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Session 1. Unnevehr Introduction
This document provides an overview of research being conducted under Theme 1 of the A4NH program to promote better diet quality through value chain interventions. It discusses how diet quality improves slowly with income growth and identifies various market and policy failures that result in underinvestment in nutrient-rich foods. The value chain approach aims to test interventions along the supply and demand sides to identify bottlenecks and solutions to constraints. Several new research projects are highlighted that are exploring improvements to specific value chains like vegetables, fish, dairy, and fruits to enhance nutritional outcomes. The goal is to learn lessons across countries and value chains to ultimately drive broader food system change.
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Session 1. Unnevehr Introduction
- 1. Overview and Introductionto A4NH Theme 1 Laurian Unnevehr IFPRI June 6, 2013
- 2. • Diet diversityis one important measure of diet quality • A healthy dietary diversity contributes to improved nutrition – ASF, F&V, legumes • Diet quality improvement not uniform with rising incomes • Are there interventions that would improve diet quality more rapidly and efficiently? • Focus on value chains for nutrient rich foods A4NH Value Chain Research Focus: How to Promote Better Diet Quality?
- 3. Market Determinants ofDiet Quality • Income – Diet quality improves through diversification – Outcomes improve slowly– For 10% increase in GDP/cap, a 6% decrease in child stunting • Prices – Relative prices– eg., staples prices declining relative to more nutrient rich foods – Opportunity cost of time– eg., switch to more processed foods with urbanization • Preferences and cultural norms – Shape pathway towards diet diversity, eg. ASF increases with income vary widely
- 4. Market Failures in Nutritionand Food Safety • Consumer knowledge about nutrition, nutrient content/ safety of foods is incomplete • Supply constraints for nutrient rich foods-- perishability, seasonality, variable nutrient content, food safety challenges • Result: market incentives under reward improved nutrition and food safety. • Public underinvestment in nutrient rich foods (focus on staple crops), and in public health oriented food safety (focus on meeting standards for high income market access)
- 5. Diet Quality Improves(Slowly) with Income Growth 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Low Income Lower Middle Developed Diet Diversity Animal Protein Diet diversity is the percent calories from non-staples; Animal protein is gm/cap/day. Source: FAO
- 6. Bangladesh Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central AfricanRepublic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem Rep Côte d'Ivoire Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau India Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Nepal Niger Nigeria Pakistan Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 100 300 500 700 900 1100 DietDiversificationIndex GDP Per Capita (US $) Dietary Diversification vs. GDP Per Capita (2007) y = 0.0086x + 30.366 R² = 0.0724
- 7. 2005 87 38 52 5 53 85 130 24 Bangladesh: Food GroupShares of Total Food Supply (kcal/capita/day) Grains, Roots, and Tubers Legumes and Nuts Dairy Products Flesh Foods Eggs Fruits and Vegetables Sugars Oils and Fats Miscellaneous 1257 268 69 65 2 151 93 168 63 Tanzania: Food Group Shares of Total Food Supply (kcal/capita/day) Grains, Roots, and Tubers Legumes and Nuts Dairy Products Flesh Foods Eggs Fruits and Vegetables Sugars Oils and Fats Miscellaneous Data Source: FAO Food Balance Sheets, 2009
- 8. 1596 10056 515 75 285 63 468 90 China: Food GroupShares of Total Food Supply (kcal/capita/day) Grains, Roots, and Tubers Legumes and Nuts Dairy Products Flesh Foods Eggs Fruits and Vegetables Sugars Oils and Fats Miscellaneous Data Source: FAO Food Balance Sheets, 2009
- 9. • Diet diversityis one important measure of diet quality • A healthy dietary diversity contributes to improved nutrition – ASF, F&V, legumes • Diet quality improvement not uniform with rising incomes • Are there interventions that would improve diet quality more rapidly and efficiently? • Focus on value chains for nutrient rich foods A4NH Value Chain Research Focus: How to Promote Better Diet Quality?
- 10. Inputs into production Foodproduction Food storage and processing Food distribution and transport Food retail and labeling Value Chain Approach Consumer ProducerSupply side Test & evaluate solutions Demand side Characterize diets, market access and constraints to consumption of nutritious, safe foods Test new tools to improve knowledge, awareness, an d demand for nutrition and safety along the value chain Identify bottlenecks and production constraints to improved nutrition and safety in the entire value chain
- 11. Example: Creating economicand nutritional value from Orange-fleshed sweet potato(OFSP), Mozambique Source: Coote et al. In: Hawkes and Ruel, IFPRI 2020 Conference Background Paper #4, 2011 ↑production ↑ market opportunities ↑consumption ↑vitamin A nutrition
- 12. Elements of ThisApproach • Each value chain study for a nutrient-rich food should include all of these elements: – dietary and nutritional assessment of target population – identification of key foods to improve / diversify diets – mapping of the value chain for these foods – identification of constraints to supply and to demand – developing and/or testing interventions – assessment of impact on diets of target population
- 13. Changes in ValueChains that Could Improve Nutrition • Technologies – Improvements in production, storage, handling, processing, or marketing to reduce nutritional loss, improve access, or reduce safety risks, eg. Greater seasonal availability for fruits • Information – Increased demand for improved safety and nutrition through education or improved incentives for different actors in the value chain, eg. Nutrition education with improved vegetable seeds – Nutritional quality reflected in prices and/or made more affordable, eg., quality certification for locally sourced infant foods • Policies and Institutions – New contractual arrangements create incentives to deliver more nutrient rich foods or to create demand for such foods, eg. Home grown school lunch programs
- 14. Center/Value Chain/ Countries Title HowResearch is Improving Nutrition AVRDC/Vegetables/ Bangladesh Enhanced nutritional outcomes of populations through nutrition-sensitive agricultural promotion by a vegetable seed company Improved nutrition knowledge and enhanced vegetable productivity WorldFish/ Fish/ Bangladesh Expanded research on dried small fish in Bangladesh to improve nutrition in the first 1,000 days of life New infant food from nutrient dense locally produced food IDS & ILRI/Dairy/ Bangladesh Assessing the Impacts of Efforts to Enhance Access to Nutritious Foods: Grameen Danone Case Enhanced nutrition in an affordable food product ILRI/ASF/Kenya The relationship between livestock value chains and nutritional status of women and children: a pilot study in Kenya Understanding role of ASF value chains in nutritional outcomes ICRAF/Fruit/Kenya &Peru Leveraging fruit value chains for sustainable and healthier diets in Kenya and Peru Expanding fruit intake in diets of target populations Seed Grants Awarded to Expand Research
- 15. Other New Researchin Theme 1 Institution/Value Chain/ Countries Title How Research is Improving Nutrition Tufts/Infant Food/ Africa Nutritional Composition and Quality Challenges for Locally Sourced Infant Foods Providing affordable infant foods IFPRI/Dairy/India Awareness and Valuation of Nutrition and Food Safety Attributes among Dairy Consumers in India Improved nutritional quality of milk U. Pretoria/F&V/ S. Africa Food safety on fresh produce wholesale markets in South Africa: Dual standards development on local markets Improved food safety for fruits and vegetables GAIN/F&V/ Kenya & Tanzania Production and Access to Improved Vegetables Nutrition education, improved processing for better access Imperial College/School Feeding/ Ghana Measuring the impact of "home-grown" school feeding programmes linking agriculture, nutrition, health and education Improved diets for school children and enhanced local farmer income
- 16. Scaling Up andOut • Are there lessons across countries for the same commodity? • How do interventions in multiple value chains within one country result in overall food system change?
- 17. • Purpose ofthe Workshop – To review research plans for new activities in the A4NH program to enhance nutrition in value chains; to identify synergies and gaps in the research portfolio; and to explore potential partnerships to support and extend these activities. • Format – Overview of indicators and measuring impact pathways – Presentation of research plans and discussant comments – Summary panel
Editor's Notes
- #5 Given the many market failures that can arise in nutrition, it is not surprising that improvements in diet and in nutritional outcomes do not track perfectly with development and rising incomes.
- #7 Wide variation at low income levels.
- #8 These two low income countries have different patterns of dietary diversity and show how there can be wide variation.
- #9 At the middle income level of development, China shows growth in “unhealthy” diet diversity along with “healthy” diet diversity, leading to rising rates of overweight.
- #14 Note how they address MARKET FAILURES