Terrestrial climate change predictions use various models that are based on atmospheric parameters combined with projected carbon emission scenarios. Increased levels of carbon emissions into the atmosphere are accelerated by human activities and are the main reason of climate change (CC). CC threatens networks of protected areas (PAs) and forced many species out of PAs. Unfenced PAs gives species opportunity to migrate from one PA to another or other unprotected areas to sustain their climatic niche. Many PAs in SADC countries including transfrontier conservation areas (TFCA) are unfenced; hence, connectivity of PAs uses corridors. However, many of these corridors are unprotected and advocacies adaptation of reserved fauna and flora under CC. This paper explains the less known amount of biomass loss and carbon released to the atmosphere as result of habitat conversion of eastern corridor of Selous – Niassa TFCA which connecting the two PAs of Tanzania and Mozambique. Specifically, the study predicts amount of biomass loss, amount of carbon released to the atmosphere and amount of conservation profit disposed as a result of habitat conversion from 2015 to 2035. Existing data on spatial and temporal changes in land use and land cover (LULC) of eastern corridor of Selous – Niassa TFCA from 1986 – 2016 was analysed and used to forecast LULC from 2015 to 2035 by using CA-Markov model. The forecasted LULC from 2015 to 2035 was analysed to get intended results. The results revealed that, an average amount of 29559.8 tons of biomass (above ground + below ground + deadwood) loss annually from 2015 to 2035. Consequently, average amount of 40217.2 tons of carbon (above ground + below ground + deadwood) released to the atmosphere annually from 2015 to 2035 equivalent to US$ 160868.6 per annum if REDD+ implemented. The study concludes that, there is a need to include virgin corridors into core PAs network or formulation of sustainable conservation strategies that will consider climatic niche of both flora and fauna without compromising livelihoods of corridor dwellers.
Adaptation of forest management to climate change in the Asia Pacific RegionCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
Climate Change and Forest Management: Adaptation of Geospatial Technologiesrsmahabir
eraction with the environment, has led to increased concerns about the impact of such disruption on major areas of sustainable development. This has resulted in various innovations in technology, policy and forged alliances at regional and international scales in an effort to reduce humans’ impact on climate. Forests provide a suitable option for reducing the net amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by acting as carbon sinks, thereby forming one part of a more complete solution for combating climate change. At the same time, forests are also sensitive to changes in climate, making sustainable forest management a critical component of present and future climate change strategies. This paper examines the contribution of geospatial technologies in supporting sustainable forest management, emphasizing its use in the classification of forests, estimation of their structure, detecting change and modeling of carbon stocks.
Selecting and applying modelling tools to evaluate forest management strategi...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and MitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
There are two approaches to combating climate change, adaptation and mitigation, and forests can contribute to both. Too often these two approaches are treated as separate strategies. In this presentation, titled “Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation”, CIFOR and CIRAD scientist Bruno Locatelli explains the possible synergies between adaptation to and mitigation of climate change.
Issues and Solutions for SFM in a Changing Climate in the AP regionCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
Adaptation of forest management to climate change in the Asia Pacific RegionCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
Climate Change and Forest Management: Adaptation of Geospatial Technologiesrsmahabir
eraction with the environment, has led to increased concerns about the impact of such disruption on major areas of sustainable development. This has resulted in various innovations in technology, policy and forged alliances at regional and international scales in an effort to reduce humans’ impact on climate. Forests provide a suitable option for reducing the net amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by acting as carbon sinks, thereby forming one part of a more complete solution for combating climate change. At the same time, forests are also sensitive to changes in climate, making sustainable forest management a critical component of present and future climate change strategies. This paper examines the contribution of geospatial technologies in supporting sustainable forest management, emphasizing its use in the classification of forests, estimation of their structure, detecting change and modeling of carbon stocks.
Selecting and applying modelling tools to evaluate forest management strategi...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and MitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
There are two approaches to combating climate change, adaptation and mitigation, and forests can contribute to both. Too often these two approaches are treated as separate strategies. In this presentation, titled “Forests and Climate Change: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation”, CIFOR and CIRAD scientist Bruno Locatelli explains the possible synergies between adaptation to and mitigation of climate change.
Issues and Solutions for SFM in a Changing Climate in the AP regionCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
Mangrove emission factors: Scientific background on key emission factors (st...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Sigit D. Sasmito, Research Assisstant, National University of Singapore, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, 20-22 September 2021
Presented by Rupesh Bhomia, Scientist, CIFOR at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, 20-22 September 2021
CarboScen: Analysis of carbon outcomes in landscape scenariosCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Markku Kanninen and Markku Larjavaara, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at Practical Training in CarboScen in Jakarta, Indonesia, on September 28, 2017.
This preview presents a summary of four selected research on remote sensing drought assessment and impacts at both the regional and global levels as part of the course requirement for remote sensing for global environmental change. The papers are presented by Richard MacLean, graduate student in Geographic Information Systems for Development and Environment and Jenkins Macedo, graduate student in Environmental Science and Policy.
Climate change and forests: Synergy between mitigation and adaptationCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Heti Herawati of the Center for International Forestry Research at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 23–25 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Innovative Tools for Sustainable Forest Management under Climate ChangeCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
Presented by Dr. P. Ragavan, Scientist-B, MoEF & CC, New Delhi at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
ROLE OF AGROFORESTRY IN MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGEGANDLA MANTHESH
Climate change and climatic variability's are real and their impacts have already been felt in agriculture.
The tree components in agroforestry system can be significant sinks of atmospheric carbon and it will reduce the stress and dependence on natural forest.
Measuring Individual Tree Height and Crown Diameter for Mangrove Trees with A...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Mangroves are unique ecosystems that provide valuable coastal area habitats, protection, and services. Access to observing mangrove forests is typically difficult on the ground. Therefore, it is of interest to develop and evaluate remote sensing methods that enable us to obtain accurate information on the structure of mangrove forests and to monitor their condition in time. The main objective of this study was to develop a methodology for processing airborne lidar data for measuring height and crown diameter for mangrove forests in the north-eastern coastal areas of Brazil. Specific objectives were to: (1) evaluate the most appropriate lidar data processing approach, such as area-based or individual tree methods, (2) investigate the most appropriate parameters for lidar-derived data products when estimating height and crown diameter, such as the spatial resolution of canopy height models and ground elevation models; and (3) compare the accuracy of lidar estimates to field measurements of height and crown diameter. The lidar dataset was acquired over mangrove forest of the northeast of Brazil. The crown diameter was calculated as the average of two values measured along two perpendicular directions from the location of each tree top by fitting a fourth-degree polynomial on both profiles. The lidar-derived tree measurements were used with regression models and cross-validation to estimate plot level field-measured crown diameter. Root mean square error, linear regression and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient were also used to compare lidar height and field height. The mean of lidar-estimated tree height was 9,48m and the mean of field tree height was 8.44m. The correlation between lidar tree height and field tree height was r= 0.60, E=-0.06 and RMSE= 2.8. The correlation between height and crown diameter needed to parameterized the individual tree identification software obtained for 32 trees was r= 0.83 and determination coefficient was r2 = 0.69. The results of the current study show that lidar data could be used to estimate height and average crown diameter of mangrove trees and to improve estimates of other mangrove forest biophysical parameters of interest by focusing at the individual tree level. The research presented in this study contributes to the overall knowledge of using lidar remote sensing to measure and monitor mangrove forests.
Evidence-Based Forestry: Approaches and Results in the Asia-Pacific RegionCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
Impacts of large-scale drought and deluge on phenology and vegetation product...Richard Ma
Results revealed dramatic impacts of drought and wet extremes on vegetation dynamics, with abrupt between year changes in phenology. Drought resulted in widespread reductions or collapse in the normal patterns of seasonality such that in many cases there was no detectable phenological cycle during drought years.
Structure, Biomass Carbon Stock and Sequestration Rate of Mangroves in the Ba...ijtsrd
The forest plays a major role in stabilizing increasing temperatures due to its climate mitigation capacity. This is not unconnected to the carbon storing and sequestration potentials of forests. The mangrove as one of the global forest types is said to be a major carbon store. This conclusion is characterized by some knowledge gaps on the actual carbon stock and sequestration potentials of some mangroves forest on the Central African Sub regional landscape. Some of these areas are the Bakassi mangroves in the South West Cameroon. Cross border conflicts, piracy and over exploitation have rendered the sourcing of appropriate data on its carbon stock and sequestration potentials difficult. In strive to bridge this knowledge gap, this work carried out a baseline assessment of the carbon stock and sequestration rate of the area. To achieve the study objectives, stratified random opportunistic sampling inventory design based on five forest canopy height classes, tree Diameter at Breast Height DBH and canopy nature using digital elevation model DEM of the shuttle Radar Topographic Mission SRTM . This combination evaluated the species type and forest structure around the areas. Carbon stocks were estimated with the use of allometric equations using biomass data collected within main plots, sub plots, micro plots and transects. Results showed that mean biomass carbon stock density for the height classes for Bakassi ranged from 33.5 Mg ha to 598.9Mg ha. Thus on average, for a hectare in Bakassi, the carbon stock is 880.437 Mg ha and a sequestration rate of 3231.204 tCO2e ha . Kamah Pascal Bumtu | Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi | Longonje Simon Ngomba ""Structure, Biomass Carbon Stock and Sequestration Rate of Mangroves in the Bakassi Peninsula, S-W Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30171.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/30171/structure-biomass-carbon-stock-and-sequestration-rate-of-mangroves-in-the-bakassi-peninsula-s-w-cameroon/kamah-pascal-bumtu
Mapping of Wood Carbon Stocks in the Classified Forest of Wari-Maro in Benin ...AI Publications
The Emissions Reducing program related to Deforestation and Forest Degradation (Redd +) calls for the development of approaches to quantify and spatialize forest carbon in order to design more appropriate forest management policies. The mapping of carbon stocks was done in the Wari-Maro Forest Reserve. To achieve this, forest inventory data (in situ) and remotely sensed data (Landsat 8 image) were used to construct a wood carbon stock forecasting model. Simple linear regression was used to test the correlation between these two variables. In situ surveys indicate that 64% of carbon stocks are contributed by forest formations, 32.72% are provided by savannah formations and 3.27% are from anthropogenic formations. The quantitative relationship between NDVI and carbon in situ shows a very good correlation with a high coefficient of determination R² = 91%. The carbon map generated from the model identified fronts of deforestation through their low carbon content. This remote sensing approach indicates that forest formations sequester 60% of forest carbon. The savannah formations reserve 33%, the anthropic formations bring only 6% of the stocks. Mapping has further captured the spatial variability among land use types, thus providing arguments to fully meet the objectives of Redd +.
Geothermal well Site Characteristics from Climate Resilient Technologies in N...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Geothermal energy is regarded as a clean energy source. This assertion has a degree of truth subject to technological interventions applied in its extraction. This paper focuses on quality of vegetation, soils and water points at well sites. The concentrations of trace elements at the well sites is mainly determined by adequacy of technological interventions. Geothermal energy is classified as renewable source and climate changeresilient. However, ineffective interventions andreservoir characteristics could result in undesired effluents to the surrounding rendering it unsustainable. More so, the resource is located in fragile ecosystems pivotal in climate change resilience. Simple random sampling of 81 wells was done. Samples were collected and analyzed in the laboratory. The results indicated that contamination of the vegetation, soils and water was evident. Boron concentrations in the soils for instance resulted in a sigma value of 5.99 and p- value of 0.00. This meant its concentration was significantly higher as compared to recommended standards set by Kenya’s environmental Authority. Therefore, undesirable environmental impacts were a reality in geothermal production and hence could jeopardize efforts for building climate resilience.The choice of technology thus has a bearing on climate resilience for a geothermal facility especially those located in fragile ecological set ups.
Mangrove emission factors: Scientific background on key emission factors (st...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Sigit D. Sasmito, Research Assisstant, National University of Singapore, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, 20-22 September 2021
Presented by Rupesh Bhomia, Scientist, CIFOR at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, 20-22 September 2021
CarboScen: Analysis of carbon outcomes in landscape scenariosCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Markku Kanninen and Markku Larjavaara, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at Practical Training in CarboScen in Jakarta, Indonesia, on September 28, 2017.
This preview presents a summary of four selected research on remote sensing drought assessment and impacts at both the regional and global levels as part of the course requirement for remote sensing for global environmental change. The papers are presented by Richard MacLean, graduate student in Geographic Information Systems for Development and Environment and Jenkins Macedo, graduate student in Environmental Science and Policy.
Climate change and forests: Synergy between mitigation and adaptationCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Heti Herawati of the Center for International Forestry Research at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 23–25 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Innovative Tools for Sustainable Forest Management under Climate ChangeCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
Presented by Dr. P. Ragavan, Scientist-B, MoEF & CC, New Delhi at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
ROLE OF AGROFORESTRY IN MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGEGANDLA MANTHESH
Climate change and climatic variability's are real and their impacts have already been felt in agriculture.
The tree components in agroforestry system can be significant sinks of atmospheric carbon and it will reduce the stress and dependence on natural forest.
Measuring Individual Tree Height and Crown Diameter for Mangrove Trees with A...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Mangroves are unique ecosystems that provide valuable coastal area habitats, protection, and services. Access to observing mangrove forests is typically difficult on the ground. Therefore, it is of interest to develop and evaluate remote sensing methods that enable us to obtain accurate information on the structure of mangrove forests and to monitor their condition in time. The main objective of this study was to develop a methodology for processing airborne lidar data for measuring height and crown diameter for mangrove forests in the north-eastern coastal areas of Brazil. Specific objectives were to: (1) evaluate the most appropriate lidar data processing approach, such as area-based or individual tree methods, (2) investigate the most appropriate parameters for lidar-derived data products when estimating height and crown diameter, such as the spatial resolution of canopy height models and ground elevation models; and (3) compare the accuracy of lidar estimates to field measurements of height and crown diameter. The lidar dataset was acquired over mangrove forest of the northeast of Brazil. The crown diameter was calculated as the average of two values measured along two perpendicular directions from the location of each tree top by fitting a fourth-degree polynomial on both profiles. The lidar-derived tree measurements were used with regression models and cross-validation to estimate plot level field-measured crown diameter. Root mean square error, linear regression and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient were also used to compare lidar height and field height. The mean of lidar-estimated tree height was 9,48m and the mean of field tree height was 8.44m. The correlation between lidar tree height and field tree height was r= 0.60, E=-0.06 and RMSE= 2.8. The correlation between height and crown diameter needed to parameterized the individual tree identification software obtained for 32 trees was r= 0.83 and determination coefficient was r2 = 0.69. The results of the current study show that lidar data could be used to estimate height and average crown diameter of mangrove trees and to improve estimates of other mangrove forest biophysical parameters of interest by focusing at the individual tree level. The research presented in this study contributes to the overall knowledge of using lidar remote sensing to measure and monitor mangrove forests.
Evidence-Based Forestry: Approaches and Results in the Asia-Pacific RegionCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
Impacts of large-scale drought and deluge on phenology and vegetation product...Richard Ma
Results revealed dramatic impacts of drought and wet extremes on vegetation dynamics, with abrupt between year changes in phenology. Drought resulted in widespread reductions or collapse in the normal patterns of seasonality such that in many cases there was no detectable phenological cycle during drought years.
Structure, Biomass Carbon Stock and Sequestration Rate of Mangroves in the Ba...ijtsrd
The forest plays a major role in stabilizing increasing temperatures due to its climate mitigation capacity. This is not unconnected to the carbon storing and sequestration potentials of forests. The mangrove as one of the global forest types is said to be a major carbon store. This conclusion is characterized by some knowledge gaps on the actual carbon stock and sequestration potentials of some mangroves forest on the Central African Sub regional landscape. Some of these areas are the Bakassi mangroves in the South West Cameroon. Cross border conflicts, piracy and over exploitation have rendered the sourcing of appropriate data on its carbon stock and sequestration potentials difficult. In strive to bridge this knowledge gap, this work carried out a baseline assessment of the carbon stock and sequestration rate of the area. To achieve the study objectives, stratified random opportunistic sampling inventory design based on five forest canopy height classes, tree Diameter at Breast Height DBH and canopy nature using digital elevation model DEM of the shuttle Radar Topographic Mission SRTM . This combination evaluated the species type and forest structure around the areas. Carbon stocks were estimated with the use of allometric equations using biomass data collected within main plots, sub plots, micro plots and transects. Results showed that mean biomass carbon stock density for the height classes for Bakassi ranged from 33.5 Mg ha to 598.9Mg ha. Thus on average, for a hectare in Bakassi, the carbon stock is 880.437 Mg ha and a sequestration rate of 3231.204 tCO2e ha . Kamah Pascal Bumtu | Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi | Longonje Simon Ngomba ""Structure, Biomass Carbon Stock and Sequestration Rate of Mangroves in the Bakassi Peninsula, S-W Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30171.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/30171/structure-biomass-carbon-stock-and-sequestration-rate-of-mangroves-in-the-bakassi-peninsula-s-w-cameroon/kamah-pascal-bumtu
Mapping of Wood Carbon Stocks in the Classified Forest of Wari-Maro in Benin ...AI Publications
The Emissions Reducing program related to Deforestation and Forest Degradation (Redd +) calls for the development of approaches to quantify and spatialize forest carbon in order to design more appropriate forest management policies. The mapping of carbon stocks was done in the Wari-Maro Forest Reserve. To achieve this, forest inventory data (in situ) and remotely sensed data (Landsat 8 image) were used to construct a wood carbon stock forecasting model. Simple linear regression was used to test the correlation between these two variables. In situ surveys indicate that 64% of carbon stocks are contributed by forest formations, 32.72% are provided by savannah formations and 3.27% are from anthropogenic formations. The quantitative relationship between NDVI and carbon in situ shows a very good correlation with a high coefficient of determination R² = 91%. The carbon map generated from the model identified fronts of deforestation through their low carbon content. This remote sensing approach indicates that forest formations sequester 60% of forest carbon. The savannah formations reserve 33%, the anthropic formations bring only 6% of the stocks. Mapping has further captured the spatial variability among land use types, thus providing arguments to fully meet the objectives of Redd +.
Geothermal well Site Characteristics from Climate Resilient Technologies in N...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Geothermal energy is regarded as a clean energy source. This assertion has a degree of truth subject to technological interventions applied in its extraction. This paper focuses on quality of vegetation, soils and water points at well sites. The concentrations of trace elements at the well sites is mainly determined by adequacy of technological interventions. Geothermal energy is classified as renewable source and climate changeresilient. However, ineffective interventions andreservoir characteristics could result in undesired effluents to the surrounding rendering it unsustainable. More so, the resource is located in fragile ecosystems pivotal in climate change resilience. Simple random sampling of 81 wells was done. Samples were collected and analyzed in the laboratory. The results indicated that contamination of the vegetation, soils and water was evident. Boron concentrations in the soils for instance resulted in a sigma value of 5.99 and p- value of 0.00. This meant its concentration was significantly higher as compared to recommended standards set by Kenya’s environmental Authority. Therefore, undesirable environmental impacts were a reality in geothermal production and hence could jeopardize efforts for building climate resilience.The choice of technology thus has a bearing on climate resilience for a geothermal facility especially those located in fragile ecological set ups.
A Baseline Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon in the Mangroves of the Bakassi ...ijtsrd
The mangrove soils as one of the global soil types is a major carbon store that helps to curb the rising global temperatures. This is not unconnected to their high carbon storing and sequestration potentials of the peat soils. The conclusion is characterized by some knowledge gaps on the actual carbon stock and sequestration potentials of some mangroves soils on the Central African Sub regional landscape. Some of these areas are the Bakassi mangroves in the South West Cameroon. Cross border conflicts, piracy and over exploitation have rendered the sourcing of appropriate data on its carbon stock and sequestration potentials difficult. In strive to bridge this knowledge gap, this work carried out baseline assessments of the carbon stock and sequestration rate of this peat soil. To achieve the study objectives, stratified random opportunistic sampling using an inventory design based on five forest canopy height classes, with collection of peat soils using a soil auger to different depth for laboratory analysis was done. Soils Organic Carbon stocks were estimated from soils to a depth of 100cm and determined using chromic acid digestion and spectrophotometric analysis. Parameters determined were bulk density and percentage carbon. Results showed that soil carbon stock density ranged from 705.8 Mg ha to 546.2 Mg ha . Thus on average, for a hectare in Bakassi, the Soil Organic carbon stock was 632.65 Mg ha Kamah Pascal Bumtu | Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi | Longonje Simon Ngomba "A Baseline Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon in the Mangroves of the Bakassi Peninsula South-West Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30515.doc Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/30515/a-baseline-assessment-of-soil-organic-carbon-in-the-mangroves-of-the-bakassi-peninsula-southwest-cameroon/kamah-pascal-bumtu
A MODEL TO ESTIMATE STORED CARBON IN THE UPLAND FORESTS OF THE WANGGU WATERSHEDAsramid Yasin
Abstract
Climate change coupled with deforestation has brought about an increase in greenhouse gas emissions in the
atmosphere. One way to control climate change is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by maintaining the integrity
of natural forests and increasing the density of tree populations. This research aimed to (a) identifies the density
of stand trees in the upland forests of the Wanggu Watershed; (b) analyze the potential carbon stocks contained in
the upstream forests of the Wanggu Watershed; (c) develop a model to estimate potential carbon stocks in the
upland forests of the Wanggu Watershed. The land cover classification in this study used the guided classification
with the Object-Based Image algorithm. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was employed as an
indicator of vegetation cover density. Field measurements were carried out by calculating the diameter of the stand
trees in 30 observation plots. Field biomass values were obtained through allometric equations. Regression analysis
was conducted to determine the correlation between NDVI densities and field biomass. The results showed that
the best equation for estimating potential carbon stocks in the Wanggu Watershed forest area was y = 3.48 (Exp.
7,435x), with an R2 of 50.2%. Potential above ground biomass carbon in the Wanggu Watershed based on NDVI
values was 414,043.26 tons in 2019, consist of protected forest areas of 279,070.15 tons and production forests of
134,973.11 tons. While total above biomass carbon based on field measurement reached 529,541.01 tons, consist
of protected forests of 419,197.82 tons and production forests of 110,343.20 tons.
Effects of climate change and deforestation on potential of carbon sequestrat...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Presentation by Mulugeta Mokria, Dr Aster Gebrekirstos, Dr Ermias Aynekakulu and Prof Dr Achim Brauning based on a study to investigate the current extent of forest degradation due to climate change in Ethiopia. The study also quantified the effects of tree dieback on aboveground carbon stock and the carbon sequestration potential. \
Presented by Markku Kanninen and Markku Larjavaara, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at Practical Training in CarboScen in Jakarta, Indonesia, on September 28, 2017.
La Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación acaba de publicar un informe en el que se señala la importancia de carbono orgánico de los suelos orientado a los decisores políticos y que se presentará en la próxima reunión de la UNFCCC sobre cambio climático que se celebrará en París (COP21).
The Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of the Implementation of Carbon ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Carbon sequestration through forestry can help in the mitigation of global warming. For Africa, carbon sequestration also represents an opportunity to fund sustainable through financial inflows. However, with a low share of global carbon trade, there are strong concerns that African countries are losing out this valuable opportunity. Markets for environmental services have been growing in recent years wherein more and more people are willing to pay for benefits such as natural beauty, clean water, biodiversity etc. Carbon sequestration constitutes an important segment of this market. The study focused on the socio-economic and environmental impacts of carbon project implemented in Humbo district SNNPR, Ethiopia.
Presented by Daniel Murdiyarso and Sigit Sasmito, CIFOR, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 14th, 2020
Blue Carbon Stocks in Mangrove Forests of Eastern IndiaCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Dr. Kakoli Banerjee, Assistant Professor & Founding Head, Department of Biodiversity & Conservation of Natural Resources, School of Biodiversity & Conservation of Natural Resources Central, University of Odisha at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
The nexus between Climate change and natural resources rights. What should be...Dr. Joshua Zake
This paper was prepared and presented during the Bunyoro Peace Dialogue, which was held at Sir Toto Owiny Primary School in Kikuube district in Uganda. The dialogue was organized by Kibale District Civil Society Organizations Network (KCSON), other Civil Society Organizations in the greater Kibaale and Bunyoro sub-region as whole in partnership with District Local Governments in the region and other partners as part of the several engagements in commemoration of the International Day of Peace, held on 21st September 2019.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
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• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptx
Forecasting Biomass Loss and Carbon Released to the Atmosphere as a Result of Habitat Conversion of Eastern Selous-Niassa TFCA
1. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-5, Sep-Oct- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.5.40 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page |2581
Forecasting Biomass Loss and Carbon Released to
the Atmosphere as a Result of Habitat Conversion
of Eastern Selous-Niassa TFCA
Adili Y. Zella1
, Josephat Saria2
, Yohana Lawi3
1
Department of Economic Studies, The Mwalimu Nyerere Memorial Academy (MNMA)-Zanzibar, P.O Box 307, Zanzibar,
Tanzania.
2,3
Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Technology and Environmental Studies, Open University of
Tanzania, P.O Box 23409, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Abstract— Terrestrial climate change predictions use
various models that are based on atmospheric parameters
combined with projected carbon emission scenarios.
Increased levels of carbon emissions into the atmosphere
are accelerated by human activities and are the main
reason of climate change (CC). CC threatens networks of
protected areas (PAs) and forced many species out of PAs.
Unfenced PAs gives species opportunity to migrate from
one PA to another or other unprotected areas to sustain
their climatic niche. Many PAs in SADC countries including
transfrontier conservation areas (TFCA) are unfenced;
hence, connectivity of PAs uses corridors. However, many
of these corridors are unprotected and advocacies
adaptation of reserved fauna and flora under CC. This
paper explains the less known amount of biomass loss and
carbon released to the atmosphere as result of habitat
conversion of eastern corridor of Selous – Niassa TFCA
which connecting the two PAs of Tanzania and
Mozambique. Specifically, the study predicts amount of
biomass loss, amount of carbon released to the atmosphere
and amount of conservation profit disposed as a result of
habitat conversion from 2015 to 2035. Existing data on
spatial and temporal changes in land use and land cover
(LULC) of eastern corridor of Selous – Niassa TFCA from
1986 – 2016 was analysed and used to forecast LULC from
2015 to 2035 by using CA-Markov model. The forecasted
LULC from 2015 to 2035 was analysed to get intended
results. The results revealed that, an average amount of
29559.8 tons of biomass (above ground + below ground +
deadwood) loss annually from 2015 to 2035. Consequently,
average amount of 40217.2 tons of carbon (above ground +
below ground + deadwood) released to the atmosphere
annually from 2015 to 2035 equivalent to US$ 160868.6 per
annum if REDD+ implemented. The study concludes that,
there is a need to include virgin corridors into core PAs
network or formulation of sustainable conservation
strategies that will consider climatic niche of both flora and
fauna without compromising livelihoods of corridor
dwellers.
Keywords— Habitat conversion, Climate change
mitigation and adaptation, Biomass, Carbon
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background information
Terrestrial climate change predictions use various models
that are based on atmospheric parameters combined with
projected carbon emission scenarios. However, uncertainty
is associated with these predictions, and at least 16 different
models are in use (Nature Conservancy, 2009; Malimbwi et
al., 2016). These global models have high uncertainties as
emission scenarios vary depending on future energy use
choice of different communities; and those models are
suitable in predicting changes in temperature rather than
precipitation. These global models have advantage of being,
in principle, applicable anywhere. However, due to great
variation in climatic and edaphic factors, such models can
yield large error locally. Thus, a model developed on data
from a smaller region, will within that region give more
accurate estimates (Malimbwi et al., 2016; Kulindwa et al.,
2016; Lobora et al., 2017).
Increased levels of carbon emissions into the atmosphere
accelerated by human activities are the main reason of
climate change. Terrestrial carbon sinks include soils, trees
and other vegetation soaks up at least half of annual
greenhouse gases emissions from fossil fuels resulting to
slow down of climate –warming gases in our atmosphere
(Kulindwa et al., 2016). Carbon dioxide (CO2)
sequestration is one of great role of forests and woodlands
ecosystem, other roles include protection of watersheds, soil
conservation, conservation of biodiversity, sustaining
2. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-5, Sep-Oct- 2017
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cultural values, climatic amelioration and eco-tourism.
Despite all the valuable and invaluable goods and services
provided by forests, there are high rates of deforestation and
forest degradation in developing countries (Malimbwiet al.,
2016). For instance, Tanzania is among the developing
country in East Africa where the aforementioned scenario
accelerating deterioration of over 10,000 plant species,
hundreds of which are nationally endemic. Among plant
and animal species in Tanzania, 724 are identified as
“Threatened” in the World Conservation Union (IUCN)
Red List with 276 species classified as “Endangered”
(IUCN, 2013). Some of these forests and woodlands are
within protected areas (PAs) rich of biodiversity (fauna and
flora) of different categories and others unprotected areas
termed as public good (general land). These scenarios
necessitate development of allometric models for measuring
biomass and volume of different forest and woodland
species of Tanzania (URT, 2015).
All PAs in Tanzania are unfenced. Wildlife uses that
opportunity to migrate from one PA to another or other
areas for climate change adaptation. One of the unprotected
areas for adaptation are wildlife/biodiversity corridors
which connect two or more PAs within the country or
transfrontier conservation areas (TFCA). Connectivity of
PAs through corridors advocacy adaptation of reserved
fauna and flora under climate change. The protection of
corridor biodiversity relies on the ability to assess hot spots,
quantify and predict spatial and temporal trends of key
species, maintain a natural disturbance regime, and limit
harmful human activities (Stohlgren et al., 1999).
1.2 Problem statement
Classification and management of networks of protected
areas (PA) is pre-requisite for sustainable biodiversity
conservation. However, these networks are commonly
considered static because areas that have been classified as
PAs almost never declassified (Mascia and Pailler, 2011;
Malimbwi et al., 2016). Habitat loss, fragmentation, over-
hunting and resource depletion are among drivers of
populations decline which PAs safeguarding species from
those shocks(UNEP 1992); consequently, climate change
forced many species out of PAs (Kulindwa et al, 2016;
Lobora et al., 2017). Certainly, models project that several
PAs will lose suitable habitats for species of high
conservation concern ( Hole et al., 2009; Kharouba and
Kerr, 2010; Ara_ujo et al., 2011; Virkkala et al., 2013;
Malimbwi et al., 2016; Kulindwa et al, 2016; Lobora et al.,
2017). To address this challenge, researchers and
conservation bodies recognize that new conservation areas
will need to be designated in future (Hannah & Salm 2003;
Ara_ujo 2009b; Lobora et al., 2017). This scenario faces
many transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs) in Africa
including Selous – Niassa TFCA.
Selous - Niassa TFCA is connected by the corridor between
Selous Game Reserve (Tanzania) and Niassa National
Reserve (Mozambique) making an area of 154000 km2
of
natural miombo woodlands ecosystem. The TFCA consist a
network of PAs of various categories of protection; an area
of 110,000 km2
of this ecosystem is presently under
conservation (Baldus and Hahn, 2009). The corridor
connecting these two PAs to form TFCA is unprotected
ecosystem. However, areas adjacent to TFCA PAs
formulated WMAs (wildlife management areas) so as to
involve community in conservation of wildlife outside PAs.
Though, the effects of climate change and variability
suggests that, WMAs is not enough strategy as species use
the corridor for migration and others adapted in the corridor
due to its suitability for their climatic niche.
Therefore, the increasing concerns over the impacts of
climate change necessitate the inclusion of new PAs
categories to increase connectivity between PAs through
wildlife/biodiversity/habitat corridors. This study intended
to forecast amount of biomass loss, carbon released to the
atmosphere, and conservation profit to be disposed as a
result of habitat conversion of eastern corridor of Selous-
Niassa TFCA from 2015 to 2035
1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 Main objective
The main objective of this study was to predict amount of
biomass and carbon released to the atmosphere as a result of
habitat conversion of eastern corridor of Selous-Niassa
TFCA
1.3.2 Specific objectives
Specifically the study intends to:
(i) predict amount of biomass loss of eastern
corridor of Selous-Niassa TFCA from 2015 to
2035
(ii) predict amount of carbon released to the
atmosphere as a result of habitat conversion of
eastern corridor of Selous-Niassa TFCA from
2015 to 2035
(iii) predict amount of conservation profit disposed as
a result of habitat conversion of eastern corridor
of Selous-Niassa TFCA from 2015 to 2035
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Materials
2.1.1 Description of the Study Area
3. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-5, Sep-Oct- 2017
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The study was carried out in eastern Selous-Niassa TFCA
with an area of 1, 462, 560 hectares called Selous-Niassa
wildlife corridor (SNWC) which extends across southern
Tanzania into northern Mozambique (Figure 1).
Administratively passes in Liwale, Nachingwea,Masasi, and
Nanyumbu Districts. Migration of elephants, buffalos and
zebras has been observed (Pesambili, 2003; Ntongani et al.,
2007). Two migratory routes have been identified as
follows:
(i) From Selous through Nahimba, Nakalonji, Mbondo,
Kilimarondo, Matekwe and Kipindimbi proposed game
reserve (GR) in Nachingwea District and then via
Msanjesi, Mkumbalu, Sengenya, Nangomba and
Nanyumbu in Nanyumbu District to Lukwika-
Lumesule GR and then crosses Ruvuma River to the
Niassa GR.
(ii) From Selous to Kiegei, Namatumu, Kilimarondo in
Nachingwea then along Mbangala and Lumesule rivers
to Mchenjeuka and Mitanga in the Lukwika-Lumesule
GR, from where they cross the Ruvuma River to the
Niassa Reserve.
Fig.1: The Map of the study area
4. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-5, Sep-Oct- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.5.40 ISSN: 2456-1878
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These routes forms SNWC called Selous-Masasi corridor
includes the Msanjesi (2,125 ha) and the Lukwika-
Lumesule (44,420 ha) GRs in Masasi and Nanyumbu
Districts respectively; wildlife management areas (WMAs)
bordering Selous, Msanjesi and Lukwika-Lumesule game
reserves (MAGINGO WMA, NDONDA and MCHIMALU
proposed WMAs respectively) which are within Liwale,
Nachingwea/Masasi and Nanyumbu Districts respectively.
2.2 Methods
Prediction of land use and land cover change of eastern
corridor of Selous - Niassa TFCA from 2015 to 2035 using
Markov Chain Analysis and Cellular Automata Analysis,
jointly called CA–Markov was employed as shown in
Figure 2 and Table 1.
Fig.3: Projected Land use/cover map for eastern corridor of Selous-Niassa TFCA for 2035
5. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-5, Sep-Oct- 2017
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Table.2: Land use/cover area distribution in 2035
LULC
2015 2035
(Ha) (%) (Ha) (%)
Closed woodland 89923 6.15 81981 5.61
Open woodland 220217 15.06 211690 14.47
Bushland 480269 32.84 411950 28.17
Grassland 394461 26.97 411272 28.12
Water 646 0.04 242 0.02
Built up area 8851 0.61 12749 0.87
Cultivated land 268193 18.34 332676 22.75
TOTAL 1462560 100 1462560 100
2.2.1 Data analysis
To predict amount of biomass loss of eastern corridor of
Selous-Niassa TFCA from 2015 to 2035
2.2.1.1 Biomass Stocks
2.2.1.1.1 Living Biomass Stocks
Tanzania forest Carbon can be estimated in three pools
namely AGB (above ground biomass), BGB (below ground
biomass) and DW (dead wood) (URT, 2015). BGB was
estimated as a fraction of AGB. AGB and BGB were
estimated as follows:
(i) AGB (tonnes/ha) = Tree stem volume (m3
/ha) *
wood density/1000; and
(ii) BGB (tonnes/ha) = AGB * 0.25 (as default), or
root to shoot ratios.
URT (2015) uses conversion factors into programmed
NAFORMA analysis system by tree species or species
groups to provide standards in each terrestrial ecosystem of
Tanzania as shown in Table 3.
Table.3: Living tree stemwood biomass by primary vegetation type
Primary Vegetation Type CWD OWD BS GL WTR CL BLT
Aboveground Biomass (t/ha) 59.5 27.7 11.0 2.9 4.6 5.9 2.9
Belowground Biomass (t/ha) 18.2 9.5 4.4 1.1 1.7 2.1 1.1
CWD = Closed woodland, OWD = Open woodland, BS = Bushland, GL = Grassland, WTR = Water, CL = Cultivated land and
BLT = Built Up area
2.2.1.1.2 Deadwood Biomass Stocks
Dead wood (DW) biomass is estimated from the volume
computed using Smalian formula multiplied by wood
density of 619 kg/m3
(Chidumayo, 2012 cited by URT,
2015). URT (2015) through NAFORMA reveals the dead
wood Biomass of Tanzania (Table 4) is relatively low since
most dead wood in accessible areas is collected as
fuelwood. As woodlands are generally more accessible
than forests, collection of deadwood for fuelwood from
these areas is easier. The relatively high volume of dead
wood in water is assumed to be because dead trees lying in
areas with water / wetlands are difficult to access and decay
slowly and because they are wet and therefore unattractive
for fuelwood.
Table.4: Dead wood biomass by primary vegetation type
Primary Vegetation
Type CWD OWD BS GL WTR CL BLT
Biomass (t/ha) 4.87 1.82 0.73 0.35 1.31 0.91 0.22
CWD = Closed woodland, OWD = Open woodland, BS = Bushland, GL = Grassland, WTR = Water, CL = Cultivated land and
BLT = Built Up area
To predict amount of carbon released to the atmosphere as a result of habitat conversion of eastern corridor of Selous-Niassa
TFCA from 2015 to 2035
2.2.1.2 Carbon Stocks
6. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-5, Sep-Oct- 2017
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According to URT (2015), carbon in terrestrial ecosystems of Tanzania can be computed as follows:
Carbon (tonnes/ha) = Biomass * 0.47
Living tree stemwood and dead wood carbon (t/ha) by primary vegetation type are illustrated in Table 5& 6.
Table.5: Living tree stemwood Carbon (Aboveground + Belowground) by primary vegetation type
Primary Vegetation
Type CWD OWD BS GL WTR CL BLT
Carbon (t/ha) 36.5 17.5 7.2 1.8 3.0 3.8 1.9
CWD = Closed woodland, OWD = Open woodland, BS = Bushland, GL = Grassland, WTR = Water, CL = Cultivated land and
BLT = Built Up area
Table.6: Dead wood Carbon by primary vegetation type
Primary Vegetation
Type CWD OWD BS GL WTR CL BLT
Carbon (t/ha) 2.39 0.89 0.36 0.17 0.64 0.45 0.11
CWD = Closed woodland, OWD = Open woodland, BS = Bushland, GL = Grassland, WTR = Water, CL = Cultivated land and
BLT = Built Up area
To predict amount of conservation profit disposed as a result of habitat conversion of eastern corridor of Selous-Niassa TFCA
from 2015 to 2035
The study adopted from Jenkins (2014), Malimbwi et al.
(2016), Kulindwa et al. (2016) and Lobora et al. (2017)
emphasized different carbon market per ton depending on
different countries and continents, but the standard carbon
market suggested is US$ 4 per ton if REDD+ is
implemented. This was used to predict amount of
conservation profit that will be disposed from 2015 to 2035
as a result of habitat conversion of eastern corridor of
Selous-Niassa TFCA.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Amount of biomass that will be loss in eastern
corridor of Selous-Niassa TFCA from 2015 to 2035
The results in Table 7 and Table 8 revealed that, 124.5% of
biomass will be loss in woodland, bushland and water;
while, 24.5% of biomass will be stored by other vegetation
type as a result of habitat conversion of eastern corridor of
Selous-Niassa TFCA . Bushland alone will loss 67.7% of
biomass, followed by woodlands (56.7%). This implies that,
average amount of 36801.95 tons of biomass (above ground
+ below ground + deadwood) from woodlands; bushland;
and water will be loss annually from 2015 to 2035.
Moreover, average amount of 7242.19 tons of biomass
(above ground + below ground + deadwood) from other
vegetation type will be stored annually from 2015 to 2035.
The results shows that, the natural vegetation will be
degraded and new tree species will take (under succession)
place. The degradation will impacts negatively ecosystem
services offered to wildlife residing or using the area for
migration or adapting to climatic change. The degraded area
will be converted to bushland, cultivated land and built up
area due to increase of human population, livestock, and
dependence of corridor dwellers on existing natural
resources in the ecosystem for their livelihoods. Thereof,
the average total annual loss will be 29559.76 tons of
biomass (above ground + below ground + deadwood) in all
vegetation type from 2015 to 2035. These results
necessitated the emergence of new management strategies
of the area which will assure the survival of wildlife without
compromising livelihoods of corridor dwellers. The existing
formulation of wildlife management areas (WMAs) of
Liwale (MAGINGO), Nachingwea (NDONDA) and
Nanyumbu (MCHIMALU) districts relies only adjacently to
core PAs of Selous, Msanjesi and Lukwika-Lumesule game
reserves, and forgetting other areas which are crucial to
wildlife, using their living habitat and migration trails.
7. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-5, Sep-Oct- 2017
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Table.7: Amount of living tree stemwood biomass (Aboveground + Belowground) loss of eastern corridor Selous-Niassa TFCA
from 2015 to 2035
Primary Vegetation
Type
Total area
converted
(ha)
Above ground
biomass loss
(t/ha)
Below ground
biomass loss
(t/ha)
Total Biomass loss
(t)
Biomass loss
(%)
Closed woodland 7942 4.87 18.2 183221.9 35.91
Open woodland 8527 1.82 9.5 96525.64 18.92
Bushland 68319 0.73 4.4 350476.5 68.69
Grassland -16811 0.35 1.1 -24376 -4.78
Water 404 1.31 1.7 1216.04 0.24
Cultivated land -3898 0.91 2.1 -11733 -2.3
Built up area -64483 0.22 1.1 -85117.6 -16.68
Total 510213.6 100.00
Table.8: Amount of dead wood biomass loss of eastern corridor of Selous-Niassa TFCA from 2015 to 2035
Primary Vegetation
Type
Total area
converted (ha)
Biomass loss
(t/ha)
Total Biomass loss
(t)
Biomass loss
(%)
Closed woodland 7942 4.87 38677.54 47.76
Open woodland 8527 1.82 15519.14 19.16
Bushland 68319 0.73 49872.87 61.59
Grassland -16811 0.35 -5883.85 -7.27
Water 404 1.31 529.24 0.65
Cultivated land -3898 0.91 -3547.18 -4.38
Built up area -64483 0.22 -14186.3 -17.52
Total 80981.5 100.00
3.2 Amount of Carbon released to the atmosphere as a
result of habitat conversion of eastern corridor of
Selous-Niassa TFCA from 2015 to 2035
The results in Table 9 and Table 10 revealed that, 122.29%
of carbon will released to the atmosphere from in woodland,
bushland and water; while, 22.9% of carbon will be stored
by other vegetation type as a result of habitat conversion of
eastern corridor of Selous-Niassa TFCA. Bushland alone
will loss 64.1% (516491.6 tons) of carbon, followed by
woodlands 57.89% (465675.9 tons). This implies that,
average amount of 49181.91tons of carbon (above ground +
below ground + deadwood) from woodlands; bushland; and
water will be loss annually from 2015 to 2035. Moreover,
average amount of 8964.75 tons of carbons (above ground +
below ground + deadwood) from other vegetation type will
be stored annually from 2015 to 2035. This is something
that we can never stay quiet; and the need to act urgently is
unquestionable. Thus, the need for sustainable utilization
and management of natural resources in the area is vital.
Nevertheless, the average total annual loss will be 40217.16
tons of Carbon (above ground + below ground + deadwood)
from 2015 to 2035. Since, climate change is a result of
increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, there are
must be strategies to reverse the situation. If, we decide to
include the area into core PA network, we must revise the
current participatory management strategies which insist on
formulation of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) but
forgetting that those WMAs are only adjacent to core PAs
which in other scenarios doesn’t fit. Thus, the need to
formulate other management strategies that will include all
areas in the corridor which has wildlife climatic niche;
economical and ecological importance for corridor dwellers
is unavoidable.
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Table.9: Amount of living tree stemwood Carbon (Aboveground + Belowground) that will be released to the atmosphere as a
result of habitat conversion of eastern corridor of Selous-Niassa TFCA from 2015 to 2035
Primary Vegetation
Type
Total area converted
(ha)
Carbon loss
(t/ha)
Total Carbon loss (t) Share
(%)
Closed woodland 7942 36.5 289883 37.91
Open woodland 8527 17.5 149222.5 19.52
Bushland 68319 7.2 491896.8 64.33
Grassland -16811 1.8 -30259.8 -3.96
Water 404 3.0 1212 0.16
Cultivated land -3898 3.8 -14812.4 -1.94
Built up area -64483 1.9 -122518 -16.02
Total 764624.4 100
Table.10: Amount of dead wood Carbon that will be loss in eastern corridor of Selous-Niassa TFCA from 2015 to 2035
Primary Vegetation
Type
Total area
converted (ha)
Carbon loss
(t/ha)
Total Carbon loss
(t)
Share
(%)
Closed woodland 7942 2.39 18981.38 47.79
Open woodland 8527 0.89 7589.03 19.11
Bushland 68319 0.36 24594.84 61.92
Grassland -16811 0.17 -2857.87 -7.19
Water 404 0.64 258.56 0.65
Cultivated land -3898 0.45 -1754.1 -4.42
Built up area -64483 0.11 -7093.13 -17.86
Total 39718.71 100
3.3 Amount of conservation profit that will be disposed
as a result of habitat conversion of eastern corridor
of Selous-Niassa TFCA from 2015 to 2035
Results in Table 11 revealed that, eastern corridor of Selous
– Niassa TFCA will loss an average amount of US$
160868.6 of carbon trade annually from 2015 to 2035 due to
habitat conversion of the area. Woodlands, bushland and
water pioneered degradation on which they will loss an
annual average of US$ 196727.6 from 2015 to 2035. It
seems that the area have potential hard wood species which
are regarded as commercial rewarding but environmental
destructive by corridor dwellers. Sustainable utilization of
natural resources in the area is of important priority. Thus,
we need to integrate community in management of the area
by combined PFM (Participatory Forest Management), JFM
(Joint Forest Management) and WMA (Wildlife
Management Areas) and having one entity which will be
integral and community-centered in decision making on
corridor management.
Table.12: Amount of conservation profit disposed as a result of habitat conversion of eastern Selous-Niassa TFCA from 2015 to
2035
Primary Vegetation
Type
Total Carbon loss
(t)
Amount of money loss
(US$)
Share (%)
Closed woodland 308864.4 1235458 38.4
Open woodland 156811.5 627246.1 19.5
Bushland 516491.6 2065967 64.21
Grassland -33117.7 -132471 -4.12
Water 1470.56 5882.24 0.18
Cultivated land -16566.5 -66266 -2.06
Built up area -129611 -518443 -16.11
Total 804343.1 3217372 100
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IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This study predicted amount of biomass loss and carbon
released to the atmosphere as a result of habitat conversion
of eastern corridor of Selous – Niassa TFCA from 2015 to
2035. The findings have revealed that, the study area will
undergo notable biomass loss of 591195.1 tons due to
socio-economic activities performed by corridor dwellers.
Also amount of carbon released to the atmosphere of
804343.1 tons can contribute much to climate change and
climate variability. The amount of conservation profit
disposed of annual average of USD 160868.6 seems to
offset amount of benefit received by corridor dwellers from
their destructive activities if adopted REDD+ strategies.
The scenario necessitates formulation of sustainable
management strategies that will emphasis on species
adaptability in the corridor ecosystem in regard to their
climatic niche without compromising livelihoods of
corridor dwellers. Furthermore, adequately adapting
conservation policies to climate change requires a paradigm
shift. Specifically, planners need to adopt a long-term view
and accept that under budgetary constraints the release of
PAs areas that become redundant at some point in time
might be required if new conservation areas (wildlife
corridors) are to be designated to meet conservation targets.
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