This document summarizes synergies and trade-offs between climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies in grassland-based farming systems. It discusses how extending the grazing season can both increase greenhouse gas emissions from livestock but also sequester more carbon in soils. Replacing grasslands with crops like maize may improve farm productivity but also increase emissions. Forage legumes and agroforestry can both mitigate emissions and help farms adapt. Policy support is needed to avoid conflicts between mitigation and adaptation goals and unintended consequences like carbon leakage. The challenges include assessing impacts at different scales and accounting for competition with human food supply.
Edoardo Costantini-Impact of climate change and management of soil characteri...Fundación Ramón Areces
El 17 de abril de 2015 la Fundación Ramón Areces se unió a la celebración del Año Internacional de los Suelos con la jornada 'El suelo como registro ambiental y recursos a conservar'. En ella, se abordó desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar su estado de conservación.
"The ecological cost of doing agricultural business:
Tradeoffs in the Amazon between agricultural production and ecosystem functioning"
Presented at the University of Minnesota, 2 Oct 2013, as a pre-thesis public seminar and as a portion of my preliminary oral PhD exam.
Edoardo Costantini-Impact of climate change and management of soil characteri...Fundación Ramón Areces
El 17 de abril de 2015 la Fundación Ramón Areces se unió a la celebración del Año Internacional de los Suelos con la jornada 'El suelo como registro ambiental y recursos a conservar'. En ella, se abordó desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar su estado de conservación.
"The ecological cost of doing agricultural business:
Tradeoffs in the Amazon between agricultural production and ecosystem functioning"
Presented at the University of Minnesota, 2 Oct 2013, as a pre-thesis public seminar and as a portion of my preliminary oral PhD exam.
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Miguel Taboada, from INTA - Argentina, in FAO Hq, Rome
Presentation made at the TELDAP International Conference in Taiwan, 2nd march 2010. Addresses issues of climate change on biodiversity distribution, and means of adatpation in the case of agrobiodiversity.
Objective
Understand and quantify the nature of land-atmosphere interactions
- as they exist today
- as they may be modulated by the radiatively-driven component of climate change
- as they may evolve with changing land use
SOC as indicator of progress towards achieving Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN)ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, Opening Ceremony of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Mr. Barron Orr from UNCCD - SPI, in FAO Hq, Rome
Protection of soil from the loss of organic carbon by taking into account ero...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Sergio Saia, from CREA – Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
On June 19, 30 CGIAR scientists, representing seven CGIAR Centers and six CGIAR Research Programs (CRPs), exchanged recent research findings and identified priorities for a future research agenda on soil carbon and climate change. The meeting was hosted by the CGIAR Research Programs (CRPs) on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) and Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA). Lutz Merbold, scientist at ILRI and CCAFS, made this presentation.
Carbon Management and Sequestration in Drylands soils of Morocco: Nexus Appro...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rachid Mrabet , from INRA – Morocco, in FAO Hq, Rome
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Miguel Taboada, from INTA - Argentina, in FAO Hq, Rome
Presentation made at the TELDAP International Conference in Taiwan, 2nd march 2010. Addresses issues of climate change on biodiversity distribution, and means of adatpation in the case of agrobiodiversity.
Objective
Understand and quantify the nature of land-atmosphere interactions
- as they exist today
- as they may be modulated by the radiatively-driven component of climate change
- as they may evolve with changing land use
SOC as indicator of progress towards achieving Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN)ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, Opening Ceremony of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Mr. Barron Orr from UNCCD - SPI, in FAO Hq, Rome
Protection of soil from the loss of organic carbon by taking into account ero...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Sergio Saia, from CREA – Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
On June 19, 30 CGIAR scientists, representing seven CGIAR Centers and six CGIAR Research Programs (CRPs), exchanged recent research findings and identified priorities for a future research agenda on soil carbon and climate change. The meeting was hosted by the CGIAR Research Programs (CRPs) on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) and Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA). Lutz Merbold, scientist at ILRI and CCAFS, made this presentation.
Carbon Management and Sequestration in Drylands soils of Morocco: Nexus Appro...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rachid Mrabet , from INRA – Morocco, in FAO Hq, Rome
Selecting and applying modelling tools to evaluate forest management strategi...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
Climate change impacts on soil health and their mitigation and adaptation str...Rajendra meena
The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is bringing about major changes to the global environment resulting in global warming, depletion of ozone concentration in the stratosphere, changes in atmospheric moisture and precipitation and enhanced atmospheric deposition. These changes impact several soil processes, which are influence soil health. Soil health refers to the capacity of soil to perform agronomic and environmental functions. A number of physical, chemical and biological characteristics have been proposed as indicators of soil health. Generally, biological processes in soil such as decomposition and storage of organic matter, C and N cycling, microbial and metabolic quotients are likely to be influenced greatly by climate change and have thus high relevance to assess climate change impacts (Allen et al., 2011). Soil organic matter (SOM) exerts a major influence on several soil health indicators and is thus considered a key indicator of soil health. An optimal level of SOM is essential for maintaining soil health and alleviating rising atmospheric CO2 concentration. Elevated CO2 has increased C decay rates generally but in some cases elevated CO2 increases soil C storage (Jastrow et al., 2016). Enhancing the soil organic carbon pool also improves agro-ecosystem resilience, eco-efficiency, and adaptation to climate change. Healthy soils provide the largest store of terrestrial carbon, when managed sustainably; soils can play an important role in climate change mitigation by storing carbon (carbon sequestration) and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere (Paustian et al., 2016).
Wright et al., (2005) reported that no tillage increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SON) 11 and 21% in corn and 22 and 12 % in cotton than conventional tillage. Agroforestry system at farmers’ field enhance soil biological activity and amongst trees, P. cineraria based system brought maximum and significant improvement in soil biological activity (Yadav et al ., 2011).
Rising to the challenge of establishing a climate smart agriculture - a global context presented as keynote in the Workshop on Climate Smart Agriculture Technologies in Asia workshop, organised by CCAFS, UNEP and IRRI.
La Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación acaba de publicar un informe en el que se señala la importancia de carbono orgánico de los suelos orientado a los decisores políticos y que se presentará en la próxima reunión de la UNFCCC sobre cambio climático que se celebrará en París (COP21).
What will it take to establish a climate smart agricultural world? Presentation on the problems, solutions and key challenges in Climate Smart Agriculture. Presentation made in the Wayamba Conference in Sri Lanka, August 2014.
Increased agricultural production through both intensification and extensification is a major driver of the current biodiversity crisis. As a response, two contrasting approaches have been advocated: ‘land sparing’, which minimizes demand for farmland by increasing yield, and ‘land sharing’, which boosts densities of wild populations on farmland but decreases agricultural yields. While these approaches have been useful in drawing attention to the impact of meeting the growing global demand for agricultural products on biodiversity, they have been driven mainly by conservation ecologists, and have often overlooked important issues related to farming. As agronomists with practical experience in developing, testing and scaling alternative forms of agriculture in some of the most biodiversity-rich areas of Latin America, Eastern and Southern Africa and South Asia, we are pointing in this paper at what we see as being two major limitations of the land sparing/sharing framework: (1) the reliance on yield-density relationships that focus on trade-offs and overlook synergies between agriculture and biodiversity, and (2) the overemphasis on crop yield, neglecting other metrics of agricultural performance which may be more important to local farmers, and more strongly associated with positive biodiversity outcomes. It is our hope that this paper will stimulate other agricultural scientists to contribute to the land sparing/sharing framework, in order to develop together with conservation ecologists viable solutions for both improved agricultural production and biodiversity conservation.
Forecasting Biomass Loss and Carbon Released to the Atmosphere as a Result of...IJEAB
Terrestrial climate change predictions use various models that are based on atmospheric parameters combined with projected carbon emission scenarios. Increased levels of carbon emissions into the atmosphere are accelerated by human activities and are the main reason of climate change (CC). CC threatens networks of protected areas (PAs) and forced many species out of PAs. Unfenced PAs gives species opportunity to migrate from one PA to another or other unprotected areas to sustain their climatic niche. Many PAs in SADC countries including transfrontier conservation areas (TFCA) are unfenced; hence, connectivity of PAs uses corridors. However, many of these corridors are unprotected and advocacies adaptation of reserved fauna and flora under CC. This paper explains the less known amount of biomass loss and carbon released to the atmosphere as result of habitat conversion of eastern corridor of Selous – Niassa TFCA which connecting the two PAs of Tanzania and Mozambique. Specifically, the study predicts amount of biomass loss, amount of carbon released to the atmosphere and amount of conservation profit disposed as a result of habitat conversion from 2015 to 2035. Existing data on spatial and temporal changes in land use and land cover (LULC) of eastern corridor of Selous – Niassa TFCA from 1986 – 2016 was analysed and used to forecast LULC from 2015 to 2035 by using CA-Markov model. The forecasted LULC from 2015 to 2035 was analysed to get intended results. The results revealed that, an average amount of 29559.8 tons of biomass (above ground + below ground + deadwood) loss annually from 2015 to 2035. Consequently, average amount of 40217.2 tons of carbon (above ground + below ground + deadwood) released to the atmosphere annually from 2015 to 2035 equivalent to US$ 160868.6 per annum if REDD+ implemented. The study concludes that, there is a need to include virgin corridors into core PAs network or formulation of sustainable conservation strategies that will consider climatic niche of both flora and fauna without compromising livelihoods of corridor dwellers.
CONTENTS= Weather, Climate, climate change, Global climate change, Global warming, Factors Affecting climate, Vulnerability of agriculture to climate change, Agriculture and climate change is a three-fold relationship, Influence of agriculture in climate change, Impacts of climate change on agriculture, What can be done? , Conclusion
Presented by Markku Kanninen and Markku Larjavaara, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at Practical Training in CarboScen in Jakarta, Indonesia, on September 28, 2017.
Similar to Synergies between mitigation and adaptation to Climate Change in grassland-based farming systems (20)
An outline of the Public Relations Manager role and the nature of PR within District 71 of Toastmasters International. Delivered at District Officer Training June 16 & 17 2018
2017 02-22 university of essex speechcraft preparation_and_practiceDaniel Sandars
A 20 minute presentation on preparation and practice for public speaking given on the 22nd Feb 2017 to the Speechcraft students at the University of Essex. The Speechcraft is co hosted between the University's Public Speaking Society and Camulodunum Speakers club
Speech Topics: Creating and Breaking the Paradox of ChoiceDaniel Sandars
A talk for Toastmasters at Cranfield Speakers club on 30th November 2016. It is for the Advanced Manual "Speaking to Inform" Project 4 The Fact-Finding Report. I look at how tools and techniques to create potential speech topics and then select down to the most promising with a little help against procrastination.
Cranfield Speakers Club: The Area Director's perspectiveDaniel Sandars
Delivered to fulfil the requirements of the Toastmasters International Advanced Communication Manual "Speaking to Inform" Project 1 "The Speech to Inform"
Making Better Decisions: Operational ResearchDaniel Sandars
Designed to motivate potential A level maths students to study the further maths and decision maths option. Delivered at Denbigh School, Milton Keynes 6th July 2016 as a volunteer in the Operational Research Society OR in Schools programme (http://www.theorsociety.com/Pages/PromotingInvesting/ORinSchools.aspx). The session was lead by the Further Maths Support Program (www.furthermaths.org.uk).
A talk given at Cranfield Speakers club (Toastmasters International) on the 22nd June 2016. It is my fifth and final project from the Advanced manual on Technical presentations. The purpose is to show demonstrate that the internet can be usefully used to support a technical talk. In this talk I help public speakers to get to know their audiences better.
A comparison of greenhouse gases emmisions from dairy farms using four system...Daniel Sandars
Given on the 16th June at FACCE-JPI Macsur LiveM conference "Modelling Grassland-Livestock Systems under Climate Change" 15-16th June, Potsdam, Germany
Farm systems modelling is an important tool to quantify and understanding the impacts of management decisions on farm productivity and environmental burdens, such as greenhouse gas emissions.
Predicted emission intensity varied little between models, from 0.98 to 1.02 carbon dioxide equivalents (kg milk)-1, corresponding to a variation of about ±5%. This similarity disguised much larger variations in the underlying sources. For the two largest sources (enteric methane and soil nitrous oxide), which accounted for on average 55% and 26% of the total GHG emissions respectively. The differences and limitations of the inter-comparison are discussed and ways forward are suggested.
A comparison of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy farms by four syste...Daniel Sandars
A talk given at Camulodunum Speakers, Colchester 23/5/2016. A Toastmasters International Club. It was for Project 4 of the advanced manual on Technical Presentations. It was a practice run for a speech to be delivered in Potsdam in June at the LiveM meeting of the Macsur2 Knowledge Hub. http://macsur.eu/
Toastmasters High performance Leadership Project 5: Analysing and presenting your results. Time allowed 5-7 mins. Delivered Cranfield Speakers Club 27th April 2016
Transcript, Blog notes, Jokes and feedback are here http://www.quests.bluedance.org.uk/2016/04/what-i-learned-from-managing-speechcraft/
A comparison of farm-scale models to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from d...Daniel Sandars
Title: A comparison of farm-scale models to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from dairy farms in Europe
Authors:
Nicholas Hutchings1 Daniel Sandars2, Şeyda Özkan3 Michel de Haan4
Affiliations:
1Dept. of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
2Institute for Environment, Health, Risk and Futures, School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood (SEEA), Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
3Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
4Wageningen UR Livestock Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands
Email: Nick.Hutchings@agro.au.dk
Abstract: Farm-scale models quantify the cycling of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) so are powerful tools for assessing the impact of management-related decisions on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially on dairy cattle farms, where the internal cycling is particularly important. Farm models range in focus (economic, environmental) and the detail with which they represent C and N cycling. We compared four models from this range in terms of on-farm production and emissions of GHGs, using standardized scenarios. The models compared were SFarMod, DairyWise, FarmAC and HolosNor. The scenarios compared were based on two soil types (sandy clay versus heavy clay), two roughage systems (grass only versus grass and maize), and two climate types (Eindhoven versus Santander). Standard farm characteristics were; area (50 ha), milk yield (7000 kg/head/year), fertiliser (275 kg N and 150 kg N/ha/year for grass and maize, respectively). Potential yields for grass 10t dry matter (DM)/ha/year in both areas, maize 14 t DM/ha/ year in Eindhoven and 18t DM/ha/ year in Santander. The import of animal feed and the export/import manure and forages was minimized. Similar total farm direct GHG emissions for all models disguised a variation between models in the contribution of the different on-farm sources. There were large differences between models in the predictions of indirect GHG emission from nitrate leaching. Results could be explained by differences between models in the assumptions made and detail with which underlying processes were represented. We conclude that the choice of an appropriate farm model is highly dependent upon the role it should play and the context within which it will operate, so the current diversity of farm models will continue into the future.
1. Presentation type preference: Oral
2. The session at which I would prefer to present:
Day 2 sessions
Live M Theme
Farm-scale modelling
Understanding Europe’s future ability to feed itself within an uncertain clim...Daniel Sandars
Title: Understanding Europe’s future ability to feed itself within an uncertain climate change and socio economic scenario space
Authors: Sandars DL, Audsley E, Holman IP
Affiliations: Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK;
Email: Daniel.sandars@cranfield.ac.uk
Abstract: Europe’s ability to feed its population depends on the balance of agricultural productivity (yields and land suitability) and demand which are affected by future climate and socio-economic change (arising from changing food demand; prices; technology change etc). Land use under 2050 climate change and socio-economic scenarios can be rapidly and systematically quantified with a modelling system that has been developed from meta-models of optimal cropping and crop and forest yields derived from the outputs of the previously developed complex models (Audsley et al; 2015). Profitability of each possible land use is modelled for every soil in every grid across the EU. Land use in a grid is then allocated based on profit thresholds set for intensive agriculture extensive agriculture, managed forest and finally unmanaged forest or unmanaged land. The European demand for food as a function of population, imports, food preferences and bioenergy, is a production constraint, as is irrigation water available. The model iterates until demand is satisfied (or cannot be met at any price). Results are presented as contour plots of key variables. For example, given a 40% increase in population from the baseline socio-economic scenario, adapting by increasing crop yields by 40% will leave a 38% probability that the 2050 future climate will be such that we cannot feed ourselves – considering “all” the possible climate scenarios.
Audsley E, Trnka M, Sabate S, Maspons J, Sanchez A, Sandars D, Balek J, Pearn K (2015) Interactively modelling land profitability to estimate European agricultural and forest land use under future scenarios of climate, socio-economics and adaptation. Climatic Change 128:215–227 DOI 10.1007/s10584-014-1164-6
Presentation type preference: Oral
Session: Economics in modelling climate change and agriculture
An agriculturalist's operational research career perspectiveDaniel Sandars
See the notes tab for annotations! A 25 minute career perspective given to 6th form Maths A-Level students at Kimberley College/ Wootton Academy, Bedfordshire
Lecture: Introduction to Linear Programming for Natural Resource Economists a...Daniel Sandars
The first hour lecture I give when introducing Linear Programming to MSc students studying 1) landscape ecology and 2) Economics and natural resource management. The second hour I give them hands on experience with Excel and its Solver. The final hour is taken up with real world application case-studies.
As a footnote what I notice is that my style of preparing presentation is evolving alongside my membership of Toastmasters International. These slides are far too wordy and simply list the words I want to say rather than illustrate the concept I am get across. Change required but power point slides still need to read well and be comprehensible for those students that don't show to hear me present.
Lecture:Organic/Bio waste Life Cycle Assessment case studiesDaniel Sandars
Lecture: The world over we create a lot of bio degradable waste. Many of our traditional methods of dumping these wastes into seas of hole in the ground are closing. We need better and we need to take care of the environment. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a 'systems theory' method that accounts for the environment by taking a cradle to grave view of changed products and processes and accounting for all inputs and outputs across the system boundary. I present case studies and some of the ideas and insights in modelling them and what has been learned about the systems
Populations and sustainability :- FisheriesDaniel Sandars
An hour long lecture on the role of Management and Operational Research in the governance of global fisheries. Global fisheries, like many open access natural resources, suffer for a tragedy of the commons effect. Population dynamic modelling can help provide the insights and understanding necessary to achieve sustainability.
Poster "Agricultural systems modelling coupled with Environmental Life Cycle ...Daniel Sandars
Presented at: The LiveM conference in Bilbao, which took place between 14th and 16th of October 2014 at the Maritime Museum on the banks of the Nervión-Ibaizabal estuary, bringing together around 45 MACSUR researchers from LiveM, CropM and TradeM, as well as representatives of ATF (Animal Task Force), EAAP (European Federation of Animal Science), the GRA Animal Health and GHG Emissions Intensity Network, AgMIP (Agricultural Modelling Improvement Programme) and the SOLID (Sustainable, Organic and Low Input Dairying) project.
Simulating Optimal future land use in the Nordic areaDaniel Sandars
Presented at: TradeM International Workshop
Hurdal (near Oslo) Norway - 25-27 November 2014
25-27 November 2014, Hurdal (near Oslo), Norway Economics of integrated assessment approaches for agriculture and the food sector
The LiveM theme of the FACCE-JPI MACSUR Knowledge Hub brings together 30 institutes from 14 European countries with expertise in a diverse range of disciplines, from grassland and farm-scale modelling through to livestock disease and health research.
Climate change, food security, and agricultural production interact in complex ways. A major challenge for scientists is to understand and assess the biological, economic, and ecological interdependencies in the context of climate change and food security. More and better knowledge is necessary to aid politicians, stakeholders and farmers in their decisions.
The event has four major goals:
• to critically discuss the state-of-the-art and future perspectives of integrated assessment approaches
• to study and assess examples of applied modelling approaches integrating crop, livestock, and economic models
• to foster international collaboration in the research areas of food security, climate change, and agrosystem modelling
• to plan and identify next steps to achieve TradeM contributions to MACSUR goals
Keynote-speaker: John Antle (Oregon State University), and co-leader of the Economics Team of AgMIP
Analysing the efficiency of energy use on farms using Data Envelopment Analys...Daniel Sandars
We use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to investigate the efficiency of fossil energy usage of farms in England and Wales. We find that DEA identifies the outliers in the sample for cross checking the data quality as well as finding peer groups from which farmers can benchmark their own improvements. I gave the presentation to the department of land economy at the University of Cambridge.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Synergies between mitigation and adaptation to Climate Change in grassland-based farming systems
1. Synergies between mitigation and adaptation to Climate
Change in grassland-based farming systems
Agustin DEL PRADO agustin.delprado@bc3research.org
Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3)
Agnes Van den Pol-van Dasselaar Wageningen UR
David Chadwick Bangor University
Tom Misselbrook North Wyke, Rothamsted Res.
Daniel Sandars Cranfield University
Eric Audsley Cranfield University
Rosa María Mosquera-Losada USC
"BC3, the world’s second most influential Think Tank in the field of climate change economics and policy." (After the 2013
ICCG Climate Think Tank Ranking. More information at www.bc3research.org).
2. 1. General overview
2. Sinergies/trade-offs mitigation and adaptation
3. Policy implications
Outline
Disclaimer
4. Climate Projections in Europe (IPCC WGII, AR5)
(within recognised modelling limitations
-Hotter: warmest in S Europe in summer and N
Europe in winter (high conf.)
-Rainfall (drier in South, wetter in North-but dry summers) (med. conf.)
(less clear in Continental Europe)
-more climate
extremes
Most vulnerable (in general): high mountains, South Europe
Heat waves, warm days/nights (high conf.)
Droughts
Heavy precipitation (specially N Europe, High Conf)
5. Impacts of CC on European grasslands(IPCC WGII, AR5)
-Grass species distribution, productivity,
quality
-Livestock productivity
Complex response: interactions between temp,
CO2, O3, extremes, N,
water (non-lineal)
7. Extending the grazing season (for latitudes with increasing
growth potential)
Moran et al.(2009)50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
baseline 2020 2050 2080
averagestartday(Since1stJan)ofgrazingseason
SW YH WA SC
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
baseline 2020 2050 2080
annualgrassgrowth(tDMha-1yr-1)
SW YH WA SC
ba
SW: South West
YH: Yorkshire
WA: Wales
SC: Scotland
Average start day (since 1st of January) of grazing season (a) and average
annual sward biomass in baseline 2020s, 2050s, 2080s scenarios for UK
locations.
Extended growth in spring and fall
Increased summer autumn forage failure by end century
(e.g. France: Graux et al., 2011)
8. Ruminant CH4
(unless more imported feed, less
feed from grazing or silage)
Manure GHG & NH3 (unless limitations in manure
removal & application)
Adaptation (more grazing) affects mitigation
Soil N2O, NO3 leaching grazing
Pre-farm GHG
Soil C sinks ?
Adaptation (more grazing) affects other adaptation
Animal Health/welfare
Soil quality
Milk/meat quality
Soil Organic matter
Extending the grazing season: interactions
9. SOM (and C)?
Large interaction grazing, rainfall and SOC
McSherry and Ritchie (2013) GCB
Extending the grazing season
10. Schoeneberger et al. (2012)
Agroforestry systems
Mitigation
Adaptation
Change microclimate to
-Reduce impacts of extreme events on crop
production
-Maintain forage quality & quantity
-Reduce livestock stress
-Provide greater habitat diversity
-Provide greater structural and functional
Diversity to protect ES
-Create diversified production opportunities
-Carbon sequestration (wood, soil)
-Reduce energy use (CO2)
-Reduce fertiliser inputs (N2O, CO2)
-Enhance forage quality: less CH4
11. Replacement of permanent grasslands by suitable
arable forage crops (e.g. maize)
-Crop suitability will change (but Climatic variability will limit winter
crops expansion)
Adapted from
-Vellinga and Hoving (2011) NCA
-Del Prado et al. (2011b)
Dairy farms: Forage maize vs grassland
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
N2O
CH4
C seq
energy (on-
farm)
energy (off-
farm)
total GHG
NH3
Nox
NO3-
productivity
grassland-based ploughing some grassland to maize
Values <1 improve conventional
farm results
?
12. The potential for forage legumes
Adapted from Del Prado et al., 2011a STOTEN *
Example: modelled comparison between conventional (grass-based) vs mixed clover &
grass-based dairy farms in “typical” dairy farm in Devon (England, UK) :
1. Conventional: raygrass-based (and forage maize)
2. Mixed forage legume (grass+ white clover) (and forage maize)
3. Conventional + optimised* synthetic fertiliser (N use efficiency improved)
GEIs, NH3, NO3-… Sustainability attributes
Values <1 improve conventional farm results
Assumption: no differences in reseeding practices and frequency
For further info about legumes: Luscher et al. (2014) GFS
14. No-tillage
-Promotes soil C sequestration and build-up of SOM
-Method and timing of grassland renovation affects
N2O and DM yield (Velthof et al., 2010)
-Non-CO2 emissions: Ploughing effect on N2O is not
clear (e.g. Pinto et al., 2004)
16. -Policies of mitigation and adaptation are considered
In separate frameworks (conflicts)
-Not an easy task: mitigation and adaptation differ in
space, timing and geographically
(Smith & Olesen, 2010)
Complex issue
17. Climate protection in the new EU CAP
-greening: permanent grassland, crop biodiversity and
Ecological focus Areas (EFA)
-grazing (via cross-compliance) and AF
-Legumes (via EFA), forage legumes?
-Rich-species swards ? (Rural Development Programme?)
-Agroforestry systems (fire risk areas)
But does not promote
-avoid competition between feed and food, unfair
competition
-most sustainable use of plant residues and agroindustry by-
products (feed vs bioenergy vs soil organic matter)
-excessive protein import: coupled subsidies to specific
sectors (e.g. intensive dairy farming)
18. Unwanted effects: C leakage
Lassaletta et al., (2014)
Global market of proteins (C leakage)
19. Effectiveness over different time and spatial scales
-Maintaining or enhancing soil C must be ensured for a long
period (N2O, CH4 or energy-based CO2 can not be re-emited)
-Mitigation must be tailored to specific conditions (adaptation
generally is more specific) and account for N and C cycles
interactions to avoid unwanted Pollution or impact trade-offs
(e.g pollution swapping)
20. Challenges
-reference unit: ha (e.g. CAP) vs product (industry)
-Other units to factor the fact that some livestock
systems heavily compete in the human food chain
Del Prado et al., 2013b STOTEN
Diets that have LESS
Competition with
Human-food
Diets that have MORE
Competition with
Human-food