 5ml, then continue it for full 20ml. repeat the procedure using Sodium
Bicarbonate solution, Sodium Hydroxide solution and Sodium Carbonate solution.
4. Determining Changes in Interfacial Tension of Crude Oil using Alkalis
www.irjes.com 4 | Page
IV. OBSERVATION & GRAPH
Trial no: Volume of
solution
(ml)
CHANGE IN INTERFACIAL TENSION (Dynes/cm)
Sodium Chloride Sodium
Bicarbonate
Sodium
Hydroxide
Sodium
Carbonate
1 0 44 44 44 44
2 5 42 40 39 40
3 10 41 35 37 41
4 15 39 32 35 37
5 20 38 28 33 35
Table 1: IFT Changes
Figure 3: Profile showing IFT change
V. CONCLUSION
From the above observation we conclude that the change in interfacial tension is more while using
Sodium Bicarbonate, by using 20 ml of by Sodium Bicarbonate the inter facial tension get reduced to 28
Dynes/cm, but it to be noted that the Sodium bicarbonate and Sodium carbonate can’t be used in a carbonate
reservoir because it may damage the reservoir.
REFERENCES
[1] Enhanced Oil Recovery: An Update Review by Vladimir Alvarado and Eduardo Manrique.
[2] National committee for fluid mechanic Films Notes for surface tension in fluid mechanics By LLOYED
TREFETHEN Tufts University.
[3] "Platinum (Pt)." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 24 April 2012.
![International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 6, Issue 3 (March 2017), PP.01-04
www.irjes.com 1 | Page
Determining Changes in Interfacial Tension of Crude Oil using
Alkalis
Rajesh Kanna1,*
, David Sharon2
, Mahesh V M2
, Arun C Albert2
, Sanith P2
1
Professor & HOD, Department of Petroleum Engineering, LORDS Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Hyderabad, India.
2
Undergraduate Student, Department of Petroleum Engineering, LORDS Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Hyderabad, India.
* Corresponding author email: rajeshkanna@lords.ac.in
Abstract :- The current work is performed to determine the change of interfacial tension (IFT) of crude oil
using alkaline salt. Ever since the discovery of crude oil it turned into one of the most important resource of the
world, and since the availability of the crude oil is currently declining compared to that of its early period of
production it is necessary to obtain the maximum output from the available source keeping this in mind the
enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques was introduced, the alkaline flooding is one of the chemical enhanced
oil recovery techniques in which high pH alkaline chemicals are injected to the reservoir for recovering the
residual oil, and it is one of the oldest EOR technique. This study is conducted to understand this change in IFT
by using alkalis and to determine the best alkali salt.
Keywords: - Alkalis, Surface tension, Tensiometer, Interfacial tension.
I. INTRODUCTION
The main aim of this project is to study the change in interfacial tension of crude oil using alkalis; this
method of using alkalis salts to reduce interfacial tension of crude oil comes under the category of Enhanced Oil
Recovery (EOR). Most of the current world oil production comes from mature fields. Increasing oil recovery
from the aging resources is a major concern for oil companies and authorities [1]. So in order to obtain this oil
from the reservoir in an economic way the Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) method called alkaline flooding is
introduced, in the alkaline flooding method a suitable alkaline salt is mixed with water and the water is pumped
in to the reservoir through an injunction well and the well is closed for some period of time, this time is called as
the incubation period, during the incubation period due to the presence of alkaline the reservoir the interfacial
tension between the formation water and crude oil gets declined and the production will get enhanced. The main
aim of this project is to identify the change in interfacial tension between oil and formation water using different
alkalis.
1.1 Surface Tension, Interfacial Tension
Interfacial or surface tension exists when two phases are present. These phases can be gas/oil,
oil/water, or gas/water. Interfacial tension is the force that holds the surface of a particular phase together and is
normally measured in dynes/cm. The surface tension between gas and crude oil ranges from nearly zero to
approximately 34 dynes/cm. It is a function of pressure, temperature, and the composition of each phase. The
surface tension of any fluid is a surface phenomenon which is measured respect to unit length; it is due to the
surface tension of a fluid which make it occupies the least surface area possible. The surface tension force
affects the shapes and the motions of the liquid that have open surfaces [2]. Surface tension is always measure at
the interfaces of liquids and air. Water is having the higher surface tension (67 dynes/cm) because of its
hydrogen bonding. Surface tension when referring to energy per unit of area, it is common to use the
term surface-energy. The surface tension is measured in the unit of Dynes/cm.
1.2 Alkalis
The word alkali is derived from an Arabic word al-qaly which means the calcined ashes; one of the
important properties of an alkali salt is that they will get soluble in water much faster due this property of alkalis
it can be defined as a base that dissolves in water. A solution of alkali salt will have a pH greater than 7.0, the
few other properties of alkaline aqueous solution include: concentrated solutions of alkali sails are caustic and
due to the saponification of the fatty substances on our skin we feel that alkaline solutions are slippery or soapy
to the touch, Alkalis are water soluble in nature although some like barium carbonate are only soluble when
reacting with an acidic aqueous solution.
The molarity of Alkali salt solution is calculated by using the formula.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/a630104-170713064647/85/Determining-Changes-in-Interfacial-Tension-of-Crude-Oil-using-Alkalis-1-320.jpg)
![Determining Changes in Interfacial Tension of Crude Oil using Alkalis
www.irjes.com 2 | Page
Molarity (M) = (1)
1.3 Du Nouy Ring Tensiometer
The Du Nouy ring method is one technique by which the surface tension and interfacial tension of liquids
can be measured. This technique was developed by French Physicist Pierre Lecomte du Nouy in 1925. It is one
of the oldest four common methods available for determining the surface tension. In particular, because the most
widely used of these methods, historically, has been the ring method. In the Du Nouy ring method a platinum
ring is used to measure surface tension and interfacial tension. The ring is dipped completely into the liquid to
be analyzed. It is then slowly withdrawn from the liquid until maximum force is attained and the reading can be
noted from the Dial And Vernear, it is a circular dial consisting of a scale from 0 -90 which coin-side with a
vernier. The point coin-sides with the dial give the measurement of interfacial tension or surface tension in
Dynes /cm.
Figure 1: Du Nouy Ring Tensiometer
1.3.1 Platinum Ring
Platinum is a chemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is dense, malleable, ductile,
highly unreactive, precious, gray-white transition metal. Its name is derived from the Spanish term platina,
translated into "little silver"[3].
It has six naturally occurring isotopes. It is one of the rarer elements in Earth's crust. It occurs
with nickel and copper ores, mostly in South Africa. Because of its scarcity in Earth's crust, only a few
hundred tonnes are produced annually, and given its important uses, it is highly valuable and is a major precious
metal commodity.
Figure 2: Du Nouy Ring](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)