Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 10 – Sequence Diagram" of the series. Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a modeling language, used for design. Designed based on OMG Standard, Object this helps to express and design documents, software. This is particularly useful for OO design. Here is a brief tutorial that talks about UML usage.
Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 10 – Sequence Diagram" of the series. Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a modeling language, used for design. Designed based on OMG Standard, Object this helps to express and design documents, software. This is particularly useful for OO design. Here is a brief tutorial that talks about UML usage.
Master sequence diagrams with this sequence diagram guide. It describes everything you need to know on sequence diagram notations, best practices as well as common mistakes. It also explains how to draw a sequence diagram step by step. Plus it offers Creately sequence diagram templates you can click and edit right away.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
3. Scenarios
• A scenario is a sequence of events that occurs
during one particular execution of a system.
• A scenario can include all events in the system or
can only include these events that are generated
by a certain object in that system.
• A scenario can be a historical record of executing
or simulating the execution of a system or an
object.
4. Interaction Diagrams
• UML Specifies a number of
interaction diagrams to model
dynamic aspects of the system
• Dynamic aspects of the system
– Messages moving among objects/
classes
– Flow of control among objects
– Sequences of events
5. Dynamic Diagram
Types
• Interaction Diagrams - Set of objects or roles and
the messages that can be passed among them.
– Sequence Diagrams - emphasize time ordering
– Communication Diagrams - emphasize structural
ordering
• State Diagrams
– State machine consisting of states, transitions,
events and activities of an object
• Activity/Swimlane Diagrams
– Emphasize and show flow of control among objects
6. Sequence Diagrams
• Describe the flow of messages,
events, actions between objects
• Show concurrent processes and
activations
• Show time sequences that are not easily
depicted in other diagrams
• Typically used during analysis and design to
document and understand the logical flow of
your system
Emphasis on time ordering!Emphasis on time ordering!
7. Sequence Diagrams
• Each event transmits information from one object
to another.
• Example:
– dial tone begins event transmits a signal from
the phone line to the caller.
• In Event Trace:
– Identify sender and receiver objects of each
event.
• Event Trace Diagram (ETD) shows the sequence of
events and the object exchanging these events.
• ETD shows object as a vertical line and each event
as a horizontal line from the sender to the receiver.
8. Event Trace Diagram for a
Phone Call
Caller Phone line Callee
caller lifts receiver
dial tone begins
dials (5)
dial tone ends
dials (5)
dials (5)
dials (1)
dials (2)
dials (3)
dials (4)
ringing tone
tone stop
phone rings
answers phone
ringing stops
phone connectedphone connected
callee hangs up
connection brokenconnection broken
9. Sequence diagrams
• Vertical line is called an object’s lifeline
– Represents an object’s life during interaction
• Object deletion denoted by X, ending a lifeline
– Horizontal arrow is a message between two objects
• Order of messages sequences top to bottom
• Messages labeled with message name
– Optionally arguments and control information
• Control information may express conditions:
– such as [hasStock], or iteration
• Returns (dashed lines) are optional
– Use them to add clarity
10.
11. Definition:
A sequence shows a series of messages
exchanged by A selected set of objects in
temporally limited situation, With emphasis on
the chronological course of events.
Objects are shown by vertical lifelines. This
highlights The chronological sequence of the
message.
Time runs from top to bottom.
Sequence Diagrams
Definition
12. Sequence Diagram
Components
Two major components
– Active objects
– Communications between these active objects
• Messages sent between the active objects
13. Sequence Diagram -
Objects
• A life line illustrates what is happening to an object in a
chronological fashion.
:Name
Life line
Activation
Object
14. Sequence Diagram – Time
& Messages
• Messages are used to illustrate communication
between different active objects of a sequence
diagram.
:Name1 :Name2
Message Two
Actor
Message One
15. Active Objects
Actor
– A person or system that derives benefit
from and is external to the system
– Participates in a sequence by sending
and/or receiving messages
18. Sequence Diagram
Active objects
– Any objects that play a role in the system
– Participate by sending and/or receiving
messages
– Placed across the top of the diagram
– Can be:
• An actor (from the use case diagram)
• Object/class (from the class diagram) within the
system
19. Communications
between Active Objects
Messages
– Used to illustrate communication between different
active objects of a sequence diagram
– Used when an object needs
• to activate a process of a different object
• to give information to another object
A message is represented by an arrow between the life
lines of two objects.
– Self calls are allowed
A message is labeled at minimum with the message name.
– Arguments and control information (conditions, iteration) may be
included.
20. Types of Messages
Synchronous (flow interrupt until the
message has completed)
Asynchronous (don’t wait for response)
Flat (no distinction between sysn/async)
Return (control flow has returned to the
caller)
21. 21
Types of Messages
• Synchronous (flow interrupt until the
message has completed.
• Asynchronous (don’t wait for response)
• Flat – no distinction between sysn/async
• Return – control flow has returned to the
caller.
22. Other Elements
of Sequence Diagram
Lifeline
Focus of control (activation box or
execution occurrence)
Control information
Condition, repetition
23. Sequence Diagram
Lifeline
Denotes the life of actors/objects over
time during a sequence
Represented by a vertical line below each
actor and object (normally dashed line)
For temporary object
place X at the end of the lifeline at the
point where the object is destroyed
24. Sequence Diagram
Focus of control (activation box)
Means the object is active and using
resources during that time period
Denotes when an object is sending or
receiving messages
Represented by a thin, long rectangular
box overlaid onto a lifeline
25. Control Information
Condition
syntax: ‘[‘ expression ’]’ message-label
The message is sent only if the
condition is true
[ok] borrow(member)
26. 1) Set the context.
a) Select a use case.
b) Decide the initiating actor.
Steps for Building a Sequence Diagram
27. Steps for Building
a Sequence Diagram
1. Set the context
2. Identify which objects and actors will participate
3. Set the lifeline for each object/actor
4. Lay out the messages from the top to the bottom
of the diagram based on the order in which they
are sent
5. Add the focus of control for each object’s or
actor’s lifeline
6. Validate the sequence diagram
28. Iterate
Iterate the Model
• Keep on doing this until
you, your customer,
and your engineers are
happy with the model
29. 2) Identify the objects that may participate in the
implementation of this use case by completing
the supplied message table.
a) List candidate objects.
1) Use case controller class
2) Domain classes
3) Database table classes
4) Display screens or reports
Steps for Building a Sequence Diagram
30. Steps for Building a Sequence Diagram
2) Identify the objects (cont.)
b) List candidate messages. (in message analysis
table)
1) Examine each step in the normal scenario
of the use case description to determine
the messages needed to implement that
step.
2) For each step:
1) Identify step number.
2) Determine messages needed to complete this
step.
3) For each message, decide which class holds
the data for this action or performs this action
3) Make sure that the messages within the table
31. Steps for Building a Sequence Diagram
2) Identify the objects (cont.)
c) Begin sequence diagram construction.
1) Draw and label each of the identified actors and
objects across the top of the sequence diagram.
2) The typical order from left to right across the top is the
actor, primary display screen class, primary use case
controller class, domain classes (in order of access),
and other display screen classes (in order of access)
3) Set the lifeline for each object/actor
32. 4) Lay out the messages from the top to the
bottom of the diagram based on the order
in which they are sent.
a) Working in sequential order of the message
table, make a message arrow with the message
name pointing to the owner class.
b) Decide which object or actor initiates the
message and complete the arrow to its lifeline.
c) Add needed return messages.
d) Add needed parameters and control
information.
Steps for Building a Sequence Diagram
33. 5) Add the focus of control (activation box) for
each object’s or actor’s lifeline.
6) Validate the sequence diagram.
Steps for Building a Sequence Diagram
34. Summary
• Sequence diagrams model object interactions with an
emphasis on time ordering
• Method call lines
– Must be horizontal!
– Vertical height matters!
“Lower equals Later”
– Label the lines
• Lifeline – dotted vertical line
• Execution bar – bar around lifeline when code is running
• Arrows
– Synchronous call (you’re waiting for a return value) – triangle
arrow-head
– Asynchronous call (not waiting for a return) – open arrow-head
– Return call – dashed line