The document discusses sexual offenses and rape laws in India. It classifies sexual offenses into natural offenses (rape, adultery, incest), unnatural offenses (sodomy, lesbianism, bestiality), sexual deviations (fetishism, transvestism, sadism, pedophilia), and sex-linked offenses (indecent assault, offenses under Immoral Traffic Act). It defines rape and lists its punishments. Rapes are further classified as statutory rape, marital rape, gang rape, date rape, stranger rape, and custodial rape. The roles and procedures of medical examination of a rape victim are also outlined.
Forensic science PowerPoint presentation on Injury and it's medico-legal importance.
The slide is made for medical students. Mainly for BAMS students. It covers maximum points.
The slide is full of example with pictures which make it easy to understand the concept. It contains post-mortem findings as well as medico-legal importance of the each type of injury.
A POWER POINT PRESENTATION BY DR.SANGEETA CHOWDHRY & DR.SUNIL SHARMA, DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY, GOVT. MEDICAL COLLEGE, JAMMU (JAMMU AND KASHMIR)
Forensic science PowerPoint presentation on Injury and it's medico-legal importance.
The slide is made for medical students. Mainly for BAMS students. It covers maximum points.
The slide is full of example with pictures which make it easy to understand the concept. It contains post-mortem findings as well as medico-legal importance of the each type of injury.
A POWER POINT PRESENTATION BY DR.SANGEETA CHOWDHRY & DR.SUNIL SHARMA, DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY, GOVT. MEDICAL COLLEGE, JAMMU (JAMMU AND KASHMIR)
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
A POWER POINT PRESENTATION BY DR. SANGEETA CHOWDHRY AND DR. SUNIL SHARMA, DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY, GOVT. MEDICAL COLLEGE, JAMMU (JAMMU AND KASHMIR)
CLASSIFICATION OF SEXUAL OFFENCES
DEFINITION OF RAPE- Sec 375 IPC
Punishment of Rape - Section 376 IPC
STATUTORY RAPE
CUSTODIAL RAPE
DATE RAPE
COMPLICATIONS OF RAPE
Rape trauma syndrome
CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE VICTIM & ACCUSED IN CASES OF SEXUAL ASSAULT EVIDENTIAL MATERIAL COLLECTION IN CASES OF SEXUAL ASSAULT TYPES & MEDICO LEGAL ASPECTS OF UNNATURAL SEXUAL OFFENCES TYPES & MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS OF SEXUAL PERVERSIONS
Supreme court verdict on 6th Sept 2018
Sex-linked offences -Indecent assault
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
A POWER POINT PRESENTATION BY DR. SANGEETA CHOWDHRY AND DR. SUNIL SHARMA, DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY, GOVT. MEDICAL COLLEGE, JAMMU (JAMMU AND KASHMIR)
CLASSIFICATION OF SEXUAL OFFENCES
DEFINITION OF RAPE- Sec 375 IPC
Punishment of Rape - Section 376 IPC
STATUTORY RAPE
CUSTODIAL RAPE
DATE RAPE
COMPLICATIONS OF RAPE
Rape trauma syndrome
CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE VICTIM & ACCUSED IN CASES OF SEXUAL ASSAULT EVIDENTIAL MATERIAL COLLECTION IN CASES OF SEXUAL ASSAULT TYPES & MEDICO LEGAL ASPECTS OF UNNATURAL SEXUAL OFFENCES TYPES & MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS OF SEXUAL PERVERSIONS
Supreme court verdict on 6th Sept 2018
Sex-linked offences -Indecent assault
Legal provisions related to sexual offences (RAPE)Dr-Shezad Khilji
This presentation prepared on the basis of criminal amendment act 2018, in this ppt, I am trying to focus on legal provisions of sexual offences and mainly sections related to RAPE only discuss here.
RAPE (Alongwith Highlights of Ordinance, 2018) Anshuman .
Explains about 'Offence of Rape' & its Punishments unders Section 375 to 376E of Indian Penal Code, 1860 and Highlights of 'Criminal Amendment Ordinance, 2018', along with Landmark Judicial Pronouncements.
Medical records means and includes the record pertaining to the admission, diagnosis, treatment, investigation, daily progress, operations, consultations
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Surgical Site Infections, pathophysiology, and prevention.pptx
Sexual offences
1.
2. Sexual offences are classified as:
1. Natural sexual offenses
a) Rape b) Adultery c) Incest
2. Unnatural sexual offenses
a) Sodomy b) Lesbianism c) Bestiality
d) Buccal coitus
3. Sexual deviations/perversions/paraphilias
a) Fetishism b) Transvestism c) Sadism
d) Pedophilia etc.
4. Sex-linked offenses
a) Indecent assault
b) Offenses under Immoral Traffic Act
3. Definition of Rape
Section 375 of IPC defines rape as unlawful sexual intercourse by a
man with a woman:
1. Against her will;
2. Without her consent;
3. With her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting
her or any other person in whom she is interested in fear of
death or hurt;
4. With her consent, when the man knows that he is not her
husband and that her consent is given because she believes that
he is another man to whom she is or believes herself to be
lawfully married;
5. With her consent, when at time of giving such consent, by reason
of unsoundness of mind or intoxication or the administration by
him personally or through another of any stupefying or
unwholesome substance, she is unable to understand the nature
and consequences of that to which she gives consent;
6. With or without her consent, when she is under 16 years of age
4. Explanation: Penetration is sufficient to
constitute the sexual intercourse necessary
to the offense of rape.
Exception: Sexual intercourse by a man
with his own wife, the wife not being less
than 15 years of age, is not rape.
5. Punishment
Punishment for the offense of rape is prescribed
under Sec 376 of IPC (Fi
1. Under Sec 376 subsection 1:
– This clause provides punishment for rape as
defined under Sec 375 of IPC
– The minimum punishment prescribed for rape is
7years (which may be extended to 10 years) and
shall also liable to fine.
– In case of a person who was charged with rape of
his own wife, the wife being not under 12 years
old, he shall be punished with imprisonment for
a period of two years or fine or both.
6. Punishment
2. Under Sec 376 subsection 2: Whoever, –
– 2 (a): Being police officer commits rape within the limits of
the police station, or in the premises of any station or on a
woman in his custody or in a custody of a police officer
subordinate to him; or
– 2 (b): Being a public servant, take advantage of his official
position and commits rape on a woman in his custody as such
public servant or in the custody of a public servant subordinate
to him; or
– 2 (c): Being on the management or on the staff of a jail,
remand home or other place of custody established by or under
any law for the time being in force or of a woman’s or children
institution takes advantage of his official position and commits
rape on any inmate
of such jail, remand home, place or institution; or
7. – 2 (d): Being on the management or on the staff of
a hospital, takes advantage of his official
position and commits rape on a woman in that
hospital; or
– 2 (e): Commits rape on a woman knowing her to
be pregnant; or
– 2 (f): Commits rape on a woman when she is
under 12 years of age; or
– 2 (g): Commits gang rape,
– Shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for
a term which shall not be less than ten years but
which may be for life and shall also be liable to
fine.
8. 3. Under Sec 376 A
A husband who has sexual intercourse with his own wife,
who is living separately, shall be punished with imprisonment
of either description for a term, which may extend to two
years and shall also be liable to fine.
4. Under Sec 376 B
Intercourse by public servant with woman in his custody
– whoever, being a public servant, takes advantage of his
official position and induces or seduces, any woman, who
is in his custody as such public servant or in the custody of
a public servant subordinate to him, to have sexual
intercourse with him, such sexual intercourse not
amounting to the offense of rape, shall be punished with
imprisonment of either description for a
9. Under Sec 376 C
Intercourse by superintendent of jail, remand
home etc. – whoever, being the
superintendent or manager of a jail, remand
home or other place of custody established by or
under any law for the time being in force or of a
woman’s or children institution, takes advantage
of his official position and induces or seduces any
female inmate of such jail, remand home, place
or institution to have sexual intercourse with
him, such sexual intercourse not amounting to
the offense of rape, shall be punished with
imprisonment of either description for a term
which may extend to five years and shall also be
liable to fine
10. 6. Under Sec 376 D
Intercourse by any member of the
management or staff of a hospital with any
woman in that hospital – whoever,being on
the management of a hospital or being on
staffof a hospital takes advantage of his
official position andhas sexual intercourse
with any woman in that hospital,such sexual
intercourse not amounting to the offense
of rape, shall be punished with
imprisonment of either description for a
term which may extend to five years and
shall also be liable to fine.
11. Rapes are classified as-
1. Statutory Rape
2. Marital Rape
3. Gang Rape
4. Date Rape
5. Stanger Rape
6. Custodial Rape(Custody Rape)
12. 1.Statutory Rape : It is a forcible sexual intercourse by a
man with a woman, who is less than 16 years of age.
2. Marital Rape
Also called as spousal rape. Under sec 376 A of IPC, it is a
forcible sexual intercourse by a man with his wife without
her consent if:
– Wife is living separately from him under a decree of
separation OR
– Wife is living separately from him under any custom or
usage. It is punishable with imprisonment of either
description for a term, which may extend to two years or
with fine or with both.
13. Custodial Rape (Custody Rape)
It is done by persons taking advantage of their custodial
positions and has forceful sexual intercourse with woman
in their custody.
• The provisions of Section 376 2(a to d) recognize this
condition and prescribe punishment (vide supra).
Gang Rape
Also called as group rape or pack rape
When rape is committed on a female by more than one
person acting in furtherance of their common intention, it
is called as gang rape.
• It is punishable under Section 376 {clause 2 (g)} of IPC.
14. Date Rape
Also called as acquaintance rape. It is a forcible sexual intercourse
by a boyfriend with girlfriend when they are on date (for stay or
vacation).
• In such cases, the girl may allege that her boyfriend had given her
some intoxicant and proceed with the act.
• Adolescent and young girls are more likely to be victims of sexual
assault.
• The concept of date rape is not recognized in India.
Stranger Rape
It is the rape committed by a male on a female who had no
previous contact with the victim.
15. • Doctors, examining a victim of rape are shouldered with
dual responsibilities, firstly they have to treat the patient
and provide support and secondly they have to examine
the victim and collect material evidences to facilitate and
aid the justice.4
• A female nurse or attendant should be present while
examining victim. Section 53 (2) of CrPC states that
whenever female has to be examined it should be done by
(or under supervision) of a lady doctor.
• The medical examination consists of:
1. Recording history
2. Examination of clothes
3. Physical examination
4. Collection of material evidence
16. Consent:
Written informed consent of a victim is a
must without which a doctor cannot
proceed with medical examination. A
victim of and over 12 years of age can
give consent. If she is child under 12 years
of age or of unsound mind, then consent
of parent or guardian should be taken.
17. History
The history includes
• Whether the victim had attended menarche? If yes,
whether she was menstruating at the time of alleged
incident?
• Her marital status and history
• Obstetric history, if relevant
• History of any venereal disease
• History about the incident, the time, the location, date,
nature of assault, whether penetration was
vaginal/anal/oral. Number of assailants.
• Whether there was any ejaculation/discharge?
• Whether resistance offered?
• Whether bath taken or local washing done?
18. Clothes
• Clothes should be examined for presence of
blood stains, semen stains, secretions, mud
particles, any hair or foreign material etc.
• Note for any damage to clothes in form of torn
marks cut, tear, rip, wear and tear, loss of
buttons etc. Damage to clothes can be
interpreted as indicating a struggle or that force
was used.
• Microscopy can identify blood on the cut thread
ends of a cut
19. Physical Examination
General examination
• A good light is essential
• Record two identification marks
• Record general built, height and weight
• Record vital parameters
• Examine mental maturity in relation to age
• Mental status – confused/clear/apprehensive
• Request the victim to stand on a large clean, white sheet of paper and
undress herself. The purpose is to collect any material evidence that
falls on the paper
• Examine the presence of any fresh or dried blood stains/ semen
stain/saliva stains etc. on the body. These should be
scrapped/swabbed and collected
• Note presence of injuries over body. The injuries may be found over
face, neck, breast, inner aspect of thigh etc. Look for recent physical
assault injuries like grip marks, bite marks, ligature impressions etc
20. Local Examination
• A good light is essential and the lithotomy position is
preferable
• Pubic hairs – Note whether shaved/unshaved/matted with
semen/blood. Search for presence of any foreign hair.
Take clippings of pubic hair from victim for comparison
• Thigh – Note presence of contusions and/or abrasions or
any stains
• Look for any vaginal bleeding
• Labia majora and minora – Note presence of any swelling/
injury/stains/soiling
21. Local Examination
• Hymen – The hymen may be conveniently examined by inserting a
specially designed glass globe on a stem, which is then partially
withdrawn so that the hymen is spread around its circumference
However, in most instances, a conventional examination using a
speculum is carried out.
Note the state of hymen whether torn or intact. If torn, its
extent, position, fresh or old (Table 16.3).
It is said that tears of the hymen due to rupture with fingers are
usually lateral, whilst rupture with the penis are usually
posterior.6
In children hymen may not be ruptured but becomes red and
congested because hymen is deeply situated.
Adult penis may not penetrate without causing gross damage.
There may be bruising of labia.
22.
23. Local Examination
Vagina –
Look at vaginal mucosa for presence of any injury/foreign body.
Rugae of vaginal wall – distinct/not distinct
Look for vaginal canal and fornix for collection of any fluid/semen
Th examination should include deep vaginal examination, as
occasionally, high vaginal tears occur, especially in violent
assaults on children
Colposcopy – provides magnification in a range of 5 to 30 times and
greater illumination and thus help in detection of minor trauma.
Many authorities recommend use of colposcopy examination in
sexual assault victims.
Toluidine blue – Toluidine blue stains nuclei and is used on the
posterior fourchette to identify lacerations of the keratinized
squamous epithelium that are not apparent on gross
visualization. Anus – look for any discharge/hemorrhage/injury.
24. Hymen may not be ruptured if:
• If penetration was not full
• If victim happens to be female child as
hymen is deeply situated
• If hymen if tough, fleshy, elastic (false
virgin)
• If female is deflorated.
25. Samples to be collected in victim
1. Clothes and undergarments
2. Foreign evidentiary material – like hair, fiber, button etc.
3. Fingernail scrapings
4. Scrapings from suspected stain marks from body surface
5. Scalp hairs – for comparison with scalp hairs found over
body/clothes of alleged accused
6. Swab from teeth bite mark
7. Combing of pubic hairs
8. Hair clipping of victim
9. Vaginal swab/smears, cervical smears
10. Washings of posterior fornix of vagina for – Detection of
spermatozoa. Presence of mycobacterium smegmatis (smegma
bacilli). Presence of sexually transmitted disease
26. Samples to be collected in victim
11. Blood for
– Serology
– Pregnancy test
– For presence of drug/intoxicant
– DNA profiling
– For venereal disease
12. Urine for
– Pregnancy test
– Detection of alcohol
13. Condom if found at scene of crime – laboratory examination of
condom may reveal presence of blood/vaginal epithelial cells on
one side and semen on the other. Pubic hairs may also be
present. DNA profiling of semen may be of help
27. Medical Examination of Accused
The medical examination consists of:
1. Recording history
2. Examination of clothes
3. Physical examination
4. Collection of material evidence
28. Consent
Consent of the accused should be taken prior to
examination. In case of minor, the consent from his
parents or legal guardian is taken. If the accused is in
police custody and refuse to consent for medical
examination, then the examination can be carried out
without the consent of accused as per provisions of
Section 53 (1) of CrPC.
Clothes
Clothes should be examined for presence of blood stains,
semen stains, stains of vaginal secretions, mud soiling, for
presence of any foreign body such as scalp hair, pubic hair
etc. Note any cut marks or tear marks over
29. General Physical Examination
• Record two identification marks
• Record height, weight, built.
Record vital parameters
• Note for presence of any stains or soiling over body
• Note for presence of any foreign body
• Note for presence of any injury over body
• Foreign material such as blood, vegetable matter or mud
stains on the knees, buttocks and pubic hairs should be
looked for.
• Systemic medical examination should be done
30. Genital Examination
• Examine the genital organs with reference to development
and for potency
• Note for presence or absence of smegma under the
prepuce. The smegma is thick, cheesy whitish secretion
with disagreeable odour comprising of desquamated
epithelium and smegma bacilli (Mycobacterium
smegmatis). It takes about 24 hours to collect the smegma
on corona glandis. The smegma is wiped out during the act
of sexual intercourse. Therefore presence of smegma
indicates non-participation of a male in recent sexual
intercourse act. However, caution should be exercised
because the smegma may be removed by a person during
daily bath as a part of maintaining local hygiene.
31.
32. Examine penis for swelling, tenderness and injury
especially to the rim of the glans and the frenulum.6
• Examine the shaft of penis for presence of vaginal
epithelial cells and/or for presence of bloodstains.
Glycogen rich vaginal epithelial cells may be detected
from penis in sexual assault case. Wipe the shaft of penis
with moist filter paper and exposed to vapors of Lugol’s
iodine. Development of brown colour indicates presence of
glycogen rich vaginal epithelial cells. Similarly microscopic
examination may also show vaginal epithelial cells
33. 1. Clothes and undergarments
2. Foreign evidentiary material – like hair, fiber, button etc.
3. Fingernail scrapings
4. Scrapings from suspected stain marks from body surface
5. Scalp hairs – for comparison with scalp hairs found over
body/clothes of victim
6. Swab from teeth bite mark
7. Combing of pubic hairs
8. Pubic hair clipping of accused
9. Urethral swab
10. Swab from glans
11. Blood for
– Serology
– For presence of drug/intoxicant
– DNA profiling
– For venereal disease.
34. Complications or Dangers of Rape
1. Hemorrhage and shock due to injuries sustained to
genitals or perineum
2. Death may occur due to:
– Assault to obtain consent or put her in fear By
suffocation – to prevent shouting
– Strangulation – to hide the crime
– Suicide – due to depression or frustration of being raped
– Intoxicants – overdose or adulteration
3. Mental agony, which disrupts the victim’s physical,
social, mental and sexual life.
35. Complications or Dangers of Rape
4. Rape trauma syndrome: The syndrome includes
behavioral, somatic or psychosocial reaction to the act
of forceful sexual intercourse. It is regarded as post-
traumatic stress disorder. The syndrome has been
defined in two stages:10
– Immediate – the phase of disorganization characterized
by feeling of guilt and humiliation.
– Delayed – or phase of reorganization characterized by
protracted response in form of recurrent and intrusive
recollection of stressful event either in flashbacks or in
dreams.
36. It is defined as a sexual intercourse by a man with a woman
who is closely related to him by blood or by marriage i.e.
within the forbidden degrees of relationship.
• Examples are sexual intercourse between father and daughter,
son and mother, siblings, brother and stepsister, nice and uncle
etc.
• In India, as such, incest is not an offense, unless it is brought into
any of the sections of 376 or 497 of IPC (rape or adultery).
• It usually occurs between family members and recognized as:
1. Between father and daughter – the Electra Complex
2. Between mother and son – the Edipus Complex
3. Between brother and sister – the Pharaonic incest
37. Adultery means voluntarily sexual intercourse between
one spouse and a person of the opposite sex, not his or
her partner, during the continuation of marriage.
• In other words, it is voluntary natural sexual intercourse by
a married man with another married woman or between a
married woman and some other man who is not her
husband.
• Section 497 of IPC states that – whoever has sexual
intercourse with a person whom he knows or has reason to
believe to be wife of another man, without the consent or
connivance of that man, such sexual intercourse not
amounting to rape is guilty of offence of adultery, and the
guilty shall be punished with imprisonment of either
description for a term which may extend to five years, or
with fine or with both.
38. A criminal suit can be filed only against the male adulterer
since adultery is an invasion on the right of husband
over his wife. In such cases, the wife shall not be held
guilty and cannot be punishable as an abettor. However,
the distressed husband can file for divorce.
• The scope of this section is limited to adultery committed
with a married woman. Having sexual intercourse with an
unmarried girl, or prostitute or a widow or even with a
married woman whose husband consents for the act or
with his connivance, are not covered by this section.
39. Law of India permits only natural sexual intercourse
between man and woman and any practice of sexual
intercourse against the order of nature is punishable under
Section 377 of IPC. Section 377 of IPC states that –
whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the
order of nature with any man, woman, or animal shall be
punished with imprisonment for life, or with
imprisonment of either description for a term which may
extend to ten years and shall also be liable to fine.
Explanation – penetration is sufficient to constitute the
carnal intercourse necessary to the offence described in
this section.
40. Sodomy is anal intercourse between man and man or
between man and woman i.e. it is penile-anal
intercourse.
• The name sodomy is derived from town Sodom where it
was practiced. In ancient Greek, people used to practice it
thus it is also called as “Greek Love”.
• It is also known as buggery. Buggery is a lay term used to
refer to penile penetration of the anus of man or woman.
• The person who is doing anal intercourse (i.e. the
offender) is called as active agent and other partner is
called as passive agent. It is called as pederasty when the
passive agent is a child and child is known as catamite.
• Rarely, sodomy may be practiced by two men who
alternatively act as active and passive agent.
41. Sodomy is anal intercourse between man and man or
between man and woman i.e. it is penile-anal
intercourse.
• The name sodomy is derived from town Sodom where it
was practiced. In ancient Greek, people used to practice it
thus it is also called as “Greek Love”.
• It is also known as buggery. Buggery is a lay term used to
refer to penile penetration of the anus of man or woman.
• The person who is doing anal intercourse (i.e. the
offender) is called as active agent and other partner is
called as passive agent. It is called as pederasty when the
passive agent is a child and child is known as catamite.
• Rarely, sodomy may be practiced by two men who
alternatively act as active and passive agent.
42. Lesbianism: Also called as tribadism, sappism or female homo-
sexuals
• It is a female homosexuality wherein woman derives sexual
pleasure and gratification by mutual friction of genitals (it is
female counterpart of sodomy).
• The term lesbianism is derived from an island, the Isle of Lesbos
in the Aegean Sea (off the coast of Greece) where it was
practiced by females. The word sappism is originated from the
fact that the island was ruled by Queen Sappho.
• The active partner is known as “butch” or “dyke” and the
passive agent is called as “femme”
Medicolegal Aspects
1. Continued lesbianism can be a valid ground for divorce or
annulment of marriage under Hindu Marriage Act.
2. Lesbian female may be morbidly jealous and commit homicide or
suicide or both.
43. Buccal coitus: Also called as oral coitus or “Sin of Gomorrah”
• It is said that this practice was prevalent in town Gomorrah that
was twin city of Sodom.
• It can be performed and practiced by both sexes i.e. male and
female
• When the intercourse is between oral cavity and penis (i.e.
Buccal-penile), the act is called as “fellatio”. The partner who
performs (i.e. the male) is called as “fellator” and the other
person on whom it is performed (i.e. female or male who is
sucking penis) is called as “fellatee”. Fellatio is also referred as
irrumation.
• When the female genital organs including clitoris is sucked (or
stimulated by mouth) by male or female partner, then the act is
called as “cunnilingus” (i.e. the practice is Buccal-vaginal act).
• Anilingus is the sexual activity in which the anus is licked
sucked or rubbed by the lips and/or tongue.
44. Medicolegal Aspects
1. It is unnatural sexual act and punishable under Sec 377 of IPC
2. As per Hindu Marriage Act, a female can seek divorce if her
husband is insisting and repeatedly demanding for Buccal coitus
3. In some countries, penetration of the vagina or anus with tongue
during non-consensual cunnilingus or anilingus is considered to be
legally analogous to nonconsensual penile penetration of the
vagina and anus.
The British Parliament has created a new offense of “assault by
penetration” which is defined as non-consensual penetration of
the anus or vagina by an object or a body part.
45. Bestiality
• It means sexual intercourse by a human being with a lower animal
• Animals usually preferred are:
1. By males: cows, female sheep, goat, calves, mare, she-ass, cat
2. By females: dogs, horses etc.
• The intercourse may be vaginal or anal with animal
• The act is done by a person having mental aberration. At times,
the act is done in mistaken belief that gonorrhea
is cured by intercourse with she-ass.
46. Medical Examination
In Accused :Stains over clothes may be present of – dung, mud,
secretions
• Signs of injuries over penis. Similarly injuries over body may be
seen due to kicking or biting by animal Stains over penis – in form
animal feces, secretions, blood
• Animal hairs may be present Infection transmitted from animal
such as genital lesions may be present.
In Animal
• Injuries to genital region. Presence of human spermatozoa in
vaginal or anal canal of animal.
Medicolegal Aspects
1. It is criminal offense in India.
2. It is valid ground for divorce.
3. It is cruel to animal and violates the right of animal of sexual
independence
47. • Sexual paraphilias are disorder of sexual preferences in
which sexual arousal occurs persistently and significantly
in response to objects, which are not a part of normal
sexual arousal.
• In other terms, it is the achievement of sexual gratification
by means other than natural sexual intercourse.
Sadism:The term is derived from Marquis de Sade, who
wrote novels regarding the practice of sadism
• In sadism, the person gets sexual gratification (sexual
arousal and orgasm) by inflicting pain, torture and
humiliation to other partner.
• It is commonly found in male partners and he may bite,
whip, beat or ill-treat the partner to achieve sexual
arousal.
48. •Lust murder – in extreme case of sadism a person may kill
his partner and killing of partner acts as stimulus to sadist
for achieving sexual gratification. Prof. V.V. Pillay had
quoted a sentence of Ted Bundy – a serial rapist and
murderer in Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
which reads as “sometimes when I am doing it with a
woman, I get this urge to hurt her, to draw her blood. I
just can’t help it ….” This sentence aptly reflects the
mental make-up of these persons.
Masochism: It is opposite to sadism
• Here the person gets sexual gratification from being bitten,
tortured or humiliated by partner. He often asks his
partner to beat him or inflict pain.
• It was first described by an Austrian novelist, Leopold Von
Sacher Masoch (1836–1895), hence the name “masochism”.
49. • Bondage
This is a condition where both sadism and masochism are
present.
Fetishism
It is usually found in males. In this sexual deviation, the male
experiences sexual gratification by seeing some part of
body of a female or some article belonging to her for
example sandal, scalp hairs, inner garments etc.
• The fetish person contravenes law at times while stealing
these objects. He may commit violence and criminal act
while taking that object.
50. Transvestism (Eonism)
• In this deviation, there is desire to wear the clothes of
opposite sex. For example a male may have desire to wear
female dress.
• In some obsessed persons, they may even change their sex,
by surgery, to be part of opposite sex.
Exhibitionism
• In exhibitionism, the sexual pleasure is obtained by
indecent exposure of the genital organ in public place. It
may be a willful and intentional act, mostly found in
males. These persons expose their penis to women or girls.
• It is a criminal act and is included as an obscene act and is
punishable under Sec 294 of IPC. Imprisonment up to 3
months or fine or both may be awarded.
51. Voyeurism (Scoptophilia)
In this deviation, sexual pleasure is obtained by repeatedly
seeing (or looking or peeping) the other person while
undressing, bathing or doing sexual intercourse.
• Peeping Tom is the name given to male voyeurs who
repeatedly do such activities.
Troilism
It is extreme form of voyeurism where husband get sexual
gratification by watching or seeing his wife doing sexual
intercourse with another person. At times, the husband
forces or induces his wife to do sexual intercourse with
another man to achieve satisfaction
52. Frotteurism
• In this deviation, sexual satisfaction is obtained by touching the body or
body parts of other person. For example in a crowded city bus, a male
may rub his genital organ with buttocks of female standing with him or a
person may touch private parts of female.
• This act is punishable under Sec 290 of IPC.
Necrophagia
• Sexual pleasure is obtained by eating flesh of a dead person.
• It is extreme degree of sadism.
Necrophilia
• In this condition, sexual pleasure is obtained by doing sexual intercourse
with dead bodies.
• Apart from other sections, the act is punishable under Sec 297 of IPC for
causing indignity to human corpse
53. Masturbation
• In this condition, sexual gratification is obtained by deliberate self-
stimulation of own genital organ.
• It is offense when practiced in public place.
Myxoscopia
Sexual pleasure obtained by watching sexual intercourse of other person or
couple. It is a type of voyeurism.
Satyriasis
Excessive sexual desire and drive in males.
Nymphomania
Excessive sexual desire and drive in females.
Pornographomania
Sexual pleasure obtained by watching or referring pornographic material or
literature.
54. Erotographomania
Sexual pleasure is obtained by obscene and vulgar writings
in public places. For example, writing vulgar things in public
urinals, train toilets etc.
Coprolalia
Sexual pleasure obtained by using obscene and vulgar language
in public.
Undism
Sexual satisfaction obtained by watching the act of urination
of another person.
Coprophilia
Sexual gratification achieved by smelling or touching fecal
matter (stool) of opposite sex.
Ecoutage
Sexual pleasure obtained by hearing sounds of love-making
or sexual intercourse
55. Pygmalionism
Sexual gratification achieved by watching or handling nude statues of
opposite sex.
Gerontophilia or Gerontosexuality
The term gerontophilia is used to denote a specific sexual inclination
towards the elderly.
Bobbit Syndrome
In this type of perversion, the female partner amputes the penis of her
male partner with a sharp cutting weapon.
Pedophilia
A pedophile is an adult who repeatedly engages in sexual activities with
pre-pubescent children. It may be heterosexual pedophile or homosexual
pedophile.