1. The document analyzes smallholder timber farming systems (STS) in West Java, Indonesia. STS account for over 50% of land in Ciamis Regency and contribute significantly to the local economy.
2. The study finds correlations between levels of timber extraction and household income/land size. Poorer households with smaller land sizes practice selective cutting and harvest trees for immediate income needs, while better-off households clear cut and reinvest profits.
3. The study concludes that land ownership and off-farm income determine the economic yield from forests. Small land sizes and low incomes limit poorer households' forest management practices and ability to sustainably utilize forest assets.
By: Dawit Mekonnen, Elizabeth Bryan, TekieAlemu, and Claudia Ringler
Presented by Elizabeth Bryan (e.bryan@cgiar.org)
Poverty and Applied Micro Seminar
The World Bank
Wednesday, October 7, 2015
1. The document presents a study on the yield, carbon density, and impact of climate change on Bagras trees grown in a corn-based hedgerow intercropping agroforestry system in Northern Mindanao, Philippines.
2. A yield model was developed that found yield variation was best accounted for by site index, age, basal area, and rainfall. The study also found that yield relative to stand and climatic characteristics was highest in woodlots, followed by boundaries, then alleys.
3. The study estimated the aboveground carbon density per tree and found it was highest in woodlots, then boundaries, then alleys.
4. The results also suggested that future decreases
ITC Ltd. has pioneered agroforestry practices in India through large-scale commercial plantations that integrate trees and agricultural crops. Their model plants eucalyptus trees in paired rows at high densities of 2000 trees/ha while still allocating 75% of land for crops. This doubles farmers' incomes compared to conventional block planting. Through 158,000 ha of social forestry since 1992, ITC meets its wood needs sustainably while creating rural employment and offsetting carbon emissions. Scaling this agroforestry model across India's 75M ha of rain-fed land could meet pulpwood demand and improve livelihoods through enhanced and stabilized production.
Households in rural India are not facing severe firewood shortages as was predicted in the 1970s. While still dependent on firewood, households have adapted in several ways:
1) Those in villages with degraded forests spend less time collecting firewood and substitute to agricultural waste and private sources like crop residues and firewood trees grown on their own land.
2) The presence of joint forest management programs in some villages means households there are more likely to collect firewood from village commons, though the quantity collected is unchanged.
3) Households use different fuel sources depending on season and price, collecting and storing dry firewood in summer for use during the monsoon season.
Title: Partnerships for Research, Capacity Building, Innovation and Foresighting: Managing water for agriculture and food in ACP countries.
Date: 28 October, 2012
Speaker: Norman Uphoff, Cornell University, USA
Venue: GCARD2 Pre-Conference Meeting Punta del Este, Uruguay
Nematodes can negatively impact rice yields under the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method. Studies found yield reductions of 8-69% attributed to nematode build-up under aerobic rice cultivation compared to flooded conditions. Controlled irrigation in SRI may be associated with the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, which can cause yield losses of 21-64%. A field and greenhouse study examined the effects of different irrigation treatments on root galling and nematode populations caused by the root-knot nematode. The results showed greater gall formation and nematode populations under aerobic or saturated conditions compared to alternate flooding.
This document discusses the design and development of agroforestry systems in low rainfall regions of India to combat climate change. It begins by outlining the challenges facing arid lands such as soil erosion from wind and water, vegetation degradation, salinization, and land degradation from overgrazing, deforestation, and poor irrigation practices. It then discusses how agroforestry systems can help sequester carbon and provide economic benefits through various tree-crop-livestock integrated models. Specifically, it evaluates traditional agroforestry systems in Rajasthan that integrate trees like Prosopis cineraria with crops and livestock. It concludes that agroforestry interventions have promise for providing consistent economic returns along with environmental benefits
This document summarizes research on using SRI (System of Rice Intensification) methods and other water saving techniques to increase rice yields and water use efficiency in Sichuan, China. Key points include:
- SRI methods increased average rice yields in Sichuan by 20-55% and reduced water use by 25.6% compared to conventional practices.
- Improved SRI techniques for Sichuan include using tray nurseries, transplanting younger seedlings in oblong patterns with triangles, applying herbicides, and using shallow furrows with alternate wetting and drying for water management.
- Adoption of SRI and other water saving methods like dry seedbed nurseries and mul
By: Dawit Mekonnen, Elizabeth Bryan, TekieAlemu, and Claudia Ringler
Presented by Elizabeth Bryan (e.bryan@cgiar.org)
Poverty and Applied Micro Seminar
The World Bank
Wednesday, October 7, 2015
1. The document presents a study on the yield, carbon density, and impact of climate change on Bagras trees grown in a corn-based hedgerow intercropping agroforestry system in Northern Mindanao, Philippines.
2. A yield model was developed that found yield variation was best accounted for by site index, age, basal area, and rainfall. The study also found that yield relative to stand and climatic characteristics was highest in woodlots, followed by boundaries, then alleys.
3. The study estimated the aboveground carbon density per tree and found it was highest in woodlots, then boundaries, then alleys.
4. The results also suggested that future decreases
ITC Ltd. has pioneered agroforestry practices in India through large-scale commercial plantations that integrate trees and agricultural crops. Their model plants eucalyptus trees in paired rows at high densities of 2000 trees/ha while still allocating 75% of land for crops. This doubles farmers' incomes compared to conventional block planting. Through 158,000 ha of social forestry since 1992, ITC meets its wood needs sustainably while creating rural employment and offsetting carbon emissions. Scaling this agroforestry model across India's 75M ha of rain-fed land could meet pulpwood demand and improve livelihoods through enhanced and stabilized production.
Households in rural India are not facing severe firewood shortages as was predicted in the 1970s. While still dependent on firewood, households have adapted in several ways:
1) Those in villages with degraded forests spend less time collecting firewood and substitute to agricultural waste and private sources like crop residues and firewood trees grown on their own land.
2) The presence of joint forest management programs in some villages means households there are more likely to collect firewood from village commons, though the quantity collected is unchanged.
3) Households use different fuel sources depending on season and price, collecting and storing dry firewood in summer for use during the monsoon season.
Title: Partnerships for Research, Capacity Building, Innovation and Foresighting: Managing water for agriculture and food in ACP countries.
Date: 28 October, 2012
Speaker: Norman Uphoff, Cornell University, USA
Venue: GCARD2 Pre-Conference Meeting Punta del Este, Uruguay
Nematodes can negatively impact rice yields under the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method. Studies found yield reductions of 8-69% attributed to nematode build-up under aerobic rice cultivation compared to flooded conditions. Controlled irrigation in SRI may be associated with the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, which can cause yield losses of 21-64%. A field and greenhouse study examined the effects of different irrigation treatments on root galling and nematode populations caused by the root-knot nematode. The results showed greater gall formation and nematode populations under aerobic or saturated conditions compared to alternate flooding.
This document discusses the design and development of agroforestry systems in low rainfall regions of India to combat climate change. It begins by outlining the challenges facing arid lands such as soil erosion from wind and water, vegetation degradation, salinization, and land degradation from overgrazing, deforestation, and poor irrigation practices. It then discusses how agroforestry systems can help sequester carbon and provide economic benefits through various tree-crop-livestock integrated models. Specifically, it evaluates traditional agroforestry systems in Rajasthan that integrate trees like Prosopis cineraria with crops and livestock. It concludes that agroforestry interventions have promise for providing consistent economic returns along with environmental benefits
This document summarizes research on using SRI (System of Rice Intensification) methods and other water saving techniques to increase rice yields and water use efficiency in Sichuan, China. Key points include:
- SRI methods increased average rice yields in Sichuan by 20-55% and reduced water use by 25.6% compared to conventional practices.
- Improved SRI techniques for Sichuan include using tray nurseries, transplanting younger seedlings in oblong patterns with triangles, applying herbicides, and using shallow furrows with alternate wetting and drying for water management.
- Adoption of SRI and other water saving methods like dry seedbed nurseries and mul
An analysis on the growth and financial feasibility of shorea ovalis and shor...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the growth and financial feasibility of Shorea ovalis and Shorea balangeran plantation forests in East Kalimantan, Indonesia that were restored using Indonesian silvicultural systems. The study collected data over 10 years from plots with different planting distances and used models to simulate and predict growth over 50 years. Key findings included:
1) S. ovalis was harvested at age 35 and every 15 years after, yielding 97.3 cubic meters initially, though maximum growth occurred at age 45.
2) S. balangeran was harvested at age 40 and every 20 years after, yielding 112.95 cubic meters initially, though maximum growth was at age 50.
3
Myself Vijay Kumar Shrivastav completed M.Sc. Agriculture (Agronomy) from G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in 1996.
In this presentation I have covered the title "Concept of
Agro- forestry"
This presentation covers various points related to Concept of agroforestry, social forestry, farm forestry, extension forestry, mixed forestry, shelterbelts, strip plantation, recreation forestry, objectives of agroforestry, types of agroforestry, agrisilvicultural forestry system, agrisilvopastoral agroforestry system, silvopastoral agroforestry system, application and components of agroforestry system, multifunctional agroforestry , benefits of agroforestry system, challenges and obstacles in agroforestry adoption, Initiatives of agroforestry development, agroforestry suitability map, Jharkhand agroforestry etc.
My YouTube channel name "JOURNEY WITH VIJAYKUMAR SHRIVASTAV" published contents and link as below :
1. Seed Science and Technology – Basics
Link : https://youtu.be/JxCJnmq3o8s
2. Seed Development Programs & Seed and Agricultural Organizations
Link : https://youtu.be/kWBc2Eobdxc
3. Principles of Hybrid seed Production
Link : https://youtu.be/6TvYhv4XG8c
4. An Introduction to Agriculture and Agronomy
Link : https://youtu.be/HM0WMe5X228
5. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress (Hindi) ( झारखण्ड के विभिन्न जलवायु क्षेत्र , वर्षा प्रणाली एवं अजैविक दबाव )
Link : https://youtu.be/sGG7AT6-EoY
6. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress
Link : https://youtu.be/00rL1Pj5Kkk
7. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming
Link : https://youtu.be/8UGR1RTJeVQ
8. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming (झारखण्ड की वर्षा पोषित कृषि , मुख्य फसलें , वर्षा जल संचयन और मत्स्य पालन) - In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/mi4AwBvkAeg
9. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming
Link : https://youtu.be/1gxu6hmZ0us
10. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming ( झारखण्ड की मृदा उर्वरता की अवस्था , मिट्टी की स्वास्थ्य वृद्धि और जैविक खेती की अवधारणा )-In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/9-R5c7_HDN8
11. Classification of crops
Link : https://youtu.be/VHC8izeI4cA
12. Seeds and sowing
Link : https://youtu.be/9DsWBOyBO0Q
13. Classification of crops (फसलों के वर्गीकरण )-Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/ySDb-Qs-rz8
14. Concept of Agro-forestry.mp4
Link : https://youtu.be/E5-xwdsLOiM
15. Wastelands and Means to Reclaim them
https://youtu.be/qbwT5DXoFUU
This document discusses factors that impact plant growth and yields. It provides examples from trials of new tef production techniques in Ethiopia.
The key points are:
1) Plants respond to their environment, and yields are determined by a plant's genetics interacting with environmental conditions and management practices.
2) Trials of row planting and transplanting tef in Ethiopia led to average yields that were 70% higher than the national average, showing the potential of these new techniques.
3) The highest yielding trials used transplanting combined with fertilizers tailored for tef, achieving maximum yields over 50% higher than average national production levels.
Powerpoint by Samuel Soki Harding, Daniel Santigie Fornah, and Edward S.A. Kargbo presented at the West Africa SRI Workshop in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso on July 26-27, 2012.
This document describes the System of Wheat Intensification (SWI) method for increasing wheat yields. SWI involves widely spacing wheat plants to allow for better root and shoot growth through increased sunlight, aeration and organic matter. Key practices include line sowing seeds at 20x20cm spacing, using improved seeds, seed treatment, incorporating compost, and mechanical weeding. Trials in Uttar Pradesh found SWI increased the number of tillers per plant to 25-30 compared to 4-5 with normal methods. Panicle length and grains per panicle also increased. While harvest data was not yet available, SWI showed potential for 25% higher grain yields in a sustainable way with lower seed rates and chemical inputs
Agroforestry based forage production systems for hillsSunil Kumar
The document discusses agroforestry based forage production systems for hills. It provides background on the issues of low fodder availability and quality in hilly areas. It then discusses various agroforestry systems suitable for different agro-climatic zones in hills like silvipasture, alley cropping and hortipasture systems. These systems help improve fodder production and quality as well as income opportunities by integrating trees with crops and livestock. Research findings show that agroforestry systems provide higher total biomass and productivity per unit area compared to sole cropping or grazing systems.
Presentation by Chun-E Kan
Title: System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Introduction in Taiwan: Results of Trials, Adapting to Existing Farming Systems and Local Conditions, and Making Links with the Private Sector
Venue: Cornell University
Date: April 16, 2015
Organized by: SRI-Rice, Cornell Univesity
Evaluation of land use practice and its future consequence on dilla zuria wor...zinabu wolde
The study reviewed Land use practices in Gedeo Zone Dilla Zuria woreda to assess its role and achievements in ensuring good food security since 2014 in which the people of Gedeo were being practice on. The objectives were to (1) identify the land Use practice that have been used over time; (2) identify the problem of current land Use practice in the area (3) identify the challenges of the practice in the soil; (4) determine the extent of use of land use practice from historical approaches in maintaining good service and (5) make recommendations for further improvement of land use practice. Primary sources, Published and unpublished secondary sources revealed that several agricultural approach were being undertaken in order to make clear land use practice of the area. One of the basic approaches undertaken today was Agroforestry practice, which culturally tied with Nation of Gedeo. Land use practice dealt with challenges of previous and current approaches of land use practice. Aspects of challenges to effective Land use practice in area were administrative or management, farmer awareness, and in general, attitudinal change of farmers in the area. Natural resource management such as integrated watershed management, soil and water conservation practice, consequence of improper land use practice are discussed and recommended for further improvement of land use practice in the study area.
Presented by: Jia-guo Zheng, Xin-lu Jiang, and Zhong-zhi Chi Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Chengdu, China
Presented at: International Rice Congress. Pre-Congress SRI Day. November 8 2010
This document summarizes a study on the production economics of mat-sedges (Cyperus tegetum Roxb.) cultivation under different water management practices in West Bengal, India. The study found that the treatment of rainfall during the kharif season, 2 irrigations during winter, and 3 irrigations during summer along with rice straw mulching during winter and summer (W6) produced the highest benefit-cost ratio of 1.89 in the first year and 2.93 in the second year. The lowest benefit-cost ratio was obtained from the treatment of rainfall during kharif with one life-saving irrigation during winter and summer (W2), which was 1.11 in the first year and 1
Title: The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in the Context of ‘Sustainable Crop Production Intensification’ and Adaptation to Climate Change
Presenter: Norman Uphoff
Presented at the FAO's Asia Regional Office
Date: April 11, 2013
Tree-based agroforestry systems provide important livelihood benefits for communities in semi-arid regions of India. They contribute fuelwood, fodder, timber and other products. Systems with trees such as Leucaena and alley cropping with crops like groundnuts have been shown to provide stable yields even during drought years. Common traditional systems include scattered trees, silvopasture, and agrisilviculture. Recommended modern systems vary by region but include horticulture crops like mangoes and pomegranates integrated with trees. Large-scale adoption of systems like these and wadi plantations in tribal areas have been seen. There is potential to further increase yields and incomes from these systems through improved
Presenter: Karma Lhendup, College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan
Audience: 2nd National SRI Symposium, Agartala, India
Subject Country: Bhutan
SeSTA is working to promote sustainable agriculture in poverty-stricken areas of Assam through techniques like SRI and SCI. In 2013-14, they worked with over 2000 farmers across 105 villages. Key activities included organizing women's self-help groups, promoting livelihoods through improved rice and maize cultivation using SRI and SCI methods, vegetable production, and youth development. SRI techniques led to increased yields, for example paddy yields increased from 2.8 MT to 5.9 MT per hectare. Issues faced included floods and drought. The organization aims to scale up its work to benefit more farmers and expand to other states in northeast India.
Poster at the 4th International Rice Congress
Authors: Shigeki Yokoyama and Takeshi Sakurai
Title: Participation and Impact of Rice Cultivation Training: The Case of SRI in Madagascar
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 28-31, 2014
This document provides information on plantation forestry globally and in Nepal. Key points include:
- Plantation forestry has expanded globally over the past century and a half, with new plantations established at a rate of 4.5 million hectares per year.
- Asia accounts for over 60% of the world's planted forests, with plantations concentrated in countries like China, India, and Malaysia.
- Plantation forestry in Nepal began in the 1950s and has increased forest cover in the country by 14% between 1937-1947.
- Challenges to expanding natural forests like degradation and lack of regeneration have driven the growth of plantation forestry worldwide.
Institution: Visayas, Municipal Agriculture Office, and the Agricultural Training Institute as well as the Consultants’ Consortium for SPISP
Subject Country: Philippines
System of rice intensification in manipur, indiaRafi Shah
1. The document summarizes a project implemented by Rongmei Naga Baptist Association to promote the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method in Manipur and Nagaland over three phases from 2009-2012.
2. The project worked with over 4,000 farmers across 9 districts, achieving cultivation of over 4,500 acres using SRI methods. This led to increased productivity and food security for farmers.
3. Key achievements included higher crop yields, more tillers per hill, increased panicle length, and greater numbers of fill grains per panicle compared to traditional methods. Partners also faced challenges in timely funding, natural disasters, and farmer acceptance of new techniques.
Fruit based agroforestry systems in drylandsGovindBose
1) The document describes a seminar on fruit-based agroforestry systems in dryland areas given by Govind Bose.
2) It discusses the characteristics of drylands and why fruit-based agroforestry is suitable for these areas. Major systems include guava, aonla, ber, pomegranate, and custard apple.
3) The advantages are higher income, employment, and protective foods. Factors that affect the systems include variety selection, planting, mulching, weed control and nutrient management.
Agroforestry has a high potential for simultaneously satisfying three important objectives viz., protecting and also stabilizing the ecosystems; producing a high level of output of economic goods; and improving the income and basic materials to the rural population. It has helped in the rehabilitation of the degraded lands on the one hand and has increased farm productivity on the other. At present, agroforestry meets almost half of the demand for fuelwood, 2/3 of the small timber, approx. 70-80 per cent wood for plywood, 60 per cent raw material for paper pulp and approx. 9-11 per cent of the green fodder requirement of livestock, besides meeting the subsistence needs of the households for food, fruit, fiber, medicine etc.
An analysis on the growth and financial feasibility of shorea ovalis and shor...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the growth and financial feasibility of Shorea ovalis and Shorea balangeran plantation forests in East Kalimantan, Indonesia that were restored using Indonesian silvicultural systems. The study collected data over 10 years from plots with different planting distances and used models to simulate and predict growth over 50 years. Key findings included:
1) S. ovalis was harvested at age 35 and every 15 years after, yielding 97.3 cubic meters initially, though maximum growth occurred at age 45.
2) S. balangeran was harvested at age 40 and every 20 years after, yielding 112.95 cubic meters initially, though maximum growth was at age 50.
3
Myself Vijay Kumar Shrivastav completed M.Sc. Agriculture (Agronomy) from G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in 1996.
In this presentation I have covered the title "Concept of
Agro- forestry"
This presentation covers various points related to Concept of agroforestry, social forestry, farm forestry, extension forestry, mixed forestry, shelterbelts, strip plantation, recreation forestry, objectives of agroforestry, types of agroforestry, agrisilvicultural forestry system, agrisilvopastoral agroforestry system, silvopastoral agroforestry system, application and components of agroforestry system, multifunctional agroforestry , benefits of agroforestry system, challenges and obstacles in agroforestry adoption, Initiatives of agroforestry development, agroforestry suitability map, Jharkhand agroforestry etc.
My YouTube channel name "JOURNEY WITH VIJAYKUMAR SHRIVASTAV" published contents and link as below :
1. Seed Science and Technology – Basics
Link : https://youtu.be/JxCJnmq3o8s
2. Seed Development Programs & Seed and Agricultural Organizations
Link : https://youtu.be/kWBc2Eobdxc
3. Principles of Hybrid seed Production
Link : https://youtu.be/6TvYhv4XG8c
4. An Introduction to Agriculture and Agronomy
Link : https://youtu.be/HM0WMe5X228
5. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress (Hindi) ( झारखण्ड के विभिन्न जलवायु क्षेत्र , वर्षा प्रणाली एवं अजैविक दबाव )
Link : https://youtu.be/sGG7AT6-EoY
6. Agro-climatic zones of Jharkhand, Rainfall pattern and Abiotic stress
Link : https://youtu.be/00rL1Pj5Kkk
7. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming
Link : https://youtu.be/8UGR1RTJeVQ
8. Rainfed Agriculture of Jharkhand ,Major Crops, Rain Water Harvesting and Fish Farming (झारखण्ड की वर्षा पोषित कृषि , मुख्य फसलें , वर्षा जल संचयन और मत्स्य पालन) - In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/mi4AwBvkAeg
9. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming
Link : https://youtu.be/1gxu6hmZ0us
10. Soil fertility status of Jharkhand, improving soil health and concept of Organic farming ( झारखण्ड की मृदा उर्वरता की अवस्था , मिट्टी की स्वास्थ्य वृद्धि और जैविक खेती की अवधारणा )-In Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/9-R5c7_HDN8
11. Classification of crops
Link : https://youtu.be/VHC8izeI4cA
12. Seeds and sowing
Link : https://youtu.be/9DsWBOyBO0Q
13. Classification of crops (फसलों के वर्गीकरण )-Hindi
Link : https://youtu.be/ySDb-Qs-rz8
14. Concept of Agro-forestry.mp4
Link : https://youtu.be/E5-xwdsLOiM
15. Wastelands and Means to Reclaim them
https://youtu.be/qbwT5DXoFUU
This document discusses factors that impact plant growth and yields. It provides examples from trials of new tef production techniques in Ethiopia.
The key points are:
1) Plants respond to their environment, and yields are determined by a plant's genetics interacting with environmental conditions and management practices.
2) Trials of row planting and transplanting tef in Ethiopia led to average yields that were 70% higher than the national average, showing the potential of these new techniques.
3) The highest yielding trials used transplanting combined with fertilizers tailored for tef, achieving maximum yields over 50% higher than average national production levels.
Powerpoint by Samuel Soki Harding, Daniel Santigie Fornah, and Edward S.A. Kargbo presented at the West Africa SRI Workshop in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso on July 26-27, 2012.
This document describes the System of Wheat Intensification (SWI) method for increasing wheat yields. SWI involves widely spacing wheat plants to allow for better root and shoot growth through increased sunlight, aeration and organic matter. Key practices include line sowing seeds at 20x20cm spacing, using improved seeds, seed treatment, incorporating compost, and mechanical weeding. Trials in Uttar Pradesh found SWI increased the number of tillers per plant to 25-30 compared to 4-5 with normal methods. Panicle length and grains per panicle also increased. While harvest data was not yet available, SWI showed potential for 25% higher grain yields in a sustainable way with lower seed rates and chemical inputs
Agroforestry based forage production systems for hillsSunil Kumar
The document discusses agroforestry based forage production systems for hills. It provides background on the issues of low fodder availability and quality in hilly areas. It then discusses various agroforestry systems suitable for different agro-climatic zones in hills like silvipasture, alley cropping and hortipasture systems. These systems help improve fodder production and quality as well as income opportunities by integrating trees with crops and livestock. Research findings show that agroforestry systems provide higher total biomass and productivity per unit area compared to sole cropping or grazing systems.
Presentation by Chun-E Kan
Title: System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Introduction in Taiwan: Results of Trials, Adapting to Existing Farming Systems and Local Conditions, and Making Links with the Private Sector
Venue: Cornell University
Date: April 16, 2015
Organized by: SRI-Rice, Cornell Univesity
Evaluation of land use practice and its future consequence on dilla zuria wor...zinabu wolde
The study reviewed Land use practices in Gedeo Zone Dilla Zuria woreda to assess its role and achievements in ensuring good food security since 2014 in which the people of Gedeo were being practice on. The objectives were to (1) identify the land Use practice that have been used over time; (2) identify the problem of current land Use practice in the area (3) identify the challenges of the practice in the soil; (4) determine the extent of use of land use practice from historical approaches in maintaining good service and (5) make recommendations for further improvement of land use practice. Primary sources, Published and unpublished secondary sources revealed that several agricultural approach were being undertaken in order to make clear land use practice of the area. One of the basic approaches undertaken today was Agroforestry practice, which culturally tied with Nation of Gedeo. Land use practice dealt with challenges of previous and current approaches of land use practice. Aspects of challenges to effective Land use practice in area were administrative or management, farmer awareness, and in general, attitudinal change of farmers in the area. Natural resource management such as integrated watershed management, soil and water conservation practice, consequence of improper land use practice are discussed and recommended for further improvement of land use practice in the study area.
Presented by: Jia-guo Zheng, Xin-lu Jiang, and Zhong-zhi Chi Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Chengdu, China
Presented at: International Rice Congress. Pre-Congress SRI Day. November 8 2010
This document summarizes a study on the production economics of mat-sedges (Cyperus tegetum Roxb.) cultivation under different water management practices in West Bengal, India. The study found that the treatment of rainfall during the kharif season, 2 irrigations during winter, and 3 irrigations during summer along with rice straw mulching during winter and summer (W6) produced the highest benefit-cost ratio of 1.89 in the first year and 2.93 in the second year. The lowest benefit-cost ratio was obtained from the treatment of rainfall during kharif with one life-saving irrigation during winter and summer (W2), which was 1.11 in the first year and 1
Title: The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in the Context of ‘Sustainable Crop Production Intensification’ and Adaptation to Climate Change
Presenter: Norman Uphoff
Presented at the FAO's Asia Regional Office
Date: April 11, 2013
Tree-based agroforestry systems provide important livelihood benefits for communities in semi-arid regions of India. They contribute fuelwood, fodder, timber and other products. Systems with trees such as Leucaena and alley cropping with crops like groundnuts have been shown to provide stable yields even during drought years. Common traditional systems include scattered trees, silvopasture, and agrisilviculture. Recommended modern systems vary by region but include horticulture crops like mangoes and pomegranates integrated with trees. Large-scale adoption of systems like these and wadi plantations in tribal areas have been seen. There is potential to further increase yields and incomes from these systems through improved
Presenter: Karma Lhendup, College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan
Audience: 2nd National SRI Symposium, Agartala, India
Subject Country: Bhutan
SeSTA is working to promote sustainable agriculture in poverty-stricken areas of Assam through techniques like SRI and SCI. In 2013-14, they worked with over 2000 farmers across 105 villages. Key activities included organizing women's self-help groups, promoting livelihoods through improved rice and maize cultivation using SRI and SCI methods, vegetable production, and youth development. SRI techniques led to increased yields, for example paddy yields increased from 2.8 MT to 5.9 MT per hectare. Issues faced included floods and drought. The organization aims to scale up its work to benefit more farmers and expand to other states in northeast India.
Poster at the 4th International Rice Congress
Authors: Shigeki Yokoyama and Takeshi Sakurai
Title: Participation and Impact of Rice Cultivation Training: The Case of SRI in Madagascar
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 28-31, 2014
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- Plantation forestry has expanded globally over the past century and a half, with new plantations established at a rate of 4.5 million hectares per year.
- Asia accounts for over 60% of the world's planted forests, with plantations concentrated in countries like China, India, and Malaysia.
- Plantation forestry in Nepal began in the 1950s and has increased forest cover in the country by 14% between 1937-1947.
- Challenges to expanding natural forests like degradation and lack of regeneration have driven the growth of plantation forestry worldwide.
Institution: Visayas, Municipal Agriculture Office, and the Agricultural Training Institute as well as the Consultants’ Consortium for SPISP
Subject Country: Philippines
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3. Key achievements included higher crop yields, more tillers per hill, increased panicle length, and greater numbers of fill grains per panicle compared to traditional methods. Partners also faced challenges in timely funding, natural disasters, and farmer acceptance of new techniques.
Fruit based agroforestry systems in drylandsGovindBose
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3) The advantages are higher income, employment, and protective foods. Factors that affect the systems include variety selection, planting, mulching, weed control and nutrient management.
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Session 3.4 timber production & poverty siarudin
1. management strategy of smallholder timber farmers in
West Java, Indonesia
M. Siarudin
Forestry Research and Development Agency (FORDA)
Ministry of Forestry, Republic of Indonesia 1
WORLD CONGRESS ON AGROFORESTRY
Delhi, 2014
2. 2
Smallholder Timber System (STS) in Java Island
paddy field
STS
fishpond
traditional agricultural land useIrrigated/wet landdry land
(see app. 1.a)
• Land size: small scale forest: < 5 ha/household
Average = 0.3 ha (0.01 – 2 ha)
• Location: 0 - > 2 km
• Management: family/individual based
3. BACKGROUND
• The largest STS in West Java
Province, (124,430 ha; 50.9 % of
total area of Ciamis Regency) [4;11]
• More timber is cut and sold in STS
than the state forest[5]
(app. 1.b)
• Triggering local economic
development-transaction value
17 million USD/year
800s small scale saw mill industries[5]; 911 small to
medium scale of furniture and handicraft[10]
3
STS development in Ciamis
Regency
STS
State forest
4. PROBLEM
4
Problem statement
Many landowners/forest owners are typically rural
poor households and do not get significant return
from their forest assets
Preliminary observation: Despite high value of timber on
the market, the poor landowners receive extremely low
income from timber (about 12 USD annually) (see app.2)
5. QUESTIONs and RESEARCH OBJECTIVEs
5
Questions
Objectives
• To identify household and farm characteristics that
become key in the STS enterprise
• To explore how those characteristics are related to
the pattern of forest extraction and management
• What are the key factors for the farmers to get
significant benefits?
• How do those factors affects the forest
utilisation and management pattern and the
outcome?
6. HYPOTHESIS
6
There are different patterns of forest utilisation and
management among different level of socio-economic groups,
due to different level of their capabilities in functioning the
forest assets.
This leads to the poor households receiving inadequate income
from their forest asset.
7. RESEARCH LOCATION
Research site
Cipaku sub-district
Cijeungjing sub-district
Bunesuri village
Utama village and Bojongmengger
village
7
(see app. 3)
8. RESEARCH METHOD
Fieldwork Time frame: February- September 2011
Data
collection
method
• Questionnaires and in-depth interview = 59
landowners (25 better-off households and 34
poor households) (see app. 4)
• In-depth Interview to key persons =
head of villages (3), government officials (2),
community leaders (3)
• Observation
Focus of
exploration
- Household and farm characteristics:
household income, family size, education attainment, age of
household head, land size, distance of forest to house
- Timber extraction: earning from timber, number of tree
harvested, volume of timber harvested
- Forest utilization and management patterns:
harvesting system, use of on-farm income, forest regeneration
system 8
9. FINDING 1: Link: STS and household attributes
Correlations
1 .954** .724** .237 .348** -.235 -.034 .020 .680** .488** .784** -.126
.000 .000 .070 .007 .073 .797 .880 .000 .000 .000 .368
59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 54 53 53 53
.954** 1 .758** .171 .123 -.122 -.020 -.006 .692** .520** .785** -.073
.000 .000 .195 .355 .359 .883 .965 .000 .000 .000 .604
59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 54 53 53 53
.724** .758** 1 .302* .137 -.178 -.037 -.029 .805** .734** .836** .028
.000 .000 .020 .302 .176 .782 .827 .000 .000 .000 .844
59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 54 53 53 53
.237 .171 .302* 1 .406** -.524** .333* -.096 .063 .026 .114 -.140
.070 .195 .020 .001 .000 .010 .469 .650 .852 .415 .317
59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 54 53 53 53
.348** .123 .137 .406** 1 -.450** -.038 .066 .172 .118 .191 -.315*
.007 .355 .302 .001 .000 .775 .617 .212 .399 .172 .022
59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 54 53 53 53
-.235 -.122 -.178 -.524** -.450** 1 -.187 .261* -.027 -.004 -.143 .136
.073 .359 .176 .000 .000 .155 .045 .847 .976 .306 .332
59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 54 53 53 53
-.034 -.020 -.037 .333* -.038 -.187 1 .097 -.055 -.053 -.063 .032
.797 .883 .782 .010 .775 .155 .464 .692 .707 .655 .822
59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 54 53 53 53
.020 -.006 -.029 -.096 .066 .261* .097 1 .107 .055 .050 .111
.880 .965 .827 .469 .617 .045 .464 .441 .697 .725 .429
59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 54 53 53 53
.680** .692** .805** .063 .172 -.027 -.055 .107 1 .890** .927** .041
.000 .000 .000 .650 .212 .847 .692 .441 .000 .000 .771
54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 53 53 53
.488** .520** .734** .026 .118 -.004 -.053 .055 .890** 1 .772** .050
.000 .000 .000 .852 .399 .976 .707 .697 .000 .000 .722
53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 52 52
.784** .785** .836** .114 .191 -.143 -.063 .050 .927** .772** 1 .024
.000 .000 .000 .415 .172 .306 .655 .725 .000 .000 .863
53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 52 53 53
-.126 -.073 .028 -.140 -.315* .136 .032 .111 .041 .050 .024 1
.368 .604 .844 .317 .022 .332 .822 .429 .771 .722 .863
53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 52 53 53
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Household income (Rp)
Income per capita
(Rp/person)
Land ownership
education attainment
(y ear)
f amily size
age of household (year)
distance of f orest f rom
house (km)
f requency of harvesting
(times)
number of tree harvested
v olume estimation of tree
harvested (m3)
earning f rom tree
harvested (Rp)
percentage of earning
f rom tree harvested to
total income (%)
Household
income (Rp)
Income per
capita
(Rp/person)
Land
ownership
education
attainment
(y ear) f amily size
age of
household
(y ear)
distance of
f orest f rom
house (km)
f requency of
harvesting
(times)
number of
tree harv ested
v olume
estimation of
tree harv ested
(m3)
earning f rom
tree harv ested
(Rp)
percentage of
earning f rom
tree harv ested
to total
income (%)
Correlation is signif icant at the 0.01 lev el (2-tailed).**.
Correlation is signif icant at the 0.05 lev el (2-tailed).*.
Correlation among variables
timber extraction is:
• correlated to off-farm income
(household and per capita) and to
land size
• not correlated to education
attainment of household head,
family size, age of household head,
or distance of forest from house
10. FINDING 1: Link: STS and household attributes
Regression
R = 0.84, R2 = 0.699
R = 0.78, R2 = 0.617
the rate of earning from timber can be explained by land
size and off-farm income
Land size (ha) Off-farm income
Earningfromtimber(Rp/10years)
Earningfromtimber(Rp/10years)
11. FINDING 1: Link: STS and household attributes
-
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
forest land ownership (ha)
Percapita income (x10,000 Yen)
land size 0.08 Ha
better-off households: poor households:
23.7 USD/month/personOff-farm income
Mostly (66.67 %) from purchasing Mostly (74.29 %) from inheritance
Feature of initial assets: off-farm income and forest land
0.55
78
How this condition relate to the pattern of forest utilisation
and management?
Off-farm income (x100 USD)
STS land ownership (ha)
12. FINDING 2: Forest utilization patterns & management
1. Timber harvesting pattern
Among them (25 %) practice clear cutting Mostly (82.9 %) practice selective cutting
Harvest timber with normal rotation
(harvest timber when the tree is ready/big diameter)
Harvest timber with “by need” rotation
(harvest timber when they need urgent income/
small diameter)
Large number of trees
and higher price
small number of trees
and lower price
(See app. 7)
12
clear cutting
selective
cutting
Better-off Poor
14. FINDING 2: Forest utilization patterns & management
(cont.)
Usually buying nursery transplant
(20.8%) or combination of nursery
transplant and natural seedling (66.67%)
Mostly (54.29 %) using natural
seedlings or/and re-grow from root
3. Forest regeneration pattern
Better forest culture techniques (usage of improved genetic-
seedling, regulated plantation spacing, maintenance etc.) can result in
better wood quality and its price (Punches, 2004; Haygreen and
Bowyer, 1996) only the better-off afford to do this
transplant with seed from nursery re-grow from rootrely on natural seedlings
(See app. 8)
14
Better-off Poor
15. CONCLUSIONs
• Land ownership and off-farm income level are the key
determinants for significant yield of forest utilization.
• Small landownership (natural capital) combined with
low income (financial capital) cause the poor
households’ utilisation and management pattern on
their forest asset do not result in better return.
15
Expected outcome:
Policy implications: can be bases for appropriate policy
formulation for the poor as the main target in order to achieve
rural sustainable livelihood
16. Thank you for your attention..
16
“If immediate livelihoods are a priority of the poor,
sustainability is a priority of the enlightened rich”
(Chambers, 1986:10)
Special thanks to:
Lynn Thiesmeyer, M. Umegaki,
J. Roshetko, B. Lusiana
for your inputs
17. • Promote multi sector partnerships with smallholders
Shifting the individual management to collective
management to reduce cost and risk and enhance
benefits
Parties: large landowners, smallholders, landless
farmers, investors, governments/NGOs
• diversification of income from forest
to create various sequences of income
promote non-timber/multipurpose tree species (MPTS)
to mix with timber species
Further consideration for local government policy
17
18. STS utilization and
management
Different level of
capability
not meet short
term income need
not concern to
forest asset
The Poor The Better-off
• Selective cutting
• “by need” rotation
• Spent money for
immediate
consumption
• Poor reforestation
techniques
• clear cutting
• normal rotation
• Spent money for
capital investment
• Better reforestation
techniques
survival
Expansion of asset
and production
Collective
management
Income
diversification
not sustainable/
Loss of resource
Framework of Conclusion
proposals
19. Bibliography
1. Chambers, R., and G.R. Conway, 1991. Sustainable rural livelihood: practical concepts for 21th century. Discussion paper 296.
Institute of Development Studies.
2. Chambers, R., 1986. Sustainable livelihoods: an opportunity for the World Commission on Environment and Development.
Institute of Development Studies. University of Sussex, UK.
3. Ciamis Forestry Office, 2011. Kebijakan Pembangunan Kehutanan dan Perkebunan Kabupaten Ciamis. Slide Presentation on
Forum SKPD Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan Kabupaten Ciamis. Local Government of Ciamis Regency.
4. Ciamis Forestry Office, 2010. Masukan/Penjelasan terhadap Raperda RTRW Kabupaten Ciamis 2010-2030. Local Government of
Ciamis Regency.
5. Ciamis Forestry Office, 2009. Strategic Plan of Ciamis Forestry Office. Local Government of Ciamis Regency.
6. Dorward, A., S. Anderson, S. Clark, B. Keane and J. Moguel, 2001. Asset Functions and Livelihood Strategies: a Framework for Pro
Poor Analysis, policy and Practice. CONTRIBUTED PAPER TO eaae Seminar on Livelihoods and Rural Poverty.
www.nda.agric.za/docs/AAPS/Articles/Goats/.../R7823%20(02).pdf. Accessed in January, 24th, 2011.
7. Harrison, S.R, J.L. Herbohn, and A.J. Niskanen, 2002. Non-industrial, Smallholder, Small-scale and Family Forestry:What’s in a
Name?. Journal of Small-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy, 1(1): 1–11.
8. Haygreen, J.G. dan J.L Bowyer, 1966. Hasil Hutan dan Ilmu Kayu. Terjemahan Sutjipto A.H. Gadjah Mada University
Press, Yogyakarta.
9. Hindra, B., 2006. Potensi dan Kelembagaan Hutan Rakyat. Prosiding Seminar Hasil Litbang Hasil Hutan: “Kontribusi Hutan Rakyat
dalam Kesinambungan Industri Kehutanan”. Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
P14-23.
10. ITCOC (Industry, Trade and Cooperative Office of Ciamis Regency), 2009. Potensi Industri di Kabupaten Ciamis.
11. Ministry of Forestry, 2009. Potensi Kayu dan Karbon Hutan Rakyat di Jawa Tahun 1990-2008. Balai Pemantapan Kawasan Hutan
Wilayah XI Jawa-Madura dan Multistakeholder Forestry Program.
12. Ministry of Forestry, 2004. Potensi Hutan Rakyat Indonesia 2003. Pusat Inventarisasi dan Statistik Kehutanan, Departemen
Kehutanan and Direktorat Statistik Pertanian, Badan Pusat Statistik.
http://www.dephut.go.id/INFORMASI/BUKU2/PHRI_03/PHRI_03.htm. Acessed in November 25th, 2010.
13. Punches, J., 2004. Tree Growth, Forest Management and Their Implication for Wood Quality.
http://www.forestandraadeasia.org/doc_hit.html . Diakses pada tanggal May, 9th 2011.
14. Statistic Centre Bureau of Ciamis Regency, 2008. Analisis Kemiskinan Kabupaten Ciamis Tahun 2008 (Poverty Analysis in Ciamis
Regency Year 2008). Ciamis
15. Statistic Centre Bureau of Ciamis Regency, 2010. Ciamis dalam angka (Ciamis in figure) 2010. Ciamis
16. Huvio, T., J. Kola and T Lundstrom (ed), 2004. Small-Scale Farmers in Liberalised Trade Environment. Proceeding of the Seminar
on October 2004 in Haikko Finland. University of Helsinki, Departmen of Economics and Management. Publications no 38. 19
20. Appendix 1.a
Formal definition of STS
Forest that grows at private/right land (Law no 41/1999)
+ Forests that grows at private land and are covered by > 50 % of tree vegetations, or
minimum 500 trees/ha (Ministry of Forestry Decree No 49/Kpts-II/1997)
+ Forest that grows at private land and are dominated by tree vegetations (Ministry of Forestry
Decree No. P 26/Menhut-II/2005)
Terminology used in some journals:
farm forest, non-industrial forest, smallholder forest, small scale forest, family forest, community
forest (Harrison at al, 2002)
Government policy
- National government has contributed the development of STS through some financing
support such as subsidy, micro-credit for STS, reforestation fund, and national
movement for forest and land rehabilitation program (Gerakan Nasional Rehabilitasi
Hutan dan Lahan/GNRHL). However the development of STS are dominated (62%) by
self financing (Hindra, 2006).
- Local government of Ciamis regency reports to give seedling aid to landowners about
1 to 2 million seedling annually (Forestry Office of Ciamis Regency, 2011)
20
21. Appendix 1.b
21
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
local government's aid 1,127,200 415,000 873,492 521,250 2,126,610 2,155,488
self financing 1,250,500 2,561,728 6,304,920 5,480,765 3,560,848 4,069,999
-
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
numberoftreeplanted(tree)
tree plantation in SSFF
Tree plantation and timber production in Ciamis Regency
Source: Forestry Office of Ciamis Regency, 2011
-
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2010
annualtimberproduction(m3)
comparison of timber production from SSFF and state forest
SSFF
State forest
22. assets
people
activities
outcome
SSFF land
Financial capital
The poor
The better-off
Forest extraction
Forest management
Cash income
Immediate consumption
Livelihood components
(Chambers and Conway, 1991): Case study:
Sustainable rural
livelihood
Sustainable
development
Poverty
reduction
Rural poverty
reduction
Research frameworkAppendix 1.c
23. 23
wealth status
earning from timber harvesting (Yen/year)*
average min max
the poor 1,216.67 150.00 4,050.00
the better-off 6,031.30 500.00 25,000.00
all respondents 3,306.03 150.00 25,000.00
Value of earning from timber harvesting
Note: * this value are average from total earning during the last 10 years.
The average frequency of harvesting are 2-3 times during that period.
want more land
7%
want aid in form of
capital for forest
enterprise
7%
want aid inf form of
seedling
8%
get better earning
from forest
29%
forest can be better
managed
3%
next generation
willing to manage
forest
5%
next generation
can get benefit
from his forest
2%
government
more serious in
supporting SSFF
5%
Do not know
34%
Expectation of respondents towards SSFF
Appendix 2
Value of earning from timber harvesting and expectation
24. Appendix 3
Characteristic of research site:
Buniseuri
village
Utama village
Bojongmengger
village
Total area (ha) 422.22 224.79 635.55
Number of citizen (person) 7573 3510 6004
male 3776 1802 3001
female 3797 1708 3003
Population density (peron/ha) 17.94 15.61 9.45
distance from capital district (km) 12 3 10
altitude (meter above sea level) 285 124 240
topography hilly flat flat and hilly
wetland farming (paddy field) 151 60.919 21.5
dryland farming (including private forest) 203.415 85.26 333.6
24
Source: Statistic Centre Bureau of Ciamis Regency, 2010
poor
22.39%
better-
off
77.61%
Ciamis Regency
poor
24.94%
better-
off
75.06%
Buniseuri village
poor
23.43%
better-
off
76.57%
Utama village
poor
21.86%
better-
off
78.14%
Bojongmengger village
25. 25
CONSUMPTION POVERTY CHARACTERISTICS
FOOD:
Fulfillment of 2100 calorie per capita per day
1. Meal frequency
2. the ability to
buy meat, chicken and milk
NON-FOOD:
clothing, housing and facilities, the cost of
education, health care, transport,
miscellaneous goods and services
1. ability to buy clothing per year
2. floor area
3. type of floor
4. type of wall
5. type of roof
6. source of clean water
7. type of lighting
8. sanitation facility
9. education attainment of household
head
10. employment status of household head
11. ability of health care
12. asset ownership
Characteristic of poverty
Government (Statistical Center Bureau) analyze the poverty line based on 14 criteria below:
In the process of measuring poverty line, government also included verification and public examination as a
part of poverty measurement by community themselves, using values and norm prevailed in the society.
Source: Statistical Center Bureau, Ciamis Regency (2008)
Appendix 4
26. 76%
24%
Gender of household head
male female
44, 75%
6, 10%
7, 12%
2, 3%
education attainment of household
head
ES
JHS
SHS
UG
Characteristic of respondents
Appendix 5
Note: * The wealth status is based on the classification set by Statistic Centre Bureau of Ciamis Regency in 2008 26
58%
42%
wealth status*
the poor the better-off
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89
numberofrespondents(person)
Head of household by age
27. Farm
worker
15%
Farmer
34%
Trader
22%
Service
5%
Governmen
t employee
10%
Private
employee
10%
Freelance
worker
4%
main livelihood
Farm worker
3%
Farmer
19%
Trader
2%
service
7%
None
69%
complementary livelioods
average of
household
income
(US$/month)
average of
household
expenses
(US$/month)
Income-
Expenses
(US$/month)
Percentage of
Income -
Expenses to
total income
(%)
the poor 65.15 59.14 6.01 9.22
the better-off 274.83 130.36 144.48 52.57
-
50
100
150
200
250
300
Incomeandexpenses(RUS$/month)
household income and expenses
Characteristic of respondents
Appendix 5 (cont.)
27
3
1
6
-
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
average min max
numberoffamilymember(person)
famili size
28. 28
Appendix 6.b
Land tenure and regression analysis
R = 0.76, R2 = 0.574
74.29 20.00 5.71
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
1
land acquisition of the poor household
heritage purchase both heritage and purchase
33.33 37.50 29.17
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
1
land acquisition of the better-off household
R = 0.84, R2 = 0.699
R = 0.78, R2 = 0.617
29. 9
43
23
the poor the better-off total
respondent
number of tree harvested per
household during the last 10
years
6
28
15
the poor the better-off total
respondent
volume estimation of tree
harvested per household during
the last 10 years (m3)
34.3
2.9 2.9 2.9
57.1
28.6
11.4
17.1
5.7
37.1
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
need wood for
self use
trees have been
ready to harvest
plan to change to
other tree species
timber collector
offers to buy
need urgen cash
income
percentage(%)
reason for selling trees
the poor
the better-off
82.9
2.9 0.0
14.3
70.8
12.5 12.5
4.2
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
selective cutting clear cutting clear and selective
cutting
not yet
percentage(%)
percentage of respondent by type of cutting
the poor
the better-off
Appendix 7
Type of harvesting and reason for selling trees
29
30. 75.00
20.00
12.50
60.00
12.50
20.00
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
the poor
the better-off
plantation and maintenance activities
do by himself hire other farm workers both do by himself and hire other farm workers
Appendix 8
Post harvesting management
30
20.00
20.83
54.29
12.50
25.71
66.67
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
the poor
the better-off
forest regeneration technique
buying nursery transplant natural seedling seed and natural seedling
24,980.2
527,407.4
231,707.4
the poor the better-off all respondents
real cost spent for replanting and
maintenance per household
(Rp/household)
329,216.7
960,063.4
863,050.1
the poor the better-off all respondents
cost spent for replanting and
maintenance per hectare
(Rp/ha/household)
Editor's Notes
[SSFF is a forest that grows in private land]. In traditional agricultural land use in Java island, as in many other places, people usually use their irrigated land for paddy field and fishpond. In the land where the water cannot reach, they usually let trees naturally grow or they plant trees. This dry land farming area are what so called small scale family forest (SSFF). It is classified as small scale forest, because the total area per households is less than 5 ha (according to classification of ???? source:), ranging from the very tiny one, 0.01 ha upto about 2 ha. Based on location, it can be located just at the homestead of the landowners, up to several kilometres from their house. Traditionally, it is managed by individual or family based management.
In ciamis regency, S is reported as the largest in West Java Province. It area reaches more than 100,000 ha, and covers about 50% of the total area of Ciamis Regency. as seen in the figure in the left side that are dominated with purple color, indicates the SSFF. It is also reported that there are there are more timber that is cut and sold in the SSFF compare to the state forest, we can see more in appendix 1.b. Then ittriggers local economic development, shown from the growth of small-medium scale of wood based industries. There are about 800s saw mill industries and about 900s downstream industries.
However, preliminary observation shows that despite high value of timber on the market, the poor landowners receive extremely low income from timber (about 1,200 Yen annually). Based on the condition, I address (can state) the problem here that “Many landowners/forest owners are typically rural poor households and do not get significant return from their forest assets”
Based on the problem, I raise two questions here: Firstly, What are the determinant factors for the landowners to get significant benefits? Secondly, How do those factors affects the forest utilisation and management pattern and the outcome?And my hypothesis is that “There are different patterns of forest utilisation and managementamong different level of socio-economic groups, due to different level of their capabilities in functioning the forest assets. This leads to the poor households receiving inadequate income from their forest asset”
Basically, this research is aimed at exploring ..... There are two specific objectives here, firstly to ...... Hopefully this research can be bases for ....
(This research is a case study in Ciamis Regency). I took three villages in a rural area as the sample. Administratively they are under two sub-district: Cipaku dub district and Cijeunjingsubdistrict, as seen in the figure. The tree villages represents different biophysical and socioeconomic condition to make sure that the samples are represents the larger population in Ciamis Regency. We can see more detail in appendix 2
I conducted fieldwork during February and March 2011. Data and information were collected by questionnaire and in depth interview to 59 landowners as the main respondents. Based on their wealth status, there are 25 better-off households and 34 poor households. I also conducted in-dept interview to several key persons, including: head of village, government officials, and community leaders. And I also conducted observation.The observation focuses on the household characteristics including income level, education attainment, age, family size, land size etc, we can see in appendix 5. The next focus is the forest utilisation and management pattern, and I especially comparing the poor and better-off household. Then I try to relate these two variables.
The first finding is about the link between SSFF and household attributes. Statistical analysis shows that the earning from forest is correlated to income per capita and landownership, but not correlated to education attainment of head of household... dstIt means that there are two main factors determining the earning from forest: which are income per capita (or in the Chambers terms it is a financial capital) and land ownership (or natural capital). This two assets become INITIAL ASSETS for the landowners to get income from forest.Based on this statistical analisis, we need to review the feature of those initial assets: income and landWe can see in this figure below the comparison between the better off in theleft side, and the poor in the right side; surely the better-off have higher income and larger land ownership, while the poor have lower income and smaller land. But there is an interesting case in the middle part of the graphic, near the border between the better-off and the poor. Here some of better-off respondents have relatively smaller land even if compared to some poor household..and by contrast, some of the poor have relatively larger land compare to the better off. It shows that not all better-off respondents are not interested in investing their money by purchasing land. But the fact is, most of better-off get the land from purchasing, while the poor mostly get the land from inheritance. And then, the next question is, how this condition ...., we will see in the next finding.THE NEXT QUESTION IS: HOW THIS CONDITION AFFECT THE PATTERN OF FOREST UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT? WE CAN SEE IN THE NEXT FINDING
This is the regression analysis, between land size and income per capita to the earning from timber.The value of determinant coefficient is quite strong, more than 0,5, meaning that the rate of earning from forest can be explained by land size and off-farm income
The picture shows the comparisonbetween the better off and the poor in terms of their income and land size. Surely the better-off have higher income and larger land ownership. One interesting information is that: most of better-off get the land from purchasing, while the poor mostly get the land from inheritance.THE NEXT QUESTION IS: HOW THIS CONDITION RELATE THE PATTERN OF FOREST UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT? WE CAN SEE IN THE NEXT FINDING
(The second finding is about how land ownership and income will affect the forest utilisation and management, by comparing better-off and the poor). Firstly, in term of timber harvesting pattern, the better off afford to practice clear cutting, while the poor mostly practice selective cutting. As illustrated in the figure, better off have larger land and the cut clearly in one piece of their land when harvesting and save the rest. The poor with smaller land, only cut several tree.And then (more importantly), the better-off usually harvest timber with normal rotation, meaning that they tend to/willing to wait until the tree is big enough, because they have more stable income to cover their daily need. While the poor usually harvest timber whenever they need urgent cash income, even if the tree is still small in diameters.So the result is: the better off can harvest large number of tree with higher price, and the poor only get smaller number of tree with lower price.As you may know that the price of timber is not only about the number of the trees, but also the diameter of the log. In same volume of timber, the bigger diameter, the higher the price.
Secondly, when they get money from selling timbers,better-off households usually spent for capital investments such as: ...., While the poor mostly use for daily consumption need. We can see at the figure below [plantation financing and buy new land, only happen in better of household, where for daily consumption need mostly happen in case of poor household]. So, we can see here that better household use the earn from forest for expansion of assets and production, while the poor use the earning only for survive.
In term of forest re-plantation, the better off usually using method of nursery transplant or combination between nursery transplant and natural seedling. While the poor usually use natural seedling or/and re-grow from root. When the better off practice clear cutting, they think that they need to replant using nursery transplant, besides they afford to buy. Then when the poor only cut several trees, they think that they only need to rely on the natural seedling or regrow from root, and they in fact do not afford to buy nursery transplant.These techniques can result in different performance. As many experts said that better forest culture techniques can result in better wood quality and its price. And this technique only can afford by the better off who have enough financial capital.
Based on the findings/discussion, I can conclude several points here. Firstly ..., “Land ownership and income level are the key determinants for significant yield of forest utilization”.Secondly small landownership and low income..or limited natural capital and limited financial capital... ” cause the poor households’ utilisation and management pattern on their forest asset do not result in better return”.Thirdly, even though forest assets play an important role for the poor for their subsistence, they tend not to concern to their forest asset because it does not satisfying their short term income.
For further consideration for local government policy, I propose two solutions. Firstly ” Promote multi sector partnerships with smallholders”The basic idea is to shift from the traditional management which is individual or family base management to collective management. This is mainly base on the promise that a collective management can reduce the cost and risk,..and enhance benefits such as enhancing income, self-respect, and their bargaining power in market and even with state.Secondly “diversification of income from forest”This solution is mainlyan effort to make forest can satisfying short term income. Or in other words, it is how to create various sequences of income from forest. The way is by planting non-timber species or MPTS to mix with timber species. For example: planting tree species which can produce fruits, resin etc. it can be harvested yearly, even monthly. I believe that this two proposals can be a strategy to help the poor to overcome their limitation in functioning their forest assets.
Sustainable development as the grand conceptual frame. Poverty reduction as one of keys for sustainable development (Elliot, 2006). Rural community are typically poor (Ashley and Maxwell, 2001); “Poverty is major cause-and-effect of global environmental problem” (UNEP, 2007). Sustainable livelihood approach for rural poverty reduction (Chambers, 1983; 1998;1995). Chambers and Conway (1991) postulate 4 components of livelihood: assets (can be tangible and intangible); people (with their capabilities); activities (what they do); outcome (what they gain from what they do: living). This case study focuses on small-scale family forest assets, where the actors (people) can be divided by their social status (wealth status); and the activities of forest asset functioning comprises forest utilisation and forest management; and the outcomes of the activities can be in form of direct use of forest yield (timber and non timber) and also cash income (gotten by selling the forest yields).
The first finding is about the link between SSFF and household attributes. Statistical analysis shows that he earning is correlated to income percapita and landownership, but not correlated to education attainment of head of household. It means that income per capita and land ownership are the key in the SSFF enterprise. We will discuss how this variables influence forest management in the next finding. But let see first the comparison of income and landownership between the better-off and the poor