zoology tick borne disease parasitology disease

1. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND
MORPHOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATION OF TICK
BORNE DISEASE IN SMALL
RUMINANTS OF DISTRICT
Shumail Ayub
Qureshi
ZG-40BK/18

2. INTRODUCTION
Pakistan is located in south Asia. It is very fertile country.
It is a agricultural country where the economy is depend upon
agriculture and livestock.
It is estimated that livestock contribute 62.8billion rupees in the
treasury of Pakistan.
Livestock , large ruminants and small ruminants.
Small ruminants i-e sheep and goat.
Small ruminants are highly reared in rural as well as in urban areas
of Peshawar.
Goat and sheep are smaller , efficient , rapid reproduction and easy
to rear.
Small ruminants play a vital role in economy of Pakistan , threats
towards small ruminants leads to economical problems.

3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES
To determine the Epidemiological profile and prevalence of haemo
parasitic disease in small ruminants in district Peshawar.
To find out the highest and lowest ratio proportion of the prevalence
of anaplasmosis, Theileriosis causative agent in the blood of small
ruminants.
To observed the morphological changes in the red blood cells of
small ruminants after infection.
To study about the association among the distinguish selected
variables with tick borne disease.

4. TICK BORNE DISEASES
Tick borne disease are those diseases in which ticks are responsible
for the transmission of infections. Approximately 80% of infections
are carried by ticks.
Small ruminants are highly infected by tick borne diseases because
their skin is sensitive and lives mostly in gathered form.
Genus Haylomma , Haemaphysalis, Rhipicephalus , Dermacentor,
Ixodes are mainly those types of ticks that’s are consider as vectors
of disease.
Theileriosis and Anaplasmosis, are life threatening diseases in small
ruminants.
The causative agents are resides inside the RBC’s .
The severity of infection is also shows the relationship with the

5. LITERATURE REVIEW
The prevalence of tick borne disease in small ruminants . He
collected 159 blood samples in which 55.7% results were positive
towards tick borne haemo-parasites, anaplasmosis cases were 40%
and theileriosis were 7%. Further more, 55% results positive in sheep
and 43.3% positive in goats. If we look into the sex wise distribution
so, male suffered 61.2% and 46.7% in female. Other parameters i-e
season, species, age, location were also studied.
Total 408 samples were collected to find out the presences of
anaplasma in it. Out of 408 , 90 samples shows the positive results
towards anaplasma with respect to percentage it is 22.06% while the
prevalence of anaplasmosis in goat, they selected 360 samples in
which 76 samples were positive and shows 21.11% prevalence. In
both small ruminates total prevalence rate is 40%. The chi square
test being performed on it having p value less than 0.001. The
prevalence of theileriosis in sheep 17.70% and in goat it is 4.51% and
totals samples collected was 1169 of sheep and 360 for goat. From
the gathered overview it is notified that the prevalence of theileriosis
is 15.40% and anaplasmosis were 26.78% in the given samples.
SHAH ET AL., 2017 , MUSTAQ ET AL., 2021

6. LITERATURE REVIEW
Total 100 samples being selected of sheep in which according to age
distribution its shows that age below 1.5 years shows 21 results
positive while in between age of 1.5 to 3 years total 32 results were
positive. Out of ( N=100) samples the prevalence of anaplasmosis is
28% . Microscopy is used to find out the results as positive or
negative.
This study took place in the year of November 2005 to October
2006. In this study, blood samples were collected from different
zones of Lahore and took the blood samples from those small
ruminants which came for treatment in the Veterinary Research
Institute in Lahore. The blood sample being taken out from the vein
situated in the ear. The body of animals also examined thoroughly to
check the presences of ticks as well. After taking blood , the blood
smear being prepared and examined microscopically. In the end, it
conclude that the theileria spp present 8.2% in goat while 13.9% in
KHAN ET AL., 2015, NAZ ET AL., 2012

7. THEILERIOSIS
Theileriosis is the type of infectious disease.
Obligate intracellular protozoan.
It is caused by Genus Theileria. T.lestoquardi,T.luwenshuni are bloodborne
parasites which are highly specify for causing of theileriosis in goat and
sheep.
It is commonly known as East Coast Fever because it has highly severity in
eastern and western Africa.
Genus Haylomma of ticks mostly consider as the carrier of this disease.
Symptoms;
Fever
Respiratory rate decrease
Lymph nodes enlargement
Anemia
diarrhea

8. ANAPLASMOSIS
Anaplasmosis is the tick borne disease which is transferred by ticks .
Genus bacteria, alpha proteobacteria.
It is the type of bacterial infection.
It is also called as yellow fever because it has jaundice look.
Anaplasmosis is consider as main threat to economic loss of livestock.
A.marginale and A.ovis species are responsible for the disease in small ruminants.
Genus Ixodes,Hyalomma,Dermacentor,Rhipicephalus,Argas of ticks are responsible for
the transmission of disease.
Symptoms;
Fever
Anemia
Weakness
Weight loss
Drop in milk production
Dehydration

9. MORPHOLOGY OF RED BLOOD
CELLS
Red blood cells or Erythrocytes are type of cells that present in the
blood.
This particular type of cell has ability to alter its morphology in tick
borne disease.
There are variety of shapes in red blood cells.
During anaplasmosis , the anaplasma is resides in the red blood
cells and little bit alternation in its shapes. Usually as oval and
spherical.
During theileriosis, the red blood cells changes into star shaped cells
named as acanthrocytes.
Anaplasmosis and theileriosis basically red blood cells infection.

11. METHODOLOGY
Our study area was District Peshawar.
Under observation were small ruminants i-e sheep and goat.
417 blood samples of goat(male&female) were collected.
381 blood samples of sheep/ram were collected.
Study occur in summer season. The data being collected from May to August
2022.
Examination of blood samples under microscope on daily basis.
Total 400 questionnaires were designed.
363 questionnaires were fully completed while rest were partially filled.
Samples were collected on daily basis and stained and examined in VRI lab
and collected from Civil Veterinary Hospital.

12. METHODOLOGY
For the diagnosis purpose the two slides were made . One slide is
used for find out the particular tick borne disease while second slide
were made much thin and drag of slide in such a way to produce a
feather shape.
After fixation with ethanol the Romanowsky stain were used that
particular used for visibility of RBC’s .
Once the RBC’s visible the diagnosing particular tick borne disease
take place
Next the morphology of red blood cells being examined with given
chart of morphology of red blood cells.
SAMSON ADEWOYIN, A., ADEYEMI, O., OMOLOLA DAVIES, N., & ABIOLA OGBENNA, A. (2019). ERYTHROCYTE
MORPHOLOGY AND ITS DISORDERS. ERYTHROCYTE.

13. PARAMETERS
Parameters are,
Sex
Age
Anemia
Diarrhea
Floor conditions
Tick spray
Respiratory distress.

15. RESULTS
After gathering of data, the results first insert into MS Excel and
converted into coded form.
This coded data then converted into statistical package for social
sciences (SPSS).
Chi square test use for finding out the association between the
independent variable and dependent variable.
The results also shown in the form of cross tabulations.
Bar graphs and pie charts are use for presentation of data.

16. PREVALENCE OF
TICKBORNE
DISEASE
 Total goat blood samples 417
 Total sheep blood samples 381
 Positive to anaplasma(goat)
228[54.6%]
 Positive to theileria(goat)
133[31.8%]
 Positive to anaplasma(sheep)
201[52.7%]
 Positive to theileria(sheep)
128[33.7%]
 Negative samples (goat)
56[13.4%]
 Negative samples (sheep)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Negative Theileriosis Anaplasmosis Total
52
128
201
381
56
133
228
417
Overall prevalence of TickBorne Disease
Sheep Goat

17. SEX AND TICKBORNE DISEASE
 417 out of which males were 311
(74.5%) and females were 106
(25.4%). In male positive results were
271(69.7%) out of 311 and female
positive results were 90 (85%) out of
106
 Total 381(76.11%) test were
conducted in sheep/ram in which
total 251(86.5%) results were
positive in male, whereas total
91(23.8%) test were conducted in
female in which 78(85.7%) tests were
positive .

18. AGE AND DISEASE
 total test at age 1month1year were 168(40.2%) in which
149(88%) results were positive. From the age 1.1 years –
2year total conducted were 135(32.3%) in which 113 (
83.7%) were positive result. From age 2.1 year-3 year
total tests conducted were 54(12.9%) in which positive
results were 48(88%). From the age 3.1 years-above its
shows that total conducted tests were 60(14.3%) in which
total 51((85%) tests were positive.
 it is concluded that there were high
percentage of disease occur in
between the age of 1month-1year. The
1.1year-2years has also high ratio as
compare to other.

19. RESPIRATORY DISTRESS AND
DISEASE
 143 (34.2%)in which 124(86%) results
were positive and having no respiratory
distress . on the other hand, total test
conducted were 274(65.7%) in which
237(86.4%) results were positive and
having respiratory distress.
 total 134 (35.1%) tests were conducted
through which(87.3%) 117 test reported
as positive with no symptom of
respiratory distress. Total 247(64.8%)
tests were conducted in which total
212(85.8%) tests were positive and
shows the symptom as distress in
respiration.

20. DIARRHEA AND DISEASE
 135(32.3%) in which total 112(82.9%)
results are positive and having no
symptom of diarrhea while total test
conducted 282(67.6%) in which
249(59.7%) results were positive
showing symptom of diarrhea.
 total 125 (32.8%) tests were
conducted through which
104(83.2%) results were positive and
having no diarrhea symptom. On the
other hand, total 256(67.1%) tests
were conducted in which 225(87.8%)
tests were positive and having
symptom diarrhea.

21. FLOOR CONDITION AND DISEASE
 total 226(54.19%) test were
conducted in which 186(82.3%)
results are positive with concrete
floor while total 191(45.8%) tests
conducted and positive results
were 165(86.3%)having sandy floor
condition.
 total 217(56.9%) tests were conducted in which
188 (86.6%) results were positive having the
sandy floor. Total 164(43%) tests were
conducted in which the 141(85.9%) tests were
positive having concrete floor condition. It is
observed that high percentage of positive
results in those sheep/ram those live on the
sandy floor as compare to concrete floor.

22. TICK SPRAY AND DISEASE
 it is concluded that total 268
(70.34%)tests conducted in which
235(87.6%) results were positive and
they did not spray. On the other hand,
total tests conducted were 113(29.6%)
in which 94(83%) results were positive
and they did spray .
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Negative Theileriosis Anaplasmosis
Results
Tick.spray no Tick.spray Yes
 total tests conducted were 288(69%) in
which the 254(88%) results were
positive and not doing tick spray on
goats while total 129((30.9%) tests were
conducted in which total 107(82%) tests
were positive and they did tick spray on
goat.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Negative Theileriosis Anaplasmosis
Results
Overall Results
Tick.spray no Tick.spray Yes

23. MORPHOLOGY OF
RBCS
%
27
19%
23%
%
16
%
15
Morphology Frequency
Macrocytes Microcytes Elliptocytes Teardrop Acanthyrocytes
 we concluded that total
27% morphology of red
blood cells is
macrocytes,19%
morphology is
microcytes, 23% is
ellipocytes, 16% is tear
drop morphology and
Acanthyrocytes is 19%.

24. REASONS
From the study we concluded that anaplasmosis prevalence were
high as compare to theileriosis.
Their percentage high due following reason ,
Outbreak of Congo viral disease in small ruminants.
Outbreak of lumpy skin disease in small ruminants.
Import and export of small ruminants were high due arrival of Eid-
ul-Adha.
Arrival of large number of herds from different areas of country in
district Peshawar.
Due to favorable season i-e summer for ticks growth.
Due to dual outbreaks the immunity of small ruminants became
weaken.
Most of small ruminants were not vaccinated.

25. OVERVIEW OF GOAT’S RESULTS
Anaplasma
54.6%
Theileria
31.8%
Negative
13.4%
Goat
N= 417

26. Anaplasma
%
52.7
Theileria
33.5%
Negative
13.6%
Sheep
N=381

27. CONCLUSION
The prevalence of anaplasmosis in goat is 52.7% while theileriosis is
33.5%. The prevalence of anaplasmosis in sheep 54.6% while the
theileriosis is 31.8% from these studies we concluded that there is the
presences of tick borne disease in district Peshawar.
Data collected in the form of questionnaires also shows that floor
condition, tick spray shows positive response towards the tick borne
disease.
In goat, results shows that variables such as floor condition, tick
spray have association with the disease and shows p<0.05.
In sheep, results shows that independent variable such sex, tick
spray , anemia shows association with the disease and having
p<0.05.
In both samples , the morphology of RBC’s is macrocytes and shows
percentage i-e 27%

28. RECOMMENDATION
Use tick repellent spray.
Vaccinate the animals.
If some animals have ticks on their skin , isolate them.
Make cement floor.
Take care of proper hygiene especially in summer season.
Always use gloves to treat the animals.
Immunity boost diet must be given to the animals.
Remove old and dry bushes from the site where animals lives.

29. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Supervisor Principal
Miss itrat sabeen Miss Dur-e-Shewar
Special thanks
Ms sadaf ijaz
Ms Hina Bahar
Faculty of GGDC Bacha Khan
My dearest father , mother and siblings.
My friends Rachel, Dua, Sadaf, Hafsa rauf , Aqsa, Naseema.
Faculty of VRI Lab ( Sir Asad, Sir Faisal)
Faculty of Civil Veterinary Hospital.(Sir Sarfaraz)