The document summarizes a study on the seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis among three subgroups (pregnant women, immunocompromised patients, and immunocompetent controls) in Nigeria. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 31.5%. Pregnant women had significantly higher seroprevalence than the other two groups. Living with cats was found to increase the risk of toxoplasmosis four times compared to those not living with cats. Seroprevalence increased with age among pregnant women and immunocompromised patients.
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter Retrospective Greek Study by Lamprini Gkaravela in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Bacteriuria in Pregnant and Non Pregnant Women in Benghazi Acomparative StudyIOSRJPBS
Background: Bacteriuria is associated with significant maternal and foetal risks. However, its prevalence is not well known in our community. Objectives: Determine the prevalence and predictors of bacteriuria in women of the Benghazi, Libya as well as the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates. Methods: Across-sectional study was carried out amongst pregnant and non pregnant women attending many poly clinics in Benghazi. We recruited 120 consenting women (60 pregnant and 60 non pregnant) for the study. Demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaire. Clean catch midstream urine was collected from each participant. Samples were examined biochemically, microscopically and by culture. Significant bacteriuria was defined as the presence of 105 bacteria per ml of cultured urine. Identification and susceptibility of isolates was performed using API (BioMerieux, France Company) . Results: Significant bacteriuria was found in the urine of 13.3 % (16) of all women with prevalence of 16.7% in pregnant women. Asymptomatic bacteriuria was detected in 8.3 % (10). The most frequent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus(31.2%),Escherichia coli (25%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (18.9%), and were sensitive to gentamycin (GN) 87.5%, azithromycin (AZM)75%, and the less effective antibiotics were cephalexine (CL) and ampicillin(AMP) Conclusion: Bacteriuria is frequent in women particularly pregnant women suggesting the need for routine screening by urine culture,which would allow early treatment to avoid the complications. In addition, urinary tract infections appears to be multifactorial.
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter Retrospective Greek Study by Lamprini Gkaravela in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Bacteriuria in Pregnant and Non Pregnant Women in Benghazi Acomparative StudyIOSRJPBS
Background: Bacteriuria is associated with significant maternal and foetal risks. However, its prevalence is not well known in our community. Objectives: Determine the prevalence and predictors of bacteriuria in women of the Benghazi, Libya as well as the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates. Methods: Across-sectional study was carried out amongst pregnant and non pregnant women attending many poly clinics in Benghazi. We recruited 120 consenting women (60 pregnant and 60 non pregnant) for the study. Demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaire. Clean catch midstream urine was collected from each participant. Samples were examined biochemically, microscopically and by culture. Significant bacteriuria was defined as the presence of 105 bacteria per ml of cultured urine. Identification and susceptibility of isolates was performed using API (BioMerieux, France Company) . Results: Significant bacteriuria was found in the urine of 13.3 % (16) of all women with prevalence of 16.7% in pregnant women. Asymptomatic bacteriuria was detected in 8.3 % (10). The most frequent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus(31.2%),Escherichia coli (25%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (18.9%), and were sensitive to gentamycin (GN) 87.5%, azithromycin (AZM)75%, and the less effective antibiotics were cephalexine (CL) and ampicillin(AMP) Conclusion: Bacteriuria is frequent in women particularly pregnant women suggesting the need for routine screening by urine culture,which would allow early treatment to avoid the complications. In addition, urinary tract infections appears to be multifactorial.
Need To Protect Childbearing Age Girls against Rubellapaperpublications3
Abstract: Rubella, though a mild skin infection but show disastrous effects during pregnancy and causes damage to fetus. The disease is vaccine- preventable diseases can manifest with severe Teratogenic effects in fetus known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) due to primary maternal infection such as heart disorders, blindness, deafness or other life threatening organ disorders. During pregnancy, explore to disease can lead to disastrous results such as bad obstetric history (BOH), repeated pregnancy loss (RPL) or may cause deformities in fetuses whereas it also responsible for infertility and maternal mortality. In the study124 teenage girls and 176 women of different background were selected, out of them 3.23% girls and 11.36 % women were found susceptible and were at risk to have Rubella infection. In the study it was detected that immunity against Rubella was decreasing with increasing age, i.e. the vaccination in childbearing age should be included in schedule.
Simulation of an Intracellular Differential Equation Model of the Dynamics of...ijtsrd
We designed a simulation of an intracellular differential equation model of the dynamics of malaria with immune control and treatment which considered malaria parasites in the liver and blood. We considered transmission dynamics of malaria and the interaction between the infection in the liver and blood. The disease free equilibrium of our model was asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number is less than one and unstable when it is greater than one. Numerical simulations show that if the immune response is strong with effective treatment, malaria infection will be cleared from an infectious human host. A treatment strategy using highly effective drugs against malaria parasites with strong immune response can reduce malaria progression and control the disease. Titus Ifeanyi Chinebu | Edmund Onwubiko Ezennorom | John U Okwor "Simulation of an Intracellular Differential Equation Model of the Dynamics of Malaria with Immune Control and Treatment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18476.pdf
PREVALENCE AND DEGREE OF INFECTION OF TOXOCARIASIS IN DAIRY CALVES (HOLSTEIN ...IAEME Publication
Background: Worm infection is one of the most common diseases affecting
livestock, one of those diseases is Toxocara vitulorum. Infection can cause diarrhea,
reduced productivity, intestinal and bile obstruction, to death in livestock. However,
this disease is often ignored by farmers. Observing from an economic perspective, this
disease results in very high losses for farmers.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of dairy calves age on the
prevalence of toxocariasis and determine the effect of different degrees of toxocariasis
infection on dairy calves (Holstein Friesian).
Methods: This study used a descriptive laboratory method. The samples studied
were 120 stool or feces samples of calves aged 0-6 months. The number of samples in
each age group of 0-2 months, 2-4 months and 4-6 months were 40 samples. The
independent variable of this study was the age of dairy calves. The dependent variables
were the prevalence and degree of toxocariasis infection. Whereas, the control
variables were feed and cattle nation.
Results: From 120 samples studied, 5 feces samples were positively infected with
T. vitulorum. From 5 samples that were positively infected, 4 of them came from the
age group of 0-2 months and the other 1 from the age group of 2-4 months. Whereas,
in the 4-6 month age group all negative samples were from T. vitulorum infection. The
mean value of infection rates in the 0-2 month age group was 4.219, in the 2-4 month
age group was 1.066 and in the 4-6 month age group was 0.707.
Conclusion: The prevalence of toxocariasis and the degree of toxocariasis infection
based on the most influential age differences were at the age of 0-2 months.
ABSTRACT- Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) is a major threat to human health. It is caused due to various physiological changes of the urinary tract by the activity of microorganisms. Urinary Tract infections has also been a major type of hospital acquired infection. Hospital acquired infections (HAI) are of various types: Respiratory Tract Infection (RTI), Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Blood Stream Infection (BSI), and Surgical Site Infection (SSI) and the most common are Urinary Tract (39%) and Respiratory Tract (20-22%) infection. The main aim of this study was to assess various urine samples collected from patients of the ICU of a tertiary care hospital for microbial growth and create a statistical picture on the contribution of UTI to nosocomial infections. Certain governing factors for UTI like presence of pus cells, epithelial cells, and diabetes mellitus were also kept under consideration along with various patient details like age, sex, primary illness and prior antibiotic treatment. The key findings of the study were: the
mean age of patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic UTI was 51 years and people from both genders within the age group of 41-60 were equally susceptible. E. coli was the most common causative organism (35.7%) followed by Citrobacter (21.42%) and Klebsiella (14.28%). Other organisms included Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and Candida. The rate of UTI was 56.22/1000 days of catheterization. Most of the organisms isolated were found to be multi drug resistant. UTI has been hence concluded to play a major contribution in nosocomial infections which needs to be controlled by integrating proper monitoring of hospital data and surveillance of hospital acquired urinary tract infection.
Key-words- ICU, Urinary Tract Infection, Center for Disease Control, Multi drug resistant, antibiotics, Microorganism
The Parity Rate of Indoor-Resting Adult Female Anopheles and Culex Mosquitoes...IJEAB
A study on the parity rate of indoor-resting Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes and their implication in disease transmission was carried out in Nnamdi Azikiwe University female hostel between June and July 2016. The mosquitoes were sampled weekly from 24 randomly selected rooms using pyrethrum knock-down collection (P.K.C). A total of 516 mosquitoes comprising of 4 species: Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus, Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex annulioris, were collected during the study period. The mosquitoes were examined for their abdominal gradings/gonotrophic stages and dissected for parity determination. Culex quinquefasciatus (61.43%) constituted the most abundant species followed by Anopheles gambiae (30.04%) and Anopheles funestus (7.56%) and the least being Culex annulioris (0.97%). Results showed that majority of the vector species were fed and parous and variations among the parity rates of the 4 species was significant (P <0.05). The high rate of the fed and parous mosquito species is of utmost concern in the hostel environment and therefore control measures aimed at eliminating the breeding sites and reducing its contact with the students should be embraced and practiced so as to minimize disease transmission among the students.
12Toxoplasmosis and Effects on Abortion, And Fetal A.docxrobert345678
12
Toxoplasmosis and Effects on Abortion, And Fetal Abnormalities
Toxoplasmosis and Effects on Abortion, And Fetal Abnormalities
Abstract
The placenta is an immune-privileged organ that may tolerate antigen exposure without eliciting a strong inflammatory response that could result in an abortion. After that, the pregnancy can progress normally. Th1 answers, characterized by interferon-, are essential for suppressing intracellular infections. Therefore, the maternal immune system finds a catch-22 when intracellular parasites invade the placenta. The pro-inflammatory response required to eradicate the virus carries the danger of causing an abortion. Toxoplasma is a potent parasite that causes lifetime infections and is a leading cause of abortions in people and animals. This paper speculates that the pregnancy outcome may be affected by the Toxoplasma strain and the effectors of the parasite, both of which can modify the signaling pathways of the host cell.
Introduction
Fetuses infected with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii can develop a disorder known as toxoplasmosis, sometimes called congenital toxoplasmosis. This disease is transmitted from mother to child in the womb. A miscarriage or a stillbirth might happen as a result. A child with this illness may also have significant and progressively deteriorating difficulties in their vision, hearing, motor skills, cognitive ability, and other areas of development. The parasite Toxoplasma gondii is blamed for many pregnancies ending in miscarriage (Arranz-Solís et al., 2021). Most abortions happen in the first trimester of pregnancy or during the early stages of acute sickness. This research aimed to determine if women who had an abortion were more likely to be infected with toxoplasmosis.
To make matters worse, the toxoplasmosis-causing Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular pathogen that infects nearly every animal species with a thermoregulatory system. Transferring Toxoplasma from one host to another requires the development of tissue cysts that are infectious when ingested. This means the parasite is incentivized to ensure that the host organism lives during the infection. The parasite does this by stimulating an immune response powerful enough to limit parasite reproduction. Toxoplasma, on the other hand, uses a unique set of effectors to evade the immune response and ensure that the parasite population does not decrease to zero.
Results
Type II strains are the most common cause of infection in both animal and human hosts. However, all four clonal lineages of Toxoplasma may be found throughout Europe and North America. It has been established, however, that the bulk of the South American isolates identified is genetically distinct from the strains seen in North America and Europe. Certain sorts of isolates have been labeled as atypical strains. Birth abnormalities apart, type II strains are the most common in Europe and North America, where the great majority of .
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Need To Protect Childbearing Age Girls against Rubellapaperpublications3
Abstract: Rubella, though a mild skin infection but show disastrous effects during pregnancy and causes damage to fetus. The disease is vaccine- preventable diseases can manifest with severe Teratogenic effects in fetus known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) due to primary maternal infection such as heart disorders, blindness, deafness or other life threatening organ disorders. During pregnancy, explore to disease can lead to disastrous results such as bad obstetric history (BOH), repeated pregnancy loss (RPL) or may cause deformities in fetuses whereas it also responsible for infertility and maternal mortality. In the study124 teenage girls and 176 women of different background were selected, out of them 3.23% girls and 11.36 % women were found susceptible and were at risk to have Rubella infection. In the study it was detected that immunity against Rubella was decreasing with increasing age, i.e. the vaccination in childbearing age should be included in schedule.
Simulation of an Intracellular Differential Equation Model of the Dynamics of...ijtsrd
We designed a simulation of an intracellular differential equation model of the dynamics of malaria with immune control and treatment which considered malaria parasites in the liver and blood. We considered transmission dynamics of malaria and the interaction between the infection in the liver and blood. The disease free equilibrium of our model was asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number is less than one and unstable when it is greater than one. Numerical simulations show that if the immune response is strong with effective treatment, malaria infection will be cleared from an infectious human host. A treatment strategy using highly effective drugs against malaria parasites with strong immune response can reduce malaria progression and control the disease. Titus Ifeanyi Chinebu | Edmund Onwubiko Ezennorom | John U Okwor "Simulation of an Intracellular Differential Equation Model of the Dynamics of Malaria with Immune Control and Treatment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18476.pdf
PREVALENCE AND DEGREE OF INFECTION OF TOXOCARIASIS IN DAIRY CALVES (HOLSTEIN ...IAEME Publication
Background: Worm infection is one of the most common diseases affecting
livestock, one of those diseases is Toxocara vitulorum. Infection can cause diarrhea,
reduced productivity, intestinal and bile obstruction, to death in livestock. However,
this disease is often ignored by farmers. Observing from an economic perspective, this
disease results in very high losses for farmers.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of dairy calves age on the
prevalence of toxocariasis and determine the effect of different degrees of toxocariasis
infection on dairy calves (Holstein Friesian).
Methods: This study used a descriptive laboratory method. The samples studied
were 120 stool or feces samples of calves aged 0-6 months. The number of samples in
each age group of 0-2 months, 2-4 months and 4-6 months were 40 samples. The
independent variable of this study was the age of dairy calves. The dependent variables
were the prevalence and degree of toxocariasis infection. Whereas, the control
variables were feed and cattle nation.
Results: From 120 samples studied, 5 feces samples were positively infected with
T. vitulorum. From 5 samples that were positively infected, 4 of them came from the
age group of 0-2 months and the other 1 from the age group of 2-4 months. Whereas,
in the 4-6 month age group all negative samples were from T. vitulorum infection. The
mean value of infection rates in the 0-2 month age group was 4.219, in the 2-4 month
age group was 1.066 and in the 4-6 month age group was 0.707.
Conclusion: The prevalence of toxocariasis and the degree of toxocariasis infection
based on the most influential age differences were at the age of 0-2 months.
ABSTRACT- Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) is a major threat to human health. It is caused due to various physiological changes of the urinary tract by the activity of microorganisms. Urinary Tract infections has also been a major type of hospital acquired infection. Hospital acquired infections (HAI) are of various types: Respiratory Tract Infection (RTI), Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Blood Stream Infection (BSI), and Surgical Site Infection (SSI) and the most common are Urinary Tract (39%) and Respiratory Tract (20-22%) infection. The main aim of this study was to assess various urine samples collected from patients of the ICU of a tertiary care hospital for microbial growth and create a statistical picture on the contribution of UTI to nosocomial infections. Certain governing factors for UTI like presence of pus cells, epithelial cells, and diabetes mellitus were also kept under consideration along with various patient details like age, sex, primary illness and prior antibiotic treatment. The key findings of the study were: the
mean age of patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic UTI was 51 years and people from both genders within the age group of 41-60 were equally susceptible. E. coli was the most common causative organism (35.7%) followed by Citrobacter (21.42%) and Klebsiella (14.28%). Other organisms included Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and Candida. The rate of UTI was 56.22/1000 days of catheterization. Most of the organisms isolated were found to be multi drug resistant. UTI has been hence concluded to play a major contribution in nosocomial infections which needs to be controlled by integrating proper monitoring of hospital data and surveillance of hospital acquired urinary tract infection.
Key-words- ICU, Urinary Tract Infection, Center for Disease Control, Multi drug resistant, antibiotics, Microorganism
The Parity Rate of Indoor-Resting Adult Female Anopheles and Culex Mosquitoes...IJEAB
A study on the parity rate of indoor-resting Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes and their implication in disease transmission was carried out in Nnamdi Azikiwe University female hostel between June and July 2016. The mosquitoes were sampled weekly from 24 randomly selected rooms using pyrethrum knock-down collection (P.K.C). A total of 516 mosquitoes comprising of 4 species: Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus, Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex annulioris, were collected during the study period. The mosquitoes were examined for their abdominal gradings/gonotrophic stages and dissected for parity determination. Culex quinquefasciatus (61.43%) constituted the most abundant species followed by Anopheles gambiae (30.04%) and Anopheles funestus (7.56%) and the least being Culex annulioris (0.97%). Results showed that majority of the vector species were fed and parous and variations among the parity rates of the 4 species was significant (P <0.05). The high rate of the fed and parous mosquito species is of utmost concern in the hostel environment and therefore control measures aimed at eliminating the breeding sites and reducing its contact with the students should be embraced and practiced so as to minimize disease transmission among the students.
12Toxoplasmosis and Effects on Abortion, And Fetal A.docxrobert345678
12
Toxoplasmosis and Effects on Abortion, And Fetal Abnormalities
Toxoplasmosis and Effects on Abortion, And Fetal Abnormalities
Abstract
The placenta is an immune-privileged organ that may tolerate antigen exposure without eliciting a strong inflammatory response that could result in an abortion. After that, the pregnancy can progress normally. Th1 answers, characterized by interferon-, are essential for suppressing intracellular infections. Therefore, the maternal immune system finds a catch-22 when intracellular parasites invade the placenta. The pro-inflammatory response required to eradicate the virus carries the danger of causing an abortion. Toxoplasma is a potent parasite that causes lifetime infections and is a leading cause of abortions in people and animals. This paper speculates that the pregnancy outcome may be affected by the Toxoplasma strain and the effectors of the parasite, both of which can modify the signaling pathways of the host cell.
Introduction
Fetuses infected with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii can develop a disorder known as toxoplasmosis, sometimes called congenital toxoplasmosis. This disease is transmitted from mother to child in the womb. A miscarriage or a stillbirth might happen as a result. A child with this illness may also have significant and progressively deteriorating difficulties in their vision, hearing, motor skills, cognitive ability, and other areas of development. The parasite Toxoplasma gondii is blamed for many pregnancies ending in miscarriage (Arranz-Solís et al., 2021). Most abortions happen in the first trimester of pregnancy or during the early stages of acute sickness. This research aimed to determine if women who had an abortion were more likely to be infected with toxoplasmosis.
To make matters worse, the toxoplasmosis-causing Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular pathogen that infects nearly every animal species with a thermoregulatory system. Transferring Toxoplasma from one host to another requires the development of tissue cysts that are infectious when ingested. This means the parasite is incentivized to ensure that the host organism lives during the infection. The parasite does this by stimulating an immune response powerful enough to limit parasite reproduction. Toxoplasma, on the other hand, uses a unique set of effectors to evade the immune response and ensure that the parasite population does not decrease to zero.
Results
Type II strains are the most common cause of infection in both animal and human hosts. However, all four clonal lineages of Toxoplasma may be found throughout Europe and North America. It has been established, however, that the bulk of the South American isolates identified is genetically distinct from the strains seen in North America and Europe. Certain sorts of isolates have been labeled as atypical strains. Birth abnormalities apart, type II strains are the most common in Europe and North America, where the great majority of .
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
SPORADIC OUTBREAK CASES OF DIPHTHERIA: A THREE YEARS’ STUDY IN A TERTIARY CAR...Earthjournal Publisher
SPORADIC OUTBREAK CASES OF DIPHTHERIA: A THREE YEARS’ STUDY IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE OF NORTHEAST INDIA.
Daiji Gogoi Mohan, Mayuri Gogoi,Naba Kumar Hazarika
IRO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018, 1(1):1-5.
This study evaluated the prevalence of malaria parasite among pregnant and non pregnant women attending Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Owerri Imo State Nigeria within the age range of 21-50 years. The molecular identification and speciation of the malaria parasites were carried out using different diagnostic techniques. The blood samples were analyzed using microscopy, Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results using the microscopy for pregnant women was 181(90.5%) and for non pregnant women, it was 185(92.5%) within the age range of under 21, 41 and above. The result of RDT for pregnant women was 58(32.0%) and for non pregnant women were 46(24.9%). However, the age group of pregnant women that had the highest occurrence of malaria using microscopy was (21-25yrs) with 100% of persons tested positive and (41-45yrs) with 78.8% had the lowest occurrence. For non pregnant women, the age group that had the highest occurrence of malaria parasite was (31-35yrs) with 95.3%of persons reporting tested reporting positive while, (21-25yrs) with 84.6% had the lowest occurrence. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used for the speciation of the parasites and the result revealed that Plasmodium falciparum in pregnant women within the ages of 46-50yrs had the highest (96.0%) prevalent followed by Plasmodium vivax for women within the ages of 21-25yrs had the highest (13.6%) occurrence, Plasmodium malariae for women within the ages 21-25yrs and had the highest (9.4%) occurrence. In this study, Polymerase Chain Reaction was very sensitive, takes more large samples at a time and specific for both P. falciparum and non falciparum Plasmodium infections and has many diagnostic advantages over microscopy. Out of 400 venous blood samples collected from both pregnant and non-pregnant women, 27 blood samples had mixed malaria parasite infections. Therefore, following this study, it will be recommended that we urge the pharmaceutical companies to improve on the manufacturing of broad-spectrum antimalarial drugs to cover all species of Plasmodium as it’s done with antimicrobials not only concentrating on the drugs for the treatment of P. falciparum alone.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Mothers in Jos North Rega...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infection among Adults...ijtsrd
Urinary tract infections UTI are one of the most prominent bacterial infections responsible for morbidity and hospitalization in HIV positive individuals. Therefore a hospital based cross sectional study was conducted among 150 adult HIV AIDS patients attending Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital COOUTH a tertiary health care facility in Awka, Southeast Nigeria to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Bacterial Urinary Tract infection among Adults with HIV AIDS. Mid stream clean catch urine samples were collected and examined using standard microbiological and biochemical procedures. A semi structured questionnaire was used to obtain their Socio demographic and clinical data. Data entry and analysis were done using statistical package for social science SPSS , version 21 software and statistical significance was placed at P 0.05. Of the 150 examined urine samples, a total of 48 32 showed significant bacterial growth. Six 6 bacterial species were isolated. They include Escherichia coli 16 33.3 , Staphylococcus aureus 16 33.3 , Proteus mirabilis 2 4.2 , Klebsiella pneumoniae 3 6.3 , Enterococcus fecalis 4 8.3 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4 8.3 . The most predominant isolate was S.aureus 19 39.6 . Female participants had a higher prevalence of UTI 30 62.5 compared to their male counterpart 18 37.5 . However, there was no statistically significant association between UTI and gender P 0.05 . Statistically significant association exist between place of residence P=0.005411 , marital status P=0.0054 , educational level P=0.030914 , current UTI symptoms P= 0.00001 , history of catheterization P=0.00001 and Diabetes mellitus P=0.00001 status with UTI. Thus, it is established that living in a rural setting, being married, lack of formal education, history of catheterization and Diabetes mellitus are risk factors for UTI. This is an indication that sensitization and screening for treatment of UTI in all HIV infected patient is very imperative and desirous. Anyebe, M. | Anyamene, C. | Ezebialu C. U "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infection among Adults with HIV/AIDS in a Tertiary Healthcare Facility at Awka" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57421.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/biological-science/microbiology/57421/prevalence-and-risk-factors-of-bacterial-urinary-tract-infection-among-adults-with-hivaids-in-a-tertiary-healthcare-facility-at-awka/anyebe-m
Modeling the Effect of Variation of Recruitment Rate on the Transmission Dyna...IOSR Journals
In this Paper, the effect of the variation of recruitment rate on the transmission dynamics of
tuberculosis was studied by modifying an existing model. While the recruitment rate into the susceptible class of
the existing model is constant, in our modified model we used a varying recruitment rate. The models were
analyzed analytically and numerically and these results were compared. The Disease Free Equilibrium (DFE)
state of the existing model was found to be
,0,0,0
, the DFE of the modified model was found to be
( ,0,0,0) * S where * S is arbitrary. While all the eigenvalue of the existing model are negative, one of the
eigenvalues of the modified model is zero. The basic reproduction number o R of both models are established to
be the same. The numerical experiments show a gradual decline in the infected and exposed populations as the
recruitment rates increase in both models but the decline is more in the modified model than in the existing
model. This implies that eradication will be achieved faster using the model with a varying recruitment rate.
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4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
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2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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Comparative seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis among three subgroups in nigeria
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
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Comparative Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasmosis
among Three Subgroups in Nigeria
Emmanuel C. Uttah*
Raymond Ajang Jude Ogbeche1
Hannah Etta Lawrence Etim
Department of Biological Sciences, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria
* E-mail of the corresponding author: drecuttah@yahoo.com
Abstract
The study was aimed at ascertaining the seroprevalence and some risk factors of toxoplasmosis among those
attending the National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria. Using the ImmunoComb Toxo IgG Kit for the detection of IgG
antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in human serum/ plasma, 216 persons were examined for toxoplasmosis. This
comprised of equal number (72 persons each) of persons from three subgroups, namely, gravid women, immuno-
compromised persons consisting of patients with HIV and hepatitis, and the immuno-competent persons who are
the controls. The overall seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was 31.5%. Seroprevalence was significantly higher
among pregnant women than among both the immuno-compromised and the immuno-competent persons (ᵡ2-test;
p < 0.05 for both tests). Seroprevalence was comparable between the immuno-compromised and the immuno-
competent (Controls) (ᵡ2-test; p > 0.05). Seroprevalence increased with age among gravid women, as well as
among the immuno-compromised subgroups but not among the controls. Overall, seroprevalence among those
living with cats/dogs (45.61%) was significantly higher than that of those living without cats/dogs (15.69%) (ᵡ2-
test; p < 0.05); while the risk of infection with toxoplasmosis was four times higher than among those not living
with cats (Odds Ratio 4.51). This was the same among the immune-compromised as well as the immune-
competent where the risks of getting infected were five times higher among those cohabiting with cats (Odd
Ratio 5.45 and Odds Ratio 5.36 respectively). Among the pregnant women, the risk of getting infected with
toxoplasmosis was three times higher among those cohabiting with cats (Odds Ratio 3.00). Seroprevalence was
independent of the tribal origin (ᵡ2-test; p < 0.05 for all the tests).
Keywords: Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma gondii, serprevalence, pregnant women, immuno-compromised,
immuno-competent, Nigeria
1. Introduction
Toxoplasmosis is an important parasitic infection with global distribution and significance. About a third of the
world's human population is estimated to harbor the causative coccidian protozoan, Toxoplasma (Ryan and Ray,
2004). The distribution of this parasite depends on regions and weather condition where the oocysts survive in
environment (Dubey and Jones 2008; Dubey 2004; Fayer 1981). It is estimated that between 30% and 65% of all
people worldwide are infected with toxoplasmosis (Tenter, 2000). Prevalence of infection varies between
countries. In France, for example, about 88% of the population is carriers, probably due to a high consumption of
raw and lightly cooked meat (Adam, 2003). High prevalence rates of between 67% and 80% have been reported
in Germany, the Netherlands and Brazil (Heckeroth, 2004), while in Britain and South Korea, and about 22%
and 4.3% respectively are carriers (Weiss, 2004). Infection is reportedly highest in countries where undercooked
meat is traditionally.
Toxoplasmosis could be severe and life-threatening during pregnancy, and to fetuses, and new born babies
(Robert-Gangneux et al., 2009). Vertical transmission occurs causing mental retardation, blindness, epilepsy, and
death (Petersen, 2007). One of the late sequelae of congenital toxoplasmosis is chorioretinitis (Al-Azawi et al.,
2013). Among the immuno-competent people, toxoplasmosis is usually asymptomatic, subclinical or benign, and
can be classified as congenital, acquired or ocular (Oyibo et al., 2009). It may precursor spontaneously resolved
symptoms such as fever, malaise, and lymphadenopathy, indicating symptomless latent infection (Montoya and
Liesenfield, 2004). Toxoplasmosis can be severe and life-threatening to immune-compromised patients (Robert-
Gangneux et al., 2009), causing severe encephalitis through acute infection or reactivation of latent infection
(Innes, 2010, Hang et al., 2007).
Cats are the definitive hosts since they are the only animals that excrete resistant oocysts into the environment
(Silva et al; 2001). Cohabiting with cats increases the chances of getting infected (Sukthana, 2006). However,
direct infection through handling cats is generally believed to be rare (Agrappi, 2006). Some animals including
humans serve as intermediate hosts in which the parasite may cause systemic infection that result in the
formation of tissue cysts. Transmission may occur through ingestion of raw or partly cooked meat, especially
pork, lamb, or venison containing Toxoplasma cysts. Oocysts may also be ingested through knives, utensils, or
cutting boards contaminated by raw meat (Joss, 2004) or through ingestion of oocysts shed by cats in the
environment, transplacentally, and through organ trans¬plantation ((Nissapatorn et al., 2011).
Toxoplasma gondii is a major cause of economic losses in endemic communities as they are responsible for
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
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abortions, still birth and neonatal losses among various classes of livestock (Raeghi et al., 2011, Buxton et al.,
2007, Masala et al., 2003). It is associated with congenital defects in humans, and the risk of the infection being
passed on to the fetus increases to between 60% and 90% in the third trimester (Tenter, 2007). The severity of
congenital infections depends on the stage of pregnancy when the acute infection occurred, and spontaneous
abortions or neurological disorders (Black and Boothroyd, 2000).
Toxoplasmosis is a neglected parasitic infection although it is extremely important economically, medically and
epidemiologically (Uttah et al., 2013). Compared with other parasitic infections such as malaria and filariasis, it
is grossly underreported. The paucity of research data on various aspects of toxoplasmosis in Nigeria is palpable.
This study is an attempt to bridge this gap, and is aimed at ascertaining the seroprevalence and some risk factors
of toxoplasmosis among those attending the National Hospital, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Description of study area
The National Hospital, Abuja is located in central District phase 11 Garki, City of Abuja. It is located within
latitude 7° 25' N and 9° 20° North of the Equator and longitude 5° 45' and 7° 39'. The hospital is owned by the
Government, and therefore being visited by people of diverse backgrounds from different sections of the country,
including the both the poor and rich. Abuja is replete with hills, highlands and undulating plains.
2.2 The study design
Equal number of three subgroups was enlisted into the study, namely the pregnant women, the Immuno-
compromised patients, and the Immuno-competent persons (Controls). The immuno-compromised persons
enlisted consisted of patients with such medical conditions such as HIV and hepatitis. The Immuno-competent
persons enlisted were healthy persons who volunteered to participate in the study.
2.3 Administration of structured questionnaire
A well-structured questionnaire capturing information regarding age, sex, tribe, possession of cats or other
domestic animals in the house were administered on the individuals enlisted into the study.
2.4 Collection of samples and serological testing
From each of the 216 patients, 2ml of blood sample was collected between February 2011 and July 2011, and
processed using The ImmunoComb Toxo IgG Kit following standard methods. Blood samples were centrifuged
for 5 minutes; serum was collected and stored at 2oC. The developing plates, cards, reagents and specimens were
all brought to room temperature of between (22°C and 26°C.
2.5 Ethical considerations
The work was approved by the Ethics Committee of Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, and the
authorities of the National Hospital, Abuja. Safety protocols were strictly followed all through the study. The
work table was covered with absorbent tissues that were discarded as bio-hazardous waste at the end of tests.
Reagents were mixed by shaking the Developing Plate.
3. Results
3.1 Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among the three study groups
The overall seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was 31.48% (see Table 1). Seroprevalence was significantly higher
among pregnant women than among both the immuno-compromised and the immuno-competent persons (ᵡ2-test;
p < 0.05). Seroprevalence was comparable in both the immuno-compromised and the immuno-competent
(Controls) (ᵡ2-test; p > 0.05).
3.2 Seroprevalence in relation to age and sex
Seroprevalence increased with age among pregnant women (See Table 2), and the immunocompromised groups
(see Table 3). Among the immunocompromised group, seroprevalence was independent of sex (ᵡ2-test: 0.3136; p
< 0.05).
Seroprevalence was comparable among males and females and there was no definite age-related pattern among
the immunocompetent (control) group (see Table 4).
3.3 Seroprevalence among gravid females
The overall prevalence among gravid females was 44.4% (see Table 2). Prevalence increased significantly with
age to 66.7% in the last age group (x2-test; p < 0.05).
3.4 Seroprevalence among the Immuno-compromised patients
The overall prevalence among the immune-compromised patients was 27.8% (see Table 3). Prevalence was
significantly higher among females than males (x2-test; p < 0.05); and significantly increased with age in both
sexes (x2-test; p ¸0.05 for all tests).
3. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
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3.5 Seroprevalence among the immunocompetent persons (the controls)
The overall prevalence among the immunocompetent persons was 22.2% (see Table 4). Prevalence decreased
significantly with age, especially among females (x2-test; p ¸0.05 for all tests).
3.6 Comparison of seroprevalence among the three subgroups
In all the three subgroups, there was no positive case observed among those 20 years old or younger. Prevalence
among females were significantly higher than that among males in both the immuno-compromised and the
immune-competent subgroups (x2-test; p < 0.05 in both tests).
3.7 Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among those living with cats
Prevalence among those who have cats living with them in their residence (see Table 5) was significantly higher
than among those not living with cats (x2-test; p < 0,05 for all tests). The risk of getting infected among the
various subgroups is presented in Table 6. Among those living with cats overall, the risk of infection with
toxoplasmosis was four times higher than among those not living with cats (OR 4.51). This was the same among
the immune-compromised as well as the immune-competent where the risks of getting infected were five times
higher among those cohabiting with cats (OR 5.45 and OR 5.36 respectively). Among the pregnant women, the
risk of getting infected with toxoplasmosis was three times higher among those cohabiting with cats (OR 3.00).
3.8 Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in relation to the tribe of origin of participants in the study
The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in relation to the tribe of origin of participants in the study is presented in
Table 7. Prevalence was comparable among the tribes (ᵡ2-test; p < 0.05 for all the tests).
4. Discussion
The results from this study indicate that toxoplasmosis is highly prevalent among those attending the National
Hospital Abuja especially among pregnant women. This agrees with the findings of Torda (2001). An even
higher seroprevalence rates for pregnant women in a Nigerian population ranged from 72.5% to 88.8% with an
overall rate of 75.4% (Onadeko et al., 1996). In Columbia, increase in seroprevalence to Toxoplasma antibodies
for the past 25years among pregnant women has been reported (Rosso et al., 2008).
Toxoplasmosis seroprevalence increased with age and was not sex-related. Similar findings were made in
Malaysia (Nissapatorn et al., 2011), and in a northern Mexican city of Durango among elderly people (Alvarado-
Esquive et al., 2012). However, living with cats was an important risk factor in the epidemiology of
toxoplasmosis. Perhaps it was a major determinant of toxoplasmosis infection in the study area, as those living
with cats constituted a highly significant proportion of positive case in all the three study groups. This is in
agreement with findings elsewhere (Joss, 2004; Sukthana, 2006).
Toxoplasmosis is the most frequent protozoal opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals. Its
association with immunosuppression has been known for several decades. ((Nissapatorn et al., 2011).).
T. gondii antibody prevalence rates vary greatly by geographic distribution and population among healthy
persons (Pordeus et al, 2008), pregnant women (Nissapatorn et al, 2003), immunocompromised patients,
in¬cluding those with HIV/AIDS (Lindström et al, 2006), cancer (Rai et al, 2003). The seroprevalence of
toxoplasmosis obtained in this study among the immunocompromised was lower than (54%) reported for the
same group in a study in Uganda (Lindstrom et al., 2006). Similarly seroprevalence obtained in this study among
pregnant women was lower than that (70%) reported in Cameroon and 53% in Brazil for the same subgroup
(Vaz et al., 2010, Njunda et al., 2011).
In a comparative study, the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women from the inner area of Ibadan
(78%) was significantly higher than that among pregnant women from the Swansea area of the UK (22%); and it
was concluded that reinfection or recrudescence was responsible for maintaining high antibody levels in African
women, which is also worrisome considering its implications for the immune-compromised subset (Onadeko et
al., 1992).
There was no significant difference in prevalence between the various ethnic/ tribal groups in this study. This is
not in agreement with findings in Asia where Toxoplasma infec¬tion was reported to be more common among
Malays than other ethnic groups, especially in those with a lower education level (Nissapatorn et al., 2011).
Close contact with cats as domestic pets is com¬mon among these people, and this is a well-known risk factor of
toxoplasmosis transmission (Alvarado-Esquive et al., 2012). In another study in neighbouring Cameroon, age,
cat ownership, consumption of raw vegetables, source of potable water, meat consumption, and gestational age
were identified as risk factors for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy (Njunda et al., 2011). In endemic areas wells
located in farms could be contaminated with Toxoplasma (Sroka et al., 2006). Health education regarding
toxoplasmo¬sis and its consequences need to be given to prevent primary infection among the general
population irrespective of their race or socioeconomic status. ((Nissapatorn et al., 2011).).
5. Conclusion
Toxoplasmosis is highly prevalent among those attending the National Hospital, Abuja. These findings buttress
4. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
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the need for a nation-wide Toxoplasma screening program for a reliable data for proper planning by Health
authorities, to be preceded by a comprehensive health education. There should be a definite policy of ensuring
that toxoplasmosis screening and monitoring is included in the tests protocols in the first trimester of pregnancy
in the Nigeria, considering the high prevalence recorded in this study. This is highly essential as early diagnosis
during pregnancy allows for prompt intervention through treatment in order to reduce the probability of foetal
infection and consequent substantial damage to the foetus (Njunda et al., 2011). Furthermore, campaign for
general improvement in personal hygiene standards among inhabitants should be intensified and sustained.
Evolving a strategy for sustainable inspection of meats meant for human consumption for Toxoplasma infection
is a challenge that must be surmounted to check the rising profiles of toxoplasmosis in Nigeria.
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Table 1. Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women, immunocompromised and
immunocompetent patients (control) attending national hospital, Abuja.
Group No Examined No. Positive Prevalence (%)
Pregnant 72 32 44.4
Immunocompromised patients 72 20 27.8
Control 72 16 22.2
Total 216 68 31.5
Table 2: Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among the age related group in pregnant women.
Age Group (years) No Examined No. Positive Prevalence (%)
≤ 20 6 0 0
21-40 54 24 44.4
41+ 12 8 66.7
Total 72 32 44.4
Table 3: Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among immunocompromised patients in relation to age and sex
age
group
(yrs)
Males Females Total
No.
exama
No. +ve Prev
(%)
No. exam No. +ve Prev
(%)
No. exam No. +ve Prev
(%)
≤ 20 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0
21-40 14 2 14.3 14 4 28.6 28 6 21.4
41+ 20 6 30.0 18 8 44.4 38 14 36.8
Total 36 8 22.2 36 12 33.3 72 20 27.8
a
Note: No. exam means number examined, while No. +ve means number of positive cases; Prev (%) stands for
prevalence of infection.
6. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.8, 2013
28
Table 4: Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among immunocompetent patients in relation to sex and age
Age
group
(yrs)
Males Females Total
a
No
exam
No
+ve
Prevalence
(%)
No
exam
No
+ve
Prevalence
(%)
No
exam
No
+ve
Prevalence
(%)
≤ 20 4 0 0 6 0 0 10 0 0
21-40 18 4 22.2 22 8 36.4 40 12 30,0
41 + 10 `2 20.0 12 2 16.7 22 4 18.2
Total 32 6 18.8 40 10 25.0 72 16 22.2
a
Note: No. exam means number examined, while No. +ve means number of positive cases
Table 5. Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among those living with cats/dogs
Group Response No. examined No. positive cases Prevalence (%)
Pregnant women YES 44 24 54.6
NO 28 8 28.6
Immuno-
compromised
patients
YES 38 16 42.1
NO 34 4 11.8
Immuno-
competent
(control) patients
YES 32 12 37.5
NO 40 4 10.0
Total
YES 114 52 45.6
NO 102 16 15.7
Total 216 68 31.5
Table 6. Assessment of the risk of getting infected with toxoplasmosis between those cohabiting with cats and
those who are not.
Subgroups Infection status Not living with cat Living with cat Odds ratio
Pregnant women
Positive for
toxoplasmosis
8 24
3.00
Negative for
toxoplasmosis
20 20
Immuno-
compromised
Positive for
toxoplasmosis
4 16
5.46
Negative for
toxoplasmosis
30 22
Immuno-competent
Positive for
toxoplasmosis
4 12
5.36
Negative for
toxoplasmosis
36 20
Overall
Positive for
toxoplasmosis
16 52
4.51
Negative for
toxoplasmosis
86 62
Table 7. Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in relation to tribe among the pregnant women, immunocompromised
patients and immunocompetent (control) patients
Tribe of origin Number examined Number of positive
cases
Prevalence (%)
Hausa 68 24 35.3
Igbo 46 14 30.4
Yoruba 46 16 34.8
Others 14 4 28.6
Total 216 68 31.5
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