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Fruit based agroforestry systems in drylands

1) The document describes a seminar on fruit-based agroforestry systems in dryland areas given by Govind Bose. 2) It discusses the characteristics of drylands and why fruit-based agroforestry is suitable for these areas. Major systems include guava, aonla, ber, pomegranate, and custard apple. 3) The advantages are higher income, employment, and protective foods. Factors that affect the systems include variety selection, planting, mulching, weed control and nutrient management.

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PG Seminar Series 2020-21
Speaker : Govind Bose 4th Semester Ph.D. (Forestry) Silviculture and Agroforestry Reg. No. 1030319002 ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry Navsari Agricultural University Navsari – 396 450 Co- guide Dr. M. B. Tandel Assistant Professor ( Forestry ) Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry ASPEE College of Horticulture & Forestry Navsari Agricultural University Navsari- 396 450. Major guide Dr. V. M. Prajapati Assistant Professor ( Silviculture ) Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry ASPEE College of Horticulture & Forestry Navsari Agricultural University Navsari- 396 450.
3 Introduction What is dryland? Characteristics of drylands Why fruit based agroforestry system? Advantages of fruit based agroforestry systems Major fruit based agroforestry systems Factors affecting fruit based agroforestry system? Review of Research work Conclusion
Introduction • Crop production on drylands in particular results in low, unstable, and often uneconomic yields because of aberrant monsoon behaviour. • Poor management of marginal lands results in land degradation. • It is estimated that nearly 65 mha out of 85 mha under rainfed cultivation are facing some kind of land degradation or the other. • These marginal lands are not able to sustain arable crops particularly during the drought conditions. 1
 Among the alternate land use system developed, fruit based agroforestry systems are readily picked up by the farmers due to cash benefits derived from these system.  Tree component in dryland agriculture increases production and income, besides imparting stability to the farming system.  Fruit trees, apart from the above advantages also yield valuable byproducts like fodder, and fuel wood, through their annual prunings and fruits, which are supposed to improve and maintain good health of human beings 2
 Fruit based cropping system is now considered to be the most ideal strategy to provide food, nutrition and income security to the people (Chundawat, 1993).  Integration of annual crops with fruit trees yields multiple outputs that ensure production and income generation in a sustainable manner (Randhawa, 1990). 3
 Dry lands are defined by a scarcity of water. These are the tropical and temperate areas with an aridity index of less than 0.65. UNEP, (1992) 4
Semi- arid - 0.2 < AI < 0.5 Dry, Subhumid - 0.5 < AI < 0.65 Arid - 0.05 < AI < 0.2 5
Dryland region of world Vijayan et al. 2016 6
Arid, 25% Semi - arid, 45% Dry sub - humid, 30% Arid 50.94 m ha Semi – arid 122.52 m ha Dry sub - humid 75.42 m ha Total 248.88 m ha Tewari et al. 2014 7
Dryland area in different regions of India S. No States % of Dryland area 1. Rajasthan and Gujarat 66 to 88 2. Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu 76 to 82 3. Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh 60 to 81 4. Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal 33 to 73 NBSS & LUP 8
State Area (m ha) Percent of total Rajasthan 19.61 61.00 Gujarat 06.22 19.6 Punjab and haryana 02.73 09.0 Andhra Pradesh 02.15 07.0 Karnataka 00.86 03.0 Maharashtra 00.13 0.4 Total 31.70 100 Distribution of hot arid regions in different states of India Roy et al. 2011 9
Characteristics of Drylands Uncertain, ill – distributed and limited annual rainfall. Extreme temperatures, high evapotranspiration. Occurrence of extensive climatic hazards like drought, flood etc. Undulating soil surface. Relatively large size fields, prevalence of mono cropping. Very low crop yield. Poor market facility for the produce. Poor economy of the farmers and poor health of cattle as well as farmer. 10
AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS Shrub & trees on Rangeland s Woodlots Trees on Farm boundaries Aqua Forestry Trees on farm lands Plantation crops and fruit orchard Apiculture Large cardamo m and Alder plantation POPULAR AFS ON DRYLAND 11
Why fruit based agroforestry system?  The approach aims at improving productivity by effective utilization of air space which is not utilized in single tier system. The multitier system aims at sustainable management of natural resources like soil, water, space and environment. 12
Components of fruit based agroforestry system • Main crop- Main crops are the fruit species having a larger canopy size and prolonged juvenile as well as productive phase • Filler crop- These are fruit species, which are grown in association with the main crop to diversify the cropping system as per the requirement of grower. They could be filler crop as well and may be grown only during the juvenile phase of the main crop and uprooted at later stages. • Inter crop- The inter crop occupy the lower most layer of the system and are grown in the remaining unused land. 13
Characteristics of different component in fruit based agroforestry system Fruit component 1. Characters such as deep tap root system, high bound water in tissues, sunken stomata, waxy coating, thick cuticle and pubescence. 2. It should be drought tolerant 3. Ability to complete maximum vegetative and reproductive phase during the period of moisture availability. 4. Root system and root growth should be able to exploit deeper soil layers than those tapped by the under and ground storey crops. 5. Branching habit that allows light penetration to the under storey crops. 6. Ability to withstand browsing / grazing Intercrop 1. Early maturing. 2. Should have shade tolerance suiting the amount of available solar radiation. 3. It should be drought tolerant 4. Should not require mechanized harvesting or other operations that would damage the main crop or induce soil erosion or damage soil structure. 5. Should be high yielding 6. Leguminous ground storey crops that have nitrogen fixing capacity should be preferred. 7. Dwarf and spreading in nature 14
Horti-Pastoral system Agri-Horti system 15
Advantages of fruit based agroforestry systems This system mainly focuses on higher income per unit area. The farmer can practice intercropping during early stages of the fruit trees The system is helpful in generating more employment especially during off-season when crops are not cultivated Fruit growing also provides scope for ancillary industries like fruit processing, canning, preservation, dehydration, essential oils, package transport and refrigeration Fruits are protective foods, necessary for the maintenance of human health. Many fruits are also known to possess medicinal values. Pectin and cellulose found in several fruits stimulates intestinal activity in human body Fruit trees provide minimum guaranteed returns even in drought years when arable crop fails . 16
Major fruit based agroforestry systems Guava based agroforestry system Aonla based agroforestry system Ber based agroforestry system Pomegrante based agroforestry system Custard apple based agroforestry system 17
Table 1. Fruit crops for drylands in different rainfall zones Rainfall (mm) Plains Plateaus and sub mountain regions >500 Ber, Phalsa, Indian fig, Karonda, Gonda or Lasora, Jharber, Khejri and Ker Custard apple, Bael, Karonda, and Jamun 500-1000 Ber, Aonla, Jamun, Wood apples, Custard apple, Wild date palm, Indian almond, Guava, Sour lime, Lemon, Mango and Tamarind Ber, Custard apple, Chironji, Wood apple, Karonda, Indian almond, Mango, Cashew, Tamarind, Sour lime, Lemon, Grape fruit and Pomegrantae >1000 Mango, Litchi, Jack fruit, Mandarin, Avocado, Tamarind, Jamun, Mahua and Kokum Mango, Jackfruit, Guava, Tamarind, Mahua, Cashew nut, Cherry and Pomegrante Sharma et al. (2013) 18
Crop Cultivars Ber Gola, Mundia, Kaithali, Banarasi Karaka, Early Umran Aonla NA-4, NA-5, NA-6, NA-7, NA-10, Pomegranate P-23, P-26, IIHR Selection, Mridula, Bhagwa Custard apple Balanagar, Mammoth, Red Sitaphal, Arka Sahan, GJCA-1 Guava Allahabad Safeda, Sardar, Kohir Safed, Safed jam, Arka Mridula Papaya Pusa Delicious, Honey Dew, Pusa Majesty, Pusa Dwarf, Pusa Giant Bael NB-5, NB-9 Sapota Kalipatti, Cricket Ball Fig Poona fig, Black Ischiq Mango Bangalora, Neelam, Kesar, Bombay Green Table 2. Popular cultivars of fruit crops in drylands of India Singh et al. 2013 19
Growing conditions Horticultural component Crop component High storey Medium storey Ground storey Rainfed (150–300 mm) Bordi and Indian mesquite Jhar ber Cucurbits and guar Guar, moth bean, pearl millet and sesame Rainfed (300–500 mm) Indian cherry, Indian jujube and Indian mesquite Jhar ber Cowpea, cucurbits, guar and Indian bean Cowpea, guar, green gram, moth bean, pearl millet and sesame Irrigated Bengal quince, Indian gooseberry Indian jujube and Indian mesquite Guava, kinnow, karonda, lime, pomegranate and sweet orange Brinjal, chilli, cole crops, cucurbits, garlic, okra, onion, peas, root/leafy vegetables and tomato Chickpea, green gram, groundnut mustard and seed spices Recommanded Agri – horti component for Indian Arid Zone Bhanderi et al. 2014 20
Varieties released by CIAH, Bikaner Crop name Variety name Aonla Goma Aishwariya Bael Goma Yashi Ber Thar Sevika, Thar Bhubharaj, Goma Kirti, Seb, Umran, Gola, Kaithali Jamun Goma Priyanka Pomegranate Goma Khatta Tamarind Goma Prateek Chironji Thar Priya 21
Factors affecting fruit based cropping systems Selection of varieties Planting system Mulching Weed control Nutrient management 22
Management of cropping system in Drylands Physiological approach It is used to check evapotranspiration from plants Mulches Antitranspirants Genetic approach It is focuses on use of HYV with high tolerance, drought resistant, deep root, resistant to diseases, dwarf growth etc. ICAR is working with ICRISAT to develop such hybrids 23
Promotion of agri+ horticulture at village of Tumkur districts of Karnataka Promotion of cashew orchard along with agriculture at village of Gadag district of Karnataka 24
soil moisture at 90 day intervals during 2004–2005 to a distance of 50 m from the trees for a summer fallow field. soil water at approximately 30-day intervals during 2004–2005 to a distance of 50 m from the trees for a summer cotton crop. Arrows indicate the position of ‘skipped’ rows. Huth and poulton et al 2007 Soil moisture in AFS 25
Review of Literature
Table 1. Effect of intercropping on plant growth, fruit weight and yield of mango Treatments Plant height Avg. fruit wt. (g) Fruit yield (kg/tree) 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 Mango+Guava+ Ginger 9.6 10.6 280.5 290.3 25.25 28.10 Mango+Guava+Turmeric 9.8 10.9 273.6 280.1 26.20 28.50 Mango+Guava+Tomato 9.1 10.8 282.4 292.3 25.30 27.82 Mango+Guava+Cowpea 10.2 12.1 295.5 304.6 32.50 34.10 Mango+Guava+French bean 10.0 11.8 290.6 301.4 29.70 31.80 Mango+Guava+Ragi 8.5 10.0 273.3 283.4 24.41 24.00 Mango+Guava+Niger 8.1 9.2 270.4 279.6 22.12 22.30 Mango+Guava+Paddy 9.2 10.8 275.4 277.3 24.75 25.20 Mango+Guava+No intercrop 6.2 7.6 260.5 265.3 20.56 22.40 C.D @ 5% 0.73 0.92 14.91 14.81 2.14 3.88 Swain (2014) OUAT, Odisha 26
Table 2. Yield of different component crops in the mango based intercropping systems. Yield (q/ha) Treatments Main crop mango Filler crop guava Inter crops 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 Mango+Guava+M.ginger 25.25 28.10 24.40 28.40 162.60 146.50 Mango+Guava+Turmeric 26.20 28.50 25.60 29.40 156.50 163.40 Mango+Guava+Tomato 25.30 27.82 22.90 27.10 177.00 188.50 Mango+Guava+Cowpea 32.50 34.10 27.50 31.90 78.50 83.40 Mango+Guava+French bean 29.70 31.80 26.40 30.70 69.60 73.50 Mango+Guava+Ragi 24.41 24.00 22.10 26.40 18.80 19.00 Mango+Guava+Niger 22.12 22.30 20.80 24.60 4.80 5.10 Mango+Guava+Paddy 24.75 25.20 23.10 27.50 26.80 28.40 Mango+Guava+No intercrop 20.56 22.40 19.30 20.30 - - C.D @ 5% 2.14 3.88 1.23 2.14 - - Swain (2014) OUAT, Odisha 27
Crop combinations with mango Fruit size (cm) Fruit weight (g) Pulp weight (g) Stone weight (g) Pulp:stone ratio First phase (1995-2005) Mango+Cowpea+toria 9.3 410.0 364.1 48.9 7.4 Mango+Sesame+toria 8.6 379.6 345.9 47.6 7.3 Mango+pigeon pea 8.7 389.7 354.6 48.2 7.4 Mango+Black gram+toria 9.0 406.6 363.2 49.0 7.4 Mango+Okra+toria 8.9 391.3 358.3 48.8 7.3 Sole mango 8.5 380.0 352.1 46.0 7.4 CD (5%) 0.20 7.8 2.1 0.90 0.20 Second phase (2006-2010) Mango + turmeric 9.8 400.0 360.3 45.8 7.4 Mango + colocasia 9.4 395.6 351.4 43.7 7.3 Sole mango 9.0 390.0 348.1 40.8 7.4 CD (5%) 0.45 5.1 3.0 2.0 0.1 Rathore et al. (2013) CSWCRTI, Dehradun, Uttarakhand Table 3. Annual mean fruit quality parameters in mango based AHMs on degraded lands during both phases 28
Table 4. Fertility status of the soil during both phases of AHMs Crop combinations with mango Organic carbon (%) Nitrogen (%) Phosphorus (ppm) Potash (ppm) First phase (1995-2005) Mango+Cowpea+toria 0.76 0.075 10.85 79.23 Mango+Sesame+toria 0.57 0.051 8.05 60.35 Mango+pigeon pea 0.70 0.069 9.24 75.45 Mango+Black gram+toria 0.71 0.065 10.00 73.12 Mango+Okra+toria 0.60 0.055 8.66 65.34 Sole mango 0.56 0.050 8.12 56.54 Initial value 0.51 0.048 7.30 50.00 CD (5%) 0.08 0.011 2.11 8.20 Second phase (2006-2010) Mango + turmeric 0.80 0.071 11.67 77.54 Mango + colocasia 0.69 0.063 10.34 70.23 Sole mango 0.59 0.054 9.43 65.35 Initial value 0.53 0.049 9.00 60.12 CD (5%) 0.02 0.010 0.86 4.50 Rathore et al. (2013) CSWCRTI, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 29
6.68 5.76 4.87 4.06 9.51 8.75 7.4 6.23 Mango + Gamhar + Groundnut Mango + Gamhar + Maize Mango + Gamhar Sole mango Fruit Yield of Mango (t/ha) 2015 2016 Fig.1. Effect of agroforestry system and sole plantation on fruit yield of mango RRS, BCKV, West Bengal Sharma et al. (2017) 30
Crop rotation Spacing (m) 6x6 8x8 16x4 Mean Groundnut - Wheat 13.37 7.64 7.85 9.62 Cluster bean – Mustard 13.81 7.83 7.77 9.80 Indian Aloe 19.13 10.76 10.76 13.55 Sole plantation 11.45 6.54 6.54 8.09 Mean 14.44 8.13 8.23 Sem 0.03 0.02 0.05 CD ( 5%) 0.06 0.05 0.11 CIAH, Bikaner, Rajasthan Saroj et al. (2003) Table 5. Yield of ber fruit ( q/ha ) under ber based agri – horti system 31
Table 6. Performance of Ziziphus based system Treatment Yield of Ziziphus (t/ha) Gross income (Rs/ha) Sole Ziziphus 3.3 10,000 Ziziphus + Sorghum 4.5 15,222 Ziziphus + Cluster bean 1.7 8990 Ziziphus + Pearl millet 1.7 6620 Ziziphus + Mung bean 4.0 20460 CD at 5% 0.94 2830 Solanki and RamNewaj (1999) AICRPDA, Dantiwada, Gujarat 32
Table 7. Effect of inter cropping on growth of aonla Treatments Plant height (m) Collar girth (cm) 2007 2008 2009 Mean 2007 2008 2009 Mean Aonla (Solo) 5.09 6.44 6.67 6.07 51.8 64.8 77.4 64.7 Aonla + turmeric 5.85 7.53 8.73 7.37 57.5 77.5 95.1 76.7 Aonla + ginger 5.45 6.92 7.52 6.63 53.6 68.6 82.4 68.2 Aonla + arbi 5.62 7.24 8.16 7.01 55.0 71.0 85.7 70.6 Mean 5.50 7.03 7.77 54.5 70.5 85.2 CD @ 5% Treatment 0.51 Treatment 3.4 Year 1.45 Year 14.6 HRS, RAU, Bihar Das et al. (2011) 33
Table 8. Effect of intercrops on fruit characters of aonla Treatments Fruit weight (gm) Fruit size Pulp weight Length Width Aonla (Solo) 21.50 3.01 3.28 19.26 Aonla + turmeric 26.28 3.19 3.64 23.50 Aonla +ginger 21.71 3.04 3.39 19.74 Aonla + arbi 22.86 3.11 3.48 20.44 CD @ 5% 2.52 0.17 0.28 3.80 HRS, RAU, Bihar Das et al. (2011) 34
Table 9. Effect of intercropping on fertility status of the soil in aonla orchard Treatments Organic carbon (%) Available N (kg/ha) Available P2O5 (kg/ha) Aonla 0.45 200.8 20.5 Aonla + turmeric 0.58 229.2 24.2 Aonla + ginger 0.49 209.8 22.6 Aonla + arbi 0.51 218.6 23.4 Initial value 0.37 166.3 18.5 C.D @ 5% 0.03 8.8 2.0 HRS, RAU, Bihar Das et al. (2011) 35
M - F M - C M - M* M - C* Control 2.82 2.8 2.44 2.4 1.34 0.16 0.18 0.14 0.13 0.09 1.07 1.13 0.9 0.93 0.65 Plant height (m ) Stem girth ( cm ) Canopy spread ( m ) M - Mothbean, F – Fenugreek, C- chickpea, M* - Mustard, C* - Cumin Figure 2. Effect of different intercrop on growth of Aonla CIAH, Bikaner, Rajasthan Awasthi et al. (2009) 36
465 497 443 451 406 420 407 408 986 1493 1232 602 770 1081 1027 441 M - F M - C M - M* M - C* M - F M - C M - M* M - C* Grain yield ( Kharif ) Grain yield ( Rabi ) Figure 3. Grain yield ( kg/ha) of different crops grown in sole and in association with aonla M - Mothbean, F – Fenugreek, C- chickpea, M* - Mustard, C* - Cumin CIAH, Bikaner, Rajasthan Awasthi et al. (2009) With Aonla Sole cropping 37
79.95 74.4 49.14 68.61 43.73 60.53 58.35 56.03 52.85 59.5 148.48 132.75 105.17 121.46 103.23 Aonla + Bottle gourd Aonla + Pumpkin Aonla + Bitter gourd Aonla + Cucumber Aonla + Sponge gourd Intercrop yield (q/ha) AonlaFruit yield (q/ha) Cumulative Yield (q/ha) ICAR – CHES, Panchmahal, Gujarat Singh et al. (2020) Fig. 4. Yield of different combinations of cucurbits crop with aonla based agroforestry system 38
Various cucurbits crops under aonla based agroforestry system 39
TAMARIND
Table 10. Growth of tamarind and tree species affected by mixed cropping Agroforestry system Tamarind Tree species Height (m) Dbh (cm) Height (m) Dbh (cm) T+C. equisetifolia 10.46 20.85 21.60 23.70 T+E. tereticornis 10.63 19.32 18.34 18.21 T+G. robusta 9.32 15.36 8.36 12.64 T+D. sissoo 8.31 16.23 8.76 11.36 Tamarind (T) 7.46 15.21 - - CD at 5% 1.17 1.20 4.70 5.56 Mutanal et al. (2007) FRS, UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka 40
Growth attribute 30 DAP 60 DAP 90 DAP IC SC IC SC IC SC Plant height ( cm ) 4.20 2.46 7.40 4.76 11.13 8.93 Plant spread ( cm ) 27.46 24.66 38.36 31.63 54.50 50.36 Leaf size ( cm sq) 18.46 22.63 58.80 61.03 80.06 79.96 Leaf area ( cm sq) 175.92 156.82 1082.45 870.28 2140 1727.36 Yield attribute Intercrop ( IC ) Sole crop ( SC ) Fresh weight of tuber ( g/plant ) 37.80 25.00 No. of tuber per plant 16.46 10.40 Length of tuber (cm ) 12.86 12.86 Width of tuber ( cm ) 0.71 0.59 Dry weight of tuber ( g/plant) 9.25 5.86 Dry tuber yield ( q/ha) 10.18 5.55 B: C ratio 1.94 1.51 Table 11.Growth attributes of safed musli as an intercrop in tamarind plantation and as sole crop in open Table 12. Yield performance and B:C ratio of safed musli as intercrop in tamarind plantation and as sole crop in open KRC, COH, ARABHAVI, Karnataka Kumar et al. (2010) 41
Treatments Total net returns ( Rs. /ha ) Benefit Cost ratio ( Rs. /ha ) Tamarind + Custard apple + Red gram 29,972 1.99 Tamarind + Custard apple + Jowar 23,662 1.58 Tamarind + Custard apple + Cowpea 17,470 1.36 Tamarind + Custard apple + Cluster bean 19,340 1.59 Tamarind + Curry leaf+ Red gram 16,692 1.16 Tamarind + Curry leaf + Jowar 21,510 1.49 Tamarind + Curry leaf + Cowpea 12,866 1.07 Tamarind + Curry leaf +Cluster bean 23,746 1.92 AICRPA, ANGRAU, Hyderabad, AP Khan et al. (2010) Table 13. Gross returns and B: C ratio in tamarind based agri-silvi-horti system 42
POMEGRANATE
Treatment Height ( cm ) Percent increase Girth ( cm ) Percent increase Average canopy spread ( cm) Percent increase 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 Sole P 122 148 21.3 10.17 14.8 45.5 113.7 123.8 8.8 P + W- G 117 165 41.0 9.75 16.8 72.3 118.2 146.2 23.6 P + F - C 122 169 38.5 10.15 16.30 60.5 122.3 145.2 18.7 P – Pomegranate , W – Wheat, G – Groundnut, F – Fenugreek, C- Cluster bean Table 14. Growth of Pomegranate as affected by different intercrops in agri – horti system ICAR- CAZRI, RRS, Bikaner, Rajasthan Soni et al. (2020) 43
Treatments Grain yield ( Kg/ha) Stalk yield ( kg/ha) Clusterbean Cowpea Mothbean Clusterbean Cowpea Mothbean Aonla 304 278 191 763 752 405 Ber 399 391 269 864 1005 532 Pomegranate 315 302 205 707 771 414 SEm 6.67 8.5 5.6 20.4 21.8 9.2 CD ( 5%) 19.7 25.6 16.8 61.2 65.3 27.7 ICAR- CAZRI, RRS, Bhuj, Gujarat Dayal et al. (2015) Table 15. Grain and stalk yield of legumes under different fruit trees 44
Treatments Cost of cultivation Gross returns Net returns BCR Ber+ Nigella+Cowpea 168300 873750 705450 4.19 Ber+Anise+Cluster bean 159432 797835 638403 4.00 Ber+Rai+Black gram 151800 724600 572800 3.77 Ber+Ajwain+Tinda 173300 895375 722075 4.17 Ber+Fenugreek+Okra 173060 982275 809215 4.68 Ber+Coriander+Greengram 156060 754000 597940 3.83 Aonla+ Nigella+Cowpea 173000 721330 548330 3.17 Aonla+Anise+Cluster bean 164132 637740 473608 2.89 Aonla+Rai+Black gram 156500 558950 402450 2.57 Aonla+Ajwain+Tinda 178000 742980 564980 3.17 Aonla+Fenugreek+Okra 177760 804780 627020 3.53 Aonla+Coriander+Greengram 160760 593600 432840 2.69 Ber 110300 614500 504200 4.57 Aonla 115000 484250 369250 3.21 Table 16. Effect of seed spice based intercropping with fruit trees on economics. NRCSS, Ajmer, Rajasthan Meena et al. (2017) 45
Table 17. Cost and return per hectare of mixed multi species cropping models v/s sole cropping Treatments Gross return (Rs.) COC (Rs.) Net return (Rs.) B:C ratio T1, Aonla+Ber+Karonda+Cluster bean+Brinjal 150954.7 48750 102204.7 3.14 T2, Aonla+Ber+Karonda+Cluster bean+Fallow 101492.5 33750 67742.7 3.07 T3, Aonla+Ber+Karonda+Moth bean+Mustard 122011.8 37362 84650.3 3.48 T4, Aonla+Ber+Karonda+Cluster bean+Fallow 100393.1 33250 67142.5 3.09 T5, Aonla (sole) 2065.8 10000 -7934 0.20 T6, Ber (sole) 33796.8 15200 18596.8 2.22 T7, Karonda (sole) 15750 8000 7750 1.96 T8, Cluster bean (sole) 8124 6000 2124 1.35 T9, Moth bean (sole) 6660 4100 2560 1.62 T10, Brinjal (sole) 36300 34656 1644 1.04 T11, Mustard (sole) 21240 7413 13827 2.88 Arya et al. (2011) SKRAU, Bikaner, Rajasthan 46
suCCESS STORy
A farmer Shri Nand Kishore Jaisalmeria in Manaklao village of Jodhpur (25 km north) owns 3.1 ha agricultural land under rainfed conditions (average rainfall 365 mm), which was earlier a degraded land. His income from crops was very low with zero or negative income in the years of drought. In the early 1980s, he came in contact of CAZRI scientists and planted 750 plants of improved varieties of ber (Gola, Seb, Umran) provided by CAZRI, along with recommended package of practices. The piece of land was developed as an integrated farming system. Along with Ber orchard, annual crops as intercropping and 10 + 1 goat unit was maintained by him. Fencing of the farm was created by developing shelterbelts of multipurpose tree species like Accacia tortillis, Prosopis juliflora, Neem and other drought hardy tree species of economic value. The shelterbelt developed as fencing of the farm not only provided sustainable output in terms of fuel wood and fodder but also provided protection and conserved the soil and improved its fertility levels. For the first 20 years the land was totally rainfed, and then a bore well was established whose water is saline. Ber is tolerant to saline water irrigation to some extent. The supplemental irrigation with saline water especially during fruit setting stage helped produce good yield. Even after 35 years, at present the farm and the orchard are well maintained and is a source of sustainable income. SUCCESS STORY FROM ARID REGION OF RAJASTHAN Source: CAZRI 47
The major revenue for the farm comes from sale of Ber fruit, leaves of Ber and other trees, fuel wood from pruning. Each plant of Ber produces about 30 kg fruits per annum. The farmer earns a total annual net income of about Rs 1,25,000 from 3 ha arid land giving a net income of about Rs.41,000/- per ha per annum, which is much higher as compared to traditional annual crops in the region. This perennials based farming system not only gave higher income but provided stability of production and income in the years of drought which is very common in this region. In addition to his own farm, Mr. Jaisalmeria also started a nursery of budded ber and sold lakhs of plants to the farmers, NGOs, Government departments from different states and contributed in spread of improved germplasm and package of practices of Ber cultivation. Source: CAZRI 48
• Based on study it has been established that various fruit crops like ber, aonla, tamarind, pomegranate and mango with various intercrops (specially legume) give maximum productivity compare to sole fruit as well as of intercrops in drylands. • Several researchers reported that fruit based agroforestry systems were useful for improving economic returns of the farmers, generating employment, higher production, soil fertility status and quality characters of fruits under drylands.. 49
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Fruit based agroforestry systems in drylands

  • 1.
  • 2.
    Speaker : Govind Bose 4thSemester Ph.D. (Forestry) Silviculture and Agroforestry Reg. No. 1030319002 ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry Navsari Agricultural University Navsari – 396 450 Co- guide Dr. M. B. Tandel Assistant Professor ( Forestry ) Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry ASPEE College of Horticulture & Forestry Navsari Agricultural University Navsari- 396 450. Major guide Dr. V. M. Prajapati Assistant Professor ( Silviculture ) Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry ASPEE College of Horticulture & Forestry Navsari Agricultural University Navsari- 396 450.
  • 3.
    3 Introduction What is dryland? Characteristicsof drylands Why fruit based agroforestry system? Advantages of fruit based agroforestry systems Major fruit based agroforestry systems Factors affecting fruit based agroforestry system? Review of Research work Conclusion
  • 4.
    Introduction • Crop productionon drylands in particular results in low, unstable, and often uneconomic yields because of aberrant monsoon behaviour. • Poor management of marginal lands results in land degradation. • It is estimated that nearly 65 mha out of 85 mha under rainfed cultivation are facing some kind of land degradation or the other. • These marginal lands are not able to sustain arable crops particularly during the drought conditions. 1
  • 5.
     Among thealternate land use system developed, fruit based agroforestry systems are readily picked up by the farmers due to cash benefits derived from these system.  Tree component in dryland agriculture increases production and income, besides imparting stability to the farming system.  Fruit trees, apart from the above advantages also yield valuable byproducts like fodder, and fuel wood, through their annual prunings and fruits, which are supposed to improve and maintain good health of human beings 2
  • 6.
     Fruit basedcropping system is now considered to be the most ideal strategy to provide food, nutrition and income security to the people (Chundawat, 1993).  Integration of annual crops with fruit trees yields multiple outputs that ensure production and income generation in a sustainable manner (Randhawa, 1990). 3
  • 7.
     Dry landsare defined by a scarcity of water. These are the tropical and temperate areas with an aridity index of less than 0.65. UNEP, (1992) 4
  • 8.
    Semi- arid -0.2 < AI < 0.5 Dry, Subhumid - 0.5 < AI < 0.65 Arid - 0.05 < AI < 0.2 5
  • 9.
    Dryland region ofworld Vijayan et al. 2016 6
  • 10.
    Arid, 25% Semi - arid,45% Dry sub - humid, 30% Arid 50.94 m ha Semi – arid 122.52 m ha Dry sub - humid 75.42 m ha Total 248.88 m ha Tewari et al. 2014 7
  • 11.
    Dryland area indifferent regions of India S. No States % of Dryland area 1. Rajasthan and Gujarat 66 to 88 2. Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu 76 to 82 3. Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh 60 to 81 4. Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal 33 to 73 NBSS & LUP 8
  • 12.
    State Area (mha) Percent of total Rajasthan 19.61 61.00 Gujarat 06.22 19.6 Punjab and haryana 02.73 09.0 Andhra Pradesh 02.15 07.0 Karnataka 00.86 03.0 Maharashtra 00.13 0.4 Total 31.70 100 Distribution of hot arid regions in different states of India Roy et al. 2011 9
  • 13.
    Characteristics of Drylands Uncertain,ill – distributed and limited annual rainfall. Extreme temperatures, high evapotranspiration. Occurrence of extensive climatic hazards like drought, flood etc. Undulating soil surface. Relatively large size fields, prevalence of mono cropping. Very low crop yield. Poor market facility for the produce. Poor economy of the farmers and poor health of cattle as well as farmer. 10
  • 14.
    AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS Shrub & trees on Rangeland s Woodlots Treeson Farm boundaries Aqua Forestry Trees on farm lands Plantation crops and fruit orchard Apiculture Large cardamo m and Alder plantation POPULAR AFS ON DRYLAND 11
  • 15.
    Why fruit basedagroforestry system?  The approach aims at improving productivity by effective utilization of air space which is not utilized in single tier system. The multitier system aims at sustainable management of natural resources like soil, water, space and environment. 12
  • 16.
    Components of fruitbased agroforestry system • Main crop- Main crops are the fruit species having a larger canopy size and prolonged juvenile as well as productive phase • Filler crop- These are fruit species, which are grown in association with the main crop to diversify the cropping system as per the requirement of grower. They could be filler crop as well and may be grown only during the juvenile phase of the main crop and uprooted at later stages. • Inter crop- The inter crop occupy the lower most layer of the system and are grown in the remaining unused land. 13
  • 17.
    Characteristics of differentcomponent in fruit based agroforestry system Fruit component 1. Characters such as deep tap root system, high bound water in tissues, sunken stomata, waxy coating, thick cuticle and pubescence. 2. It should be drought tolerant 3. Ability to complete maximum vegetative and reproductive phase during the period of moisture availability. 4. Root system and root growth should be able to exploit deeper soil layers than those tapped by the under and ground storey crops. 5. Branching habit that allows light penetration to the under storey crops. 6. Ability to withstand browsing / grazing Intercrop 1. Early maturing. 2. Should have shade tolerance suiting the amount of available solar radiation. 3. It should be drought tolerant 4. Should not require mechanized harvesting or other operations that would damage the main crop or induce soil erosion or damage soil structure. 5. Should be high yielding 6. Leguminous ground storey crops that have nitrogen fixing capacity should be preferred. 7. Dwarf and spreading in nature 14
  • 18.
  • 19.
    Advantages of fruitbased agroforestry systems This system mainly focuses on higher income per unit area. The farmer can practice intercropping during early stages of the fruit trees The system is helpful in generating more employment especially during off-season when crops are not cultivated Fruit growing also provides scope for ancillary industries like fruit processing, canning, preservation, dehydration, essential oils, package transport and refrigeration Fruits are protective foods, necessary for the maintenance of human health. Many fruits are also known to possess medicinal values. Pectin and cellulose found in several fruits stimulates intestinal activity in human body Fruit trees provide minimum guaranteed returns even in drought years when arable crop fails . 16
  • 20.
    Major fruit basedagroforestry systems Guava based agroforestry system Aonla based agroforestry system Ber based agroforestry system Pomegrante based agroforestry system Custard apple based agroforestry system 17
  • 21.
    Table 1. Fruitcrops for drylands in different rainfall zones Rainfall (mm) Plains Plateaus and sub mountain regions >500 Ber, Phalsa, Indian fig, Karonda, Gonda or Lasora, Jharber, Khejri and Ker Custard apple, Bael, Karonda, and Jamun 500-1000 Ber, Aonla, Jamun, Wood apples, Custard apple, Wild date palm, Indian almond, Guava, Sour lime, Lemon, Mango and Tamarind Ber, Custard apple, Chironji, Wood apple, Karonda, Indian almond, Mango, Cashew, Tamarind, Sour lime, Lemon, Grape fruit and Pomegrantae >1000 Mango, Litchi, Jack fruit, Mandarin, Avocado, Tamarind, Jamun, Mahua and Kokum Mango, Jackfruit, Guava, Tamarind, Mahua, Cashew nut, Cherry and Pomegrante Sharma et al. (2013) 18
  • 22.
    Crop Cultivars Ber Gola,Mundia, Kaithali, Banarasi Karaka, Early Umran Aonla NA-4, NA-5, NA-6, NA-7, NA-10, Pomegranate P-23, P-26, IIHR Selection, Mridula, Bhagwa Custard apple Balanagar, Mammoth, Red Sitaphal, Arka Sahan, GJCA-1 Guava Allahabad Safeda, Sardar, Kohir Safed, Safed jam, Arka Mridula Papaya Pusa Delicious, Honey Dew, Pusa Majesty, Pusa Dwarf, Pusa Giant Bael NB-5, NB-9 Sapota Kalipatti, Cricket Ball Fig Poona fig, Black Ischiq Mango Bangalora, Neelam, Kesar, Bombay Green Table 2. Popular cultivars of fruit crops in drylands of India Singh et al. 2013 19
  • 23.
    Growing conditions Horticultural component Crop component Highstorey Medium storey Ground storey Rainfed (150–300 mm) Bordi and Indian mesquite Jhar ber Cucurbits and guar Guar, moth bean, pearl millet and sesame Rainfed (300–500 mm) Indian cherry, Indian jujube and Indian mesquite Jhar ber Cowpea, cucurbits, guar and Indian bean Cowpea, guar, green gram, moth bean, pearl millet and sesame Irrigated Bengal quince, Indian gooseberry Indian jujube and Indian mesquite Guava, kinnow, karonda, lime, pomegranate and sweet orange Brinjal, chilli, cole crops, cucurbits, garlic, okra, onion, peas, root/leafy vegetables and tomato Chickpea, green gram, groundnut mustard and seed spices Recommanded Agri – horti component for Indian Arid Zone Bhanderi et al. 2014 20
  • 24.
    Varieties released byCIAH, Bikaner Crop name Variety name Aonla Goma Aishwariya Bael Goma Yashi Ber Thar Sevika, Thar Bhubharaj, Goma Kirti, Seb, Umran, Gola, Kaithali Jamun Goma Priyanka Pomegranate Goma Khatta Tamarind Goma Prateek Chironji Thar Priya 21
  • 25.
    Factors affecting fruitbased cropping systems Selection of varieties Planting system Mulching Weed control Nutrient management 22
  • 26.
    Management of croppingsystem in Drylands Physiological approach It is used to check evapotranspiration from plants Mulches Antitranspirants Genetic approach It is focuses on use of HYV with high tolerance, drought resistant, deep root, resistant to diseases, dwarf growth etc. ICAR is working with ICRISAT to develop such hybrids 23
  • 27.
    Promotion of agri+horticulture at village of Tumkur districts of Karnataka Promotion of cashew orchard along with agriculture at village of Gadag district of Karnataka 24
  • 28.
    soil moisture at90 day intervals during 2004–2005 to a distance of 50 m from the trees for a summer fallow field. soil water at approximately 30-day intervals during 2004–2005 to a distance of 50 m from the trees for a summer cotton crop. Arrows indicate the position of ‘skipped’ rows. Huth and poulton et al 2007 Soil moisture in AFS 25
  • 29.
  • 32.
    Table 1. Effectof intercropping on plant growth, fruit weight and yield of mango Treatments Plant height Avg. fruit wt. (g) Fruit yield (kg/tree) 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 Mango+Guava+ Ginger 9.6 10.6 280.5 290.3 25.25 28.10 Mango+Guava+Turmeric 9.8 10.9 273.6 280.1 26.20 28.50 Mango+Guava+Tomato 9.1 10.8 282.4 292.3 25.30 27.82 Mango+Guava+Cowpea 10.2 12.1 295.5 304.6 32.50 34.10 Mango+Guava+French bean 10.0 11.8 290.6 301.4 29.70 31.80 Mango+Guava+Ragi 8.5 10.0 273.3 283.4 24.41 24.00 Mango+Guava+Niger 8.1 9.2 270.4 279.6 22.12 22.30 Mango+Guava+Paddy 9.2 10.8 275.4 277.3 24.75 25.20 Mango+Guava+No intercrop 6.2 7.6 260.5 265.3 20.56 22.40 C.D @ 5% 0.73 0.92 14.91 14.81 2.14 3.88 Swain (2014) OUAT, Odisha 26
  • 33.
    Table 2. Yieldof different component crops in the mango based intercropping systems. Yield (q/ha) Treatments Main crop mango Filler crop guava Inter crops 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 Mango+Guava+M.ginger 25.25 28.10 24.40 28.40 162.60 146.50 Mango+Guava+Turmeric 26.20 28.50 25.60 29.40 156.50 163.40 Mango+Guava+Tomato 25.30 27.82 22.90 27.10 177.00 188.50 Mango+Guava+Cowpea 32.50 34.10 27.50 31.90 78.50 83.40 Mango+Guava+French bean 29.70 31.80 26.40 30.70 69.60 73.50 Mango+Guava+Ragi 24.41 24.00 22.10 26.40 18.80 19.00 Mango+Guava+Niger 22.12 22.30 20.80 24.60 4.80 5.10 Mango+Guava+Paddy 24.75 25.20 23.10 27.50 26.80 28.40 Mango+Guava+No intercrop 20.56 22.40 19.30 20.30 - - C.D @ 5% 2.14 3.88 1.23 2.14 - - Swain (2014) OUAT, Odisha 27
  • 34.
    Crop combinations with mango Fruitsize (cm) Fruit weight (g) Pulp weight (g) Stone weight (g) Pulp:stone ratio First phase (1995-2005) Mango+Cowpea+toria 9.3 410.0 364.1 48.9 7.4 Mango+Sesame+toria 8.6 379.6 345.9 47.6 7.3 Mango+pigeon pea 8.7 389.7 354.6 48.2 7.4 Mango+Black gram+toria 9.0 406.6 363.2 49.0 7.4 Mango+Okra+toria 8.9 391.3 358.3 48.8 7.3 Sole mango 8.5 380.0 352.1 46.0 7.4 CD (5%) 0.20 7.8 2.1 0.90 0.20 Second phase (2006-2010) Mango + turmeric 9.8 400.0 360.3 45.8 7.4 Mango + colocasia 9.4 395.6 351.4 43.7 7.3 Sole mango 9.0 390.0 348.1 40.8 7.4 CD (5%) 0.45 5.1 3.0 2.0 0.1 Rathore et al. (2013) CSWCRTI, Dehradun, Uttarakhand Table 3. Annual mean fruit quality parameters in mango based AHMs on degraded lands during both phases 28
  • 35.
    Table 4. Fertilitystatus of the soil during both phases of AHMs Crop combinations with mango Organic carbon (%) Nitrogen (%) Phosphorus (ppm) Potash (ppm) First phase (1995-2005) Mango+Cowpea+toria 0.76 0.075 10.85 79.23 Mango+Sesame+toria 0.57 0.051 8.05 60.35 Mango+pigeon pea 0.70 0.069 9.24 75.45 Mango+Black gram+toria 0.71 0.065 10.00 73.12 Mango+Okra+toria 0.60 0.055 8.66 65.34 Sole mango 0.56 0.050 8.12 56.54 Initial value 0.51 0.048 7.30 50.00 CD (5%) 0.08 0.011 2.11 8.20 Second phase (2006-2010) Mango + turmeric 0.80 0.071 11.67 77.54 Mango + colocasia 0.69 0.063 10.34 70.23 Sole mango 0.59 0.054 9.43 65.35 Initial value 0.53 0.049 9.00 60.12 CD (5%) 0.02 0.010 0.86 4.50 Rathore et al. (2013) CSWCRTI, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 29
  • 36.
    6.68 5.76 4.874.06 9.51 8.75 7.4 6.23 Mango + Gamhar + Groundnut Mango + Gamhar + Maize Mango + Gamhar Sole mango Fruit Yield of Mango (t/ha) 2015 2016 Fig.1. Effect of agroforestry system and sole plantation on fruit yield of mango RRS, BCKV, West Bengal Sharma et al. (2017) 30
  • 38.
    Crop rotation Spacing(m) 6x6 8x8 16x4 Mean Groundnut - Wheat 13.37 7.64 7.85 9.62 Cluster bean – Mustard 13.81 7.83 7.77 9.80 Indian Aloe 19.13 10.76 10.76 13.55 Sole plantation 11.45 6.54 6.54 8.09 Mean 14.44 8.13 8.23 Sem 0.03 0.02 0.05 CD ( 5%) 0.06 0.05 0.11 CIAH, Bikaner, Rajasthan Saroj et al. (2003) Table 5. Yield of ber fruit ( q/ha ) under ber based agri – horti system 31
  • 39.
    Table 6. Performanceof Ziziphus based system Treatment Yield of Ziziphus (t/ha) Gross income (Rs/ha) Sole Ziziphus 3.3 10,000 Ziziphus + Sorghum 4.5 15,222 Ziziphus + Cluster bean 1.7 8990 Ziziphus + Pearl millet 1.7 6620 Ziziphus + Mung bean 4.0 20460 CD at 5% 0.94 2830 Solanki and RamNewaj (1999) AICRPDA, Dantiwada, Gujarat 32
  • 41.
    Table 7. Effectof inter cropping on growth of aonla Treatments Plant height (m) Collar girth (cm) 2007 2008 2009 Mean 2007 2008 2009 Mean Aonla (Solo) 5.09 6.44 6.67 6.07 51.8 64.8 77.4 64.7 Aonla + turmeric 5.85 7.53 8.73 7.37 57.5 77.5 95.1 76.7 Aonla + ginger 5.45 6.92 7.52 6.63 53.6 68.6 82.4 68.2 Aonla + arbi 5.62 7.24 8.16 7.01 55.0 71.0 85.7 70.6 Mean 5.50 7.03 7.77 54.5 70.5 85.2 CD @ 5% Treatment 0.51 Treatment 3.4 Year 1.45 Year 14.6 HRS, RAU, Bihar Das et al. (2011) 33
  • 42.
    Table 8. Effectof intercrops on fruit characters of aonla Treatments Fruit weight (gm) Fruit size Pulp weight Length Width Aonla (Solo) 21.50 3.01 3.28 19.26 Aonla + turmeric 26.28 3.19 3.64 23.50 Aonla +ginger 21.71 3.04 3.39 19.74 Aonla + arbi 22.86 3.11 3.48 20.44 CD @ 5% 2.52 0.17 0.28 3.80 HRS, RAU, Bihar Das et al. (2011) 34
  • 43.
    Table 9. Effectof intercropping on fertility status of the soil in aonla orchard Treatments Organic carbon (%) Available N (kg/ha) Available P2O5 (kg/ha) Aonla 0.45 200.8 20.5 Aonla + turmeric 0.58 229.2 24.2 Aonla + ginger 0.49 209.8 22.6 Aonla + arbi 0.51 218.6 23.4 Initial value 0.37 166.3 18.5 C.D @ 5% 0.03 8.8 2.0 HRS, RAU, Bihar Das et al. (2011) 35
  • 44.
    M - FM - C M - M* M - C* Control 2.82 2.8 2.44 2.4 1.34 0.16 0.18 0.14 0.13 0.09 1.07 1.13 0.9 0.93 0.65 Plant height (m ) Stem girth ( cm ) Canopy spread ( m ) M - Mothbean, F – Fenugreek, C- chickpea, M* - Mustard, C* - Cumin Figure 2. Effect of different intercrop on growth of Aonla CIAH, Bikaner, Rajasthan Awasthi et al. (2009) 36
  • 45.
    465 497 443 451 406420 407 408 986 1493 1232 602 770 1081 1027 441 M - F M - C M - M* M - C* M - F M - C M - M* M - C* Grain yield ( Kharif ) Grain yield ( Rabi ) Figure 3. Grain yield ( kg/ha) of different crops grown in sole and in association with aonla M - Mothbean, F – Fenugreek, C- chickpea, M* - Mustard, C* - Cumin CIAH, Bikaner, Rajasthan Awasthi et al. (2009) With Aonla Sole cropping 37
  • 46.
    79.95 74.4 49.14 68.61 43.73 60.53 58.35 56.0352.85 59.5 148.48 132.75 105.17 121.46 103.23 Aonla + Bottle gourd Aonla + Pumpkin Aonla + Bitter gourd Aonla + Cucumber Aonla + Sponge gourd Intercrop yield (q/ha) AonlaFruit yield (q/ha) Cumulative Yield (q/ha) ICAR – CHES, Panchmahal, Gujarat Singh et al. (2020) Fig. 4. Yield of different combinations of cucurbits crop with aonla based agroforestry system 38
  • 47.
    Various cucurbits cropsunder aonla based agroforestry system 39
  • 48.
  • 49.
    Table 10. Growthof tamarind and tree species affected by mixed cropping Agroforestry system Tamarind Tree species Height (m) Dbh (cm) Height (m) Dbh (cm) T+C. equisetifolia 10.46 20.85 21.60 23.70 T+E. tereticornis 10.63 19.32 18.34 18.21 T+G. robusta 9.32 15.36 8.36 12.64 T+D. sissoo 8.31 16.23 8.76 11.36 Tamarind (T) 7.46 15.21 - - CD at 5% 1.17 1.20 4.70 5.56 Mutanal et al. (2007) FRS, UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka 40
  • 50.
    Growth attribute 30DAP 60 DAP 90 DAP IC SC IC SC IC SC Plant height ( cm ) 4.20 2.46 7.40 4.76 11.13 8.93 Plant spread ( cm ) 27.46 24.66 38.36 31.63 54.50 50.36 Leaf size ( cm sq) 18.46 22.63 58.80 61.03 80.06 79.96 Leaf area ( cm sq) 175.92 156.82 1082.45 870.28 2140 1727.36 Yield attribute Intercrop ( IC ) Sole crop ( SC ) Fresh weight of tuber ( g/plant ) 37.80 25.00 No. of tuber per plant 16.46 10.40 Length of tuber (cm ) 12.86 12.86 Width of tuber ( cm ) 0.71 0.59 Dry weight of tuber ( g/plant) 9.25 5.86 Dry tuber yield ( q/ha) 10.18 5.55 B: C ratio 1.94 1.51 Table 11.Growth attributes of safed musli as an intercrop in tamarind plantation and as sole crop in open Table 12. Yield performance and B:C ratio of safed musli as intercrop in tamarind plantation and as sole crop in open KRC, COH, ARABHAVI, Karnataka Kumar et al. (2010) 41
  • 51.
    Treatments Total netreturns ( Rs. /ha ) Benefit Cost ratio ( Rs. /ha ) Tamarind + Custard apple + Red gram 29,972 1.99 Tamarind + Custard apple + Jowar 23,662 1.58 Tamarind + Custard apple + Cowpea 17,470 1.36 Tamarind + Custard apple + Cluster bean 19,340 1.59 Tamarind + Curry leaf+ Red gram 16,692 1.16 Tamarind + Curry leaf + Jowar 21,510 1.49 Tamarind + Curry leaf + Cowpea 12,866 1.07 Tamarind + Curry leaf +Cluster bean 23,746 1.92 AICRPA, ANGRAU, Hyderabad, AP Khan et al. (2010) Table 13. Gross returns and B: C ratio in tamarind based agri-silvi-horti system 42
  • 52.
  • 53.
    Treatment Height ( cm) Percent increase Girth ( cm ) Percent increase Average canopy spread ( cm) Percent increase 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 Sole P 122 148 21.3 10.17 14.8 45.5 113.7 123.8 8.8 P + W- G 117 165 41.0 9.75 16.8 72.3 118.2 146.2 23.6 P + F - C 122 169 38.5 10.15 16.30 60.5 122.3 145.2 18.7 P – Pomegranate , W – Wheat, G – Groundnut, F – Fenugreek, C- Cluster bean Table 14. Growth of Pomegranate as affected by different intercrops in agri – horti system ICAR- CAZRI, RRS, Bikaner, Rajasthan Soni et al. (2020) 43
  • 55.
    Treatments Grain yield (Kg/ha) Stalk yield ( kg/ha) Clusterbean Cowpea Mothbean Clusterbean Cowpea Mothbean Aonla 304 278 191 763 752 405 Ber 399 391 269 864 1005 532 Pomegranate 315 302 205 707 771 414 SEm 6.67 8.5 5.6 20.4 21.8 9.2 CD ( 5%) 19.7 25.6 16.8 61.2 65.3 27.7 ICAR- CAZRI, RRS, Bhuj, Gujarat Dayal et al. (2015) Table 15. Grain and stalk yield of legumes under different fruit trees 44
  • 56.
    Treatments Cost of cultivation Gross returns Netreturns BCR Ber+ Nigella+Cowpea 168300 873750 705450 4.19 Ber+Anise+Cluster bean 159432 797835 638403 4.00 Ber+Rai+Black gram 151800 724600 572800 3.77 Ber+Ajwain+Tinda 173300 895375 722075 4.17 Ber+Fenugreek+Okra 173060 982275 809215 4.68 Ber+Coriander+Greengram 156060 754000 597940 3.83 Aonla+ Nigella+Cowpea 173000 721330 548330 3.17 Aonla+Anise+Cluster bean 164132 637740 473608 2.89 Aonla+Rai+Black gram 156500 558950 402450 2.57 Aonla+Ajwain+Tinda 178000 742980 564980 3.17 Aonla+Fenugreek+Okra 177760 804780 627020 3.53 Aonla+Coriander+Greengram 160760 593600 432840 2.69 Ber 110300 614500 504200 4.57 Aonla 115000 484250 369250 3.21 Table 16. Effect of seed spice based intercropping with fruit trees on economics. NRCSS, Ajmer, Rajasthan Meena et al. (2017) 45
  • 57.
    Table 17. Costand return per hectare of mixed multi species cropping models v/s sole cropping Treatments Gross return (Rs.) COC (Rs.) Net return (Rs.) B:C ratio T1, Aonla+Ber+Karonda+Cluster bean+Brinjal 150954.7 48750 102204.7 3.14 T2, Aonla+Ber+Karonda+Cluster bean+Fallow 101492.5 33750 67742.7 3.07 T3, Aonla+Ber+Karonda+Moth bean+Mustard 122011.8 37362 84650.3 3.48 T4, Aonla+Ber+Karonda+Cluster bean+Fallow 100393.1 33250 67142.5 3.09 T5, Aonla (sole) 2065.8 10000 -7934 0.20 T6, Ber (sole) 33796.8 15200 18596.8 2.22 T7, Karonda (sole) 15750 8000 7750 1.96 T8, Cluster bean (sole) 8124 6000 2124 1.35 T9, Moth bean (sole) 6660 4100 2560 1.62 T10, Brinjal (sole) 36300 34656 1644 1.04 T11, Mustard (sole) 21240 7413 13827 2.88 Arya et al. (2011) SKRAU, Bikaner, Rajasthan 46
  • 58.
  • 59.
    A farmer ShriNand Kishore Jaisalmeria in Manaklao village of Jodhpur (25 km north) owns 3.1 ha agricultural land under rainfed conditions (average rainfall 365 mm), which was earlier a degraded land. His income from crops was very low with zero or negative income in the years of drought. In the early 1980s, he came in contact of CAZRI scientists and planted 750 plants of improved varieties of ber (Gola, Seb, Umran) provided by CAZRI, along with recommended package of practices. The piece of land was developed as an integrated farming system. Along with Ber orchard, annual crops as intercropping and 10 + 1 goat unit was maintained by him. Fencing of the farm was created by developing shelterbelts of multipurpose tree species like Accacia tortillis, Prosopis juliflora, Neem and other drought hardy tree species of economic value. The shelterbelt developed as fencing of the farm not only provided sustainable output in terms of fuel wood and fodder but also provided protection and conserved the soil and improved its fertility levels. For the first 20 years the land was totally rainfed, and then a bore well was established whose water is saline. Ber is tolerant to saline water irrigation to some extent. The supplemental irrigation with saline water especially during fruit setting stage helped produce good yield. Even after 35 years, at present the farm and the orchard are well maintained and is a source of sustainable income. SUCCESS STORY FROM ARID REGION OF RAJASTHAN Source: CAZRI 47
  • 60.
    The major revenuefor the farm comes from sale of Ber fruit, leaves of Ber and other trees, fuel wood from pruning. Each plant of Ber produces about 30 kg fruits per annum. The farmer earns a total annual net income of about Rs 1,25,000 from 3 ha arid land giving a net income of about Rs.41,000/- per ha per annum, which is much higher as compared to traditional annual crops in the region. This perennials based farming system not only gave higher income but provided stability of production and income in the years of drought which is very common in this region. In addition to his own farm, Mr. Jaisalmeria also started a nursery of budded ber and sold lakhs of plants to the farmers, NGOs, Government departments from different states and contributed in spread of improved germplasm and package of practices of Ber cultivation. Source: CAZRI 48
  • 61.
    • Based onstudy it has been established that various fruit crops like ber, aonla, tamarind, pomegranate and mango with various intercrops (specially legume) give maximum productivity compare to sole fruit as well as of intercrops in drylands. • Several researchers reported that fruit based agroforestry systems were useful for improving economic returns of the farmers, generating employment, higher production, soil fertility status and quality characters of fruits under drylands.. 49
  • 62.

Editor's Notes

  • #5 Total cultivated land 143 mha irrigated 58 mha, There fore it has been thinking that develop some other alternate land use system…for these soils
  • #14 Dry land, besides being water deficient, are characterized by high evaporation rates, exceptionally high day temperature during summer, low humidity and high run off and soil erosion. The soils of such areas are often found to be saline and low in fertility. As water is the most important factor of crop production, inadequacy and uncertainty of rainfall often cause partial or complete failure of the crops which leads to period of scarcities and famines. Thus the life of both human being and cattle in such areas becomes difficult and insecure.
  • #15 Dryland offers good scope for development of Agroforestry, Social forestry, Horti- Sylvi-pasture , etc which will not only supply food, nutrition, fodder, fuel to communities but forms a suitable vegetative cover for ecological maintenance. 
  • #17 Main crop - Generally, the crops utilize the entire land after 20-25 years, whereas only 25-30% of land is effectively used up by the main crop up to 10 years. These are planted at wider spacing. Several drought hardy fruit crops like Capparis decidua, Salvadora oleoides, Cordia myxa,. Intercrop - In general, the inter crops are the location specific annual crops, selected as per the climatic and socio-economic suitability. These could be vegetables, pulses and legumes, oilseed, fodder crops, medicinal plants and seed spices.