This document discusses milk clarification and bacteria removal processes. It explains that clarifiers and bacteria-removing clarifiers from GEA use centrifugal and membrane technologies to separate impurities and bacteria from milk, improving its quality. Specifically, it provides details on different methods of milk clarification including using filters, skimming separators, and clarifiers. It also describes the reasons for removing bacteria from milk, examples of applications for bacteria-removing clarifiers, and the process technologies and methods of operation for bacteria removal clarifiers.
The document discusses the process of parboiling rice. It begins by explaining that parboiling involves partially cooking rice through steaming to gelatinize the starch. This process increases rice's nutrients and makes dehulling easier. The advantages of parboiling include higher rice recovery and more nutrients compared to raw rice. The process involves pre-steaming, soaking, post-steaming, drying, and tempering the rice. Key factors that affect quality are soaking time/temperature, steaming parameters, and drying time/temperature. The document provides details on strategies to optimize each step for higher efficiency and quality of parboiled rice.
The document summarizes the structure and composition of corn. It discusses that corn originated in Mexico and Guatemala and is the third most important grain worldwide. It then describes the different parts of the corn kernel, including the pericarp, endosperm, embryo, and aleurone layer. The document also outlines the main types of corn such as flint, flour, dent, sweet, and popcorn corn and notes their distinguishing characteristics.
The document discusses the milling process of corn. It begins with an overview of corn composition and uses. It then describes the two main milling processes - dry milling and wet milling. Dry milling produces less refined starches for foods and animal feed. Wet milling is more complex but extracts the highest value from corn through separation of the germ, fiber, gluten, and starch. The key steps of each process and uses of byproducts like corn oil, gluten meal, and steep liquor are outlined.
This document discusses the milling process and products of wheat. It begins by describing the different types of wheat used for milling. The traditional and modern milling processes are then outlined, including steps like cleaning, conditioning, breaking, sifting, and purifying. The document also provides a table comparing the nutrient composition of whole grains versus bran, endosperm, and germ. Finally, it lists and describes various primary and secondary wheat products obtained from milling, such as flour, semolina, bran, cracked wheat, bulgur, and vermicelli.
Ultra High Temperature Processing of Food ProductsSourabh Bhartia
The document discusses ultra high temperature (UHT) processing of food products. UHT processing involves heating food to 135°C for 2-5 seconds to kill microorganisms and spores. This allows for longer shelf life without refrigeration. There are two main methods - direct heating which applies steam directly to the food, and indirect heating which uses a partition between the food and steam. Indirect heating includes plate heat exchangers, tubular heat exchangers, and scraped surface heat exchangers. UHT processing offers benefits like longer shelf life and packaging flexibility but requires complex sterile processing equipment.
Forage Fermentation: How to Make Good SilageDAIReXNET
Dr. Limin Kung of the University of Delaware presented this information for DAIReXNET on February 17, 2014. The recorded webinar can be found at http://www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars#.UwPQJc4gvZc.
Primary fermentation involves rapid yeast growth and activity as the yeast population converts sugar into alcohol. Up to 70% of the total alcohol is produced within the first 3-5 days as the yeast thrive on available sugar and oxygen. Secondary fermentation occurs as the yeast population declines due to depleted oxygen and sugar, slowing converting the remaining 30% of sugar over 1-2 weeks.
Controlled atmospheric and Modified atmospheric packaging using nitrogenDebomitra Dey
Modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) and controlled atmospheric packaging (CAP) extend the shelf life of foods by modifying the gas composition around foods. Nitrogen gas is commonly used in MAP and CAP as an inert filler to reduce oxygen levels and prevent oxidative reactions. For perishable foods, low oxygen levels achieved through nitrogen addition reduce the respiration rate and slow quality deterioration. Nitrogen is also used to displace air during packaging of dry foods like grains and cereals to create an environment lethal to insects and microbes.
The document discusses the process of parboiling rice. It begins by explaining that parboiling involves partially cooking rice through steaming to gelatinize the starch. This process increases rice's nutrients and makes dehulling easier. The advantages of parboiling include higher rice recovery and more nutrients compared to raw rice. The process involves pre-steaming, soaking, post-steaming, drying, and tempering the rice. Key factors that affect quality are soaking time/temperature, steaming parameters, and drying time/temperature. The document provides details on strategies to optimize each step for higher efficiency and quality of parboiled rice.
The document summarizes the structure and composition of corn. It discusses that corn originated in Mexico and Guatemala and is the third most important grain worldwide. It then describes the different parts of the corn kernel, including the pericarp, endosperm, embryo, and aleurone layer. The document also outlines the main types of corn such as flint, flour, dent, sweet, and popcorn corn and notes their distinguishing characteristics.
The document discusses the milling process of corn. It begins with an overview of corn composition and uses. It then describes the two main milling processes - dry milling and wet milling. Dry milling produces less refined starches for foods and animal feed. Wet milling is more complex but extracts the highest value from corn through separation of the germ, fiber, gluten, and starch. The key steps of each process and uses of byproducts like corn oil, gluten meal, and steep liquor are outlined.
This document discusses the milling process and products of wheat. It begins by describing the different types of wheat used for milling. The traditional and modern milling processes are then outlined, including steps like cleaning, conditioning, breaking, sifting, and purifying. The document also provides a table comparing the nutrient composition of whole grains versus bran, endosperm, and germ. Finally, it lists and describes various primary and secondary wheat products obtained from milling, such as flour, semolina, bran, cracked wheat, bulgur, and vermicelli.
Ultra High Temperature Processing of Food ProductsSourabh Bhartia
The document discusses ultra high temperature (UHT) processing of food products. UHT processing involves heating food to 135°C for 2-5 seconds to kill microorganisms and spores. This allows for longer shelf life without refrigeration. There are two main methods - direct heating which applies steam directly to the food, and indirect heating which uses a partition between the food and steam. Indirect heating includes plate heat exchangers, tubular heat exchangers, and scraped surface heat exchangers. UHT processing offers benefits like longer shelf life and packaging flexibility but requires complex sterile processing equipment.
Forage Fermentation: How to Make Good SilageDAIReXNET
Dr. Limin Kung of the University of Delaware presented this information for DAIReXNET on February 17, 2014. The recorded webinar can be found at http://www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars#.UwPQJc4gvZc.
Primary fermentation involves rapid yeast growth and activity as the yeast population converts sugar into alcohol. Up to 70% of the total alcohol is produced within the first 3-5 days as the yeast thrive on available sugar and oxygen. Secondary fermentation occurs as the yeast population declines due to depleted oxygen and sugar, slowing converting the remaining 30% of sugar over 1-2 weeks.
Controlled atmospheric and Modified atmospheric packaging using nitrogenDebomitra Dey
Modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) and controlled atmospheric packaging (CAP) extend the shelf life of foods by modifying the gas composition around foods. Nitrogen gas is commonly used in MAP and CAP as an inert filler to reduce oxygen levels and prevent oxidative reactions. For perishable foods, low oxygen levels achieved through nitrogen addition reduce the respiration rate and slow quality deterioration. Nitrogen is also used to displace air during packaging of dry foods like grains and cereals to create an environment lethal to insects and microbes.
Membrane separation process and its applications in food processingPriya darshini
This document summarizes key concepts in membrane separation processes used in food engineering applications. It defines membrane separation as selectively separating materials through a semi-permeable barrier based on molecule size and properties. It then discusses membrane transport mechanisms and important membrane properties like permeability and retention. Finally, it provides examples of membrane processes and materials commonly used in food industries like dairy, fruit juice, sugar, and brewing.
Cream separation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate milk into cream and skim milk based on the density difference between milk fat and skim milk. There are two main types of cream separation - the gravity method where milk is allowed to separate naturally over time, and the centrifugal method where a mechanical separator spins the milk rapidly. The centrifugal method is now used commercially as it is much faster than the gravity method. Common centrifugal separators include tubular bowl and disc bowl centrifuges.
The document summarizes the process of pasteurization developed by Louis Pasteur in the 1860s. It describes how Pasteur discovered that briefly heating wine at 55-60°C would kill the microorganisms causing spoilage. This technique was later adapted for milk to reduce transmission of diseases. The document then provides details on the types of pasteurization techniques used, focusing on high-temperature short-time pasteurization. It outlines the key stages of pasteurization in dairy processing, including balancing, heating, holding, and cooling the milk.
Single cell protein (SCP) is a dried form of microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, and algae that is used as a protein source for foods and animal feeds. SCP was developed during wartime to address shortages in conventional protein sources. It has several advantages such as producing high quantities of protein from cheap waste materials through simple fermentation processes. Common challenges include removing nucleic acids from SCP to prevent health issues in humans and developing affordable production methods. SCP is now produced commercially from fungi, algae, yeasts and bacteria through large-scale fermentation and harvesting methods.
These powerpoint deals with the different pumps used in the dairy industry. the different pumps which are discussed are a centrifugal pump, rotary pump, reciprocating pump, progressing cavity pump, peristaltic pump, liquid ring pump and jet pump.
Pasteurization is a mild heat treatment used to minimize hazards from pathogenic microorganisms and extend the shelf life of foods. It involves heating foods to temperatures below 100°C. In low acid foods like milk, it is used to reduce pathogens and extend shelf life to several days. In acidic foods like bottled fruits, it extends shelf life to several months by destroying pathogens and inactivating enzymes. Common pasteurization methods include high-temperature short-time (HTST), low-temperature hold (LTH), and ultra-high temperature (UHT) processing. Pasteurization minimally impacts sensory and nutritional properties when done properly.
basic of extrusion; type of extruder; extruded producrs; cold extrusion & hot...PulkitTyagi16
basic of extrusion, gives you a good idea about extrusion and extruded products. it has essential information regarding kurkure, macroni products, chewing products and extruded pet products. hard boiled sweets and are also made by extrusion
Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that can decrease milk production and quality. It is usually caused by bacterial infections such as Streptococcus agalactiae. Mastitis increases somatic cell counts in milk and decreases important milk components like lactose, casein and fat. It also changes the protein composition of milk. These changes negatively impact milk quality and the production of dairy products. To control mastitis and improve milk quality, farmers should focus on udder health through proper milking procedures, equipment maintenance, environmental management and treatment of clinical cases.
Butter is made through a process of separating cream from milk, pasteurizing the cream, ripening it through culturing, aging, churning, washing, and salting it. It contains up to 80% butterfat which gives it a solid yet soft and spreadable texture. While high in saturated fat, butter also provides vitamins A, D, E, and K. It has various uses like baking, sauces, and emulsions due to its ability to incorporate air and strengthen dough. Proper storage of butter involves refrigeration between 0-2 degrees Celsius.
This document discusses dielectric heating, which is the process of heating dielectric materials using radio frequency or microwave electromagnetic radiation. Dielectric materials can be polarized by an electric field and their molecules will reorient to align with the field. This molecular movement generates heat through friction. Foods are good candidates for dielectric heating because they contain water molecules that act as dipoles and are readily polarized. When exposed to radio frequency or microwave fields, the rapid oscillation of these dipoles causes heating through molecular friction. Dielectric heating provides rapid and uniform heating within foods and has various applications in food processing like drying, cooking, and pasteurization.
This document discusses factors that affect egg quality, including genetics, feed quality, environment, age of hens, and diseases. It provides examples of problems with shell quality, egg white quality, and yolk quality, along with the potential causes and recommended corrective measures. Some of the key factors mentioned are age of hens, calcium intake, temperature, humidity, handling practices, and preventing diseases through vaccination. Replacing older hens or molting hens is recommended to improve egg quality over time.
Microbial spoilage by Anaerobic Microorganisms pose higher risks in canned foods. This presentation discuss the microbial spoilage of canned foods by various group of microbes
this presentation speaks about the extrusion technology and incorporation of fruits and vegetable for enhancing the nutritional of the extruded food product.
Meat tenderization techniques are used to improve the tenderness and palatability of tough cuts of meat. Natural tenderization occurs through the action of enzymes in meat during aging. Artificial tenderization methods include mechanical techniques like tumbling or blade tenderization which disrupt muscle fibers, chemical methods using salts, acids or enzymes to break down muscle proteins, and electrical stimulation of carcasses after slaughter to accelerate tenderization through muscle contraction. The appropriate tenderization method depends on factors like the species and cut of meat as well as the desired quality attributes.
modified atmosphere packaging in vegetablesManpreet Kaur
This study evaluated the effects of modified atmosphere packaging on quality attributes of fresh-cut cantaloupe cubes. Fresh-cut cantaloupe was packaged in permeable film packages (PFP), packages with a naturally formed modified atmosphere (nMAP), or packages flushed with 4kPa O2 and 10kPa CO2 (fMAP) and stored at 5°C or 10°C. fMAP maintained quality for longer than PFP or nMAP by reducing ethylene concentrations and production rates in the packages. fMAP is recommended for maintaining quality of fresh-cut cantaloupe with a shelf life of up to 10 days.
The document discusses various methods for clarifying juice, which is the complete removal of suspended material. The main clarification methods discussed are settling, filtration, freezing, cold storage, high temperature treatment, and using chemicals. Specifically, it outlines how gelatin, albumen, casein, enzymes, and a tannin-gelatin mixture can be used to clarify juices by causing suspended particles and colloids to coagulate and settle out.
PEELING AND ITS TYPES ARE BEEN COVERED IN THIS TOPIC
IT COVERS ABOUT :
PEELING BY HAND,MECHANICAL PEELING,ABRASIVE PEELING,FLAME PEELING,HOT WATER PEELING,FLASH STEAM PEELING,LYE PEELING
The document discusses the cocoa plant and cocoa processing. It describes the three main types of cocoa pods - Forastero, Criollo, and Trinitario. It then outlines the various steps involved in processing cocoa beans into products like cocoa butter, cocoa powder, and chocolate, including fermentation, drying, roasting, grinding, and pressing. The key steps are fermenting the beans to develop flavor, drying them, roasting to further develop flavor, and grinding to produce cocoa mass, butter, and powder.
PRINCIPLES OF FLUID_MILK PROCESSING1.pptx-1[1].pptxJackson Kirui
This document discusses principles of fluid milk production including milk reception, storage, and quality tests. Platform tests like sight-and-smell and alcohol tests provide rapid results for quality assessment. Confirmatory tests include resazurine and acidity tests. Factors like microbial load, temperature, and agitation affect milk quality. Pasteurization using batch or HTST methods destroys pathogens and improves shelf life. UHT processing at over 135°C allows milk to be stored for over 6 months without refrigeration.
Project report on AAVIN INDUSTRY - 2019Jenson Samraj
We the Integrated M.Sc students have visited the Aavin Industry, Tirunelveli on 8th March 2019. Here, is our Industrial visit report. Hope that it will be beneficial to you my dear readers!
Membrane separation process and its applications in food processingPriya darshini
This document summarizes key concepts in membrane separation processes used in food engineering applications. It defines membrane separation as selectively separating materials through a semi-permeable barrier based on molecule size and properties. It then discusses membrane transport mechanisms and important membrane properties like permeability and retention. Finally, it provides examples of membrane processes and materials commonly used in food industries like dairy, fruit juice, sugar, and brewing.
Cream separation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate milk into cream and skim milk based on the density difference between milk fat and skim milk. There are two main types of cream separation - the gravity method where milk is allowed to separate naturally over time, and the centrifugal method where a mechanical separator spins the milk rapidly. The centrifugal method is now used commercially as it is much faster than the gravity method. Common centrifugal separators include tubular bowl and disc bowl centrifuges.
The document summarizes the process of pasteurization developed by Louis Pasteur in the 1860s. It describes how Pasteur discovered that briefly heating wine at 55-60°C would kill the microorganisms causing spoilage. This technique was later adapted for milk to reduce transmission of diseases. The document then provides details on the types of pasteurization techniques used, focusing on high-temperature short-time pasteurization. It outlines the key stages of pasteurization in dairy processing, including balancing, heating, holding, and cooling the milk.
Single cell protein (SCP) is a dried form of microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, and algae that is used as a protein source for foods and animal feeds. SCP was developed during wartime to address shortages in conventional protein sources. It has several advantages such as producing high quantities of protein from cheap waste materials through simple fermentation processes. Common challenges include removing nucleic acids from SCP to prevent health issues in humans and developing affordable production methods. SCP is now produced commercially from fungi, algae, yeasts and bacteria through large-scale fermentation and harvesting methods.
These powerpoint deals with the different pumps used in the dairy industry. the different pumps which are discussed are a centrifugal pump, rotary pump, reciprocating pump, progressing cavity pump, peristaltic pump, liquid ring pump and jet pump.
Pasteurization is a mild heat treatment used to minimize hazards from pathogenic microorganisms and extend the shelf life of foods. It involves heating foods to temperatures below 100°C. In low acid foods like milk, it is used to reduce pathogens and extend shelf life to several days. In acidic foods like bottled fruits, it extends shelf life to several months by destroying pathogens and inactivating enzymes. Common pasteurization methods include high-temperature short-time (HTST), low-temperature hold (LTH), and ultra-high temperature (UHT) processing. Pasteurization minimally impacts sensory and nutritional properties when done properly.
basic of extrusion; type of extruder; extruded producrs; cold extrusion & hot...PulkitTyagi16
basic of extrusion, gives you a good idea about extrusion and extruded products. it has essential information regarding kurkure, macroni products, chewing products and extruded pet products. hard boiled sweets and are also made by extrusion
Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that can decrease milk production and quality. It is usually caused by bacterial infections such as Streptococcus agalactiae. Mastitis increases somatic cell counts in milk and decreases important milk components like lactose, casein and fat. It also changes the protein composition of milk. These changes negatively impact milk quality and the production of dairy products. To control mastitis and improve milk quality, farmers should focus on udder health through proper milking procedures, equipment maintenance, environmental management and treatment of clinical cases.
Butter is made through a process of separating cream from milk, pasteurizing the cream, ripening it through culturing, aging, churning, washing, and salting it. It contains up to 80% butterfat which gives it a solid yet soft and spreadable texture. While high in saturated fat, butter also provides vitamins A, D, E, and K. It has various uses like baking, sauces, and emulsions due to its ability to incorporate air and strengthen dough. Proper storage of butter involves refrigeration between 0-2 degrees Celsius.
This document discusses dielectric heating, which is the process of heating dielectric materials using radio frequency or microwave electromagnetic radiation. Dielectric materials can be polarized by an electric field and their molecules will reorient to align with the field. This molecular movement generates heat through friction. Foods are good candidates for dielectric heating because they contain water molecules that act as dipoles and are readily polarized. When exposed to radio frequency or microwave fields, the rapid oscillation of these dipoles causes heating through molecular friction. Dielectric heating provides rapid and uniform heating within foods and has various applications in food processing like drying, cooking, and pasteurization.
This document discusses factors that affect egg quality, including genetics, feed quality, environment, age of hens, and diseases. It provides examples of problems with shell quality, egg white quality, and yolk quality, along with the potential causes and recommended corrective measures. Some of the key factors mentioned are age of hens, calcium intake, temperature, humidity, handling practices, and preventing diseases through vaccination. Replacing older hens or molting hens is recommended to improve egg quality over time.
Microbial spoilage by Anaerobic Microorganisms pose higher risks in canned foods. This presentation discuss the microbial spoilage of canned foods by various group of microbes
this presentation speaks about the extrusion technology and incorporation of fruits and vegetable for enhancing the nutritional of the extruded food product.
Meat tenderization techniques are used to improve the tenderness and palatability of tough cuts of meat. Natural tenderization occurs through the action of enzymes in meat during aging. Artificial tenderization methods include mechanical techniques like tumbling or blade tenderization which disrupt muscle fibers, chemical methods using salts, acids or enzymes to break down muscle proteins, and electrical stimulation of carcasses after slaughter to accelerate tenderization through muscle contraction. The appropriate tenderization method depends on factors like the species and cut of meat as well as the desired quality attributes.
modified atmosphere packaging in vegetablesManpreet Kaur
This study evaluated the effects of modified atmosphere packaging on quality attributes of fresh-cut cantaloupe cubes. Fresh-cut cantaloupe was packaged in permeable film packages (PFP), packages with a naturally formed modified atmosphere (nMAP), or packages flushed with 4kPa O2 and 10kPa CO2 (fMAP) and stored at 5°C or 10°C. fMAP maintained quality for longer than PFP or nMAP by reducing ethylene concentrations and production rates in the packages. fMAP is recommended for maintaining quality of fresh-cut cantaloupe with a shelf life of up to 10 days.
The document discusses various methods for clarifying juice, which is the complete removal of suspended material. The main clarification methods discussed are settling, filtration, freezing, cold storage, high temperature treatment, and using chemicals. Specifically, it outlines how gelatin, albumen, casein, enzymes, and a tannin-gelatin mixture can be used to clarify juices by causing suspended particles and colloids to coagulate and settle out.
PEELING AND ITS TYPES ARE BEEN COVERED IN THIS TOPIC
IT COVERS ABOUT :
PEELING BY HAND,MECHANICAL PEELING,ABRASIVE PEELING,FLAME PEELING,HOT WATER PEELING,FLASH STEAM PEELING,LYE PEELING
The document discusses the cocoa plant and cocoa processing. It describes the three main types of cocoa pods - Forastero, Criollo, and Trinitario. It then outlines the various steps involved in processing cocoa beans into products like cocoa butter, cocoa powder, and chocolate, including fermentation, drying, roasting, grinding, and pressing. The key steps are fermenting the beans to develop flavor, drying them, roasting to further develop flavor, and grinding to produce cocoa mass, butter, and powder.
PRINCIPLES OF FLUID_MILK PROCESSING1.pptx-1[1].pptxJackson Kirui
This document discusses principles of fluid milk production including milk reception, storage, and quality tests. Platform tests like sight-and-smell and alcohol tests provide rapid results for quality assessment. Confirmatory tests include resazurine and acidity tests. Factors like microbial load, temperature, and agitation affect milk quality. Pasteurization using batch or HTST methods destroys pathogens and improves shelf life. UHT processing at over 135°C allows milk to be stored for over 6 months without refrigeration.
Project report on AAVIN INDUSTRY - 2019Jenson Samraj
We the Integrated M.Sc students have visited the Aavin Industry, Tirunelveli on 8th March 2019. Here, is our Industrial visit report. Hope that it will be beneficial to you my dear readers!
Dairy processing technology part one.pdfssuser0ed55f
This document provides an overview of dairy processing technology. It discusses the nutritional composition of milk, factors that affect composition, and the importance of processing milk. The major steps involved in processing milk include collection and testing of raw milk, storage in balance tanks, separation into cream and skim milk, standardization of fat content, homogenization to prevent cream separation, pasteurization to kill harmful bacteria, and optional ultra-high temperature sterilization to allow unrefrigerated storage. The goal of processing is to preserve and add value to milk while reducing health hazards.
"The process of evaluating the quality and safety of milk or dairy products by analyzing a sample of the product on a standardized testing platform is referred to as 'Platform test'.
Spray balls are commonly used in Clean-in-Place (CIP) systems in the food and beverage industry to clean and sanitize tanks, pipelines, and other processing equipment.
Learn in details on the topics above in this weeks edition of Tech-knowledge along with F&B industry buzz for the week, weekly highlights and many fun facts of the domain."
Laboratory Manual Quality Control of Milk: Quality Control of MilkMohit Jindal
This document provides information on monitoring the components of normal milk and its quality control. It discusses milk sampling procedures and tests that can be used to analyze the fat, solids, protein, lactose, acidity levels and other components of milk. These include organoleptic tests, alcohol tests, Gerber butterfat test, lactometer test, freezing point determination test and more. The document also covers monitoring for common chemical adulterants like cane sugar, urea, formalin and monitoring the hygienic status using tests like resazurin reduction test, methylene blue reduction test, and measuring coliform count, standard plate count and somatic cell count.
This document discusses microbial spoilage of milk and methods to prevent it. It provides information on the typical composition of milk from different species. Contamination can occur on the farm from animals or equipment, and during transportation and processing. Pasteurization is commonly used to kill microbes in milk. Other prevention methods discussed include reducing contamination, removing microbes through centrifugation or washing, using heat, refrigeration, drying milk to reduce moisture, and adding chemical preservatives. Proper sanitation and rapid cooling of milk after production are key to preventing spoilage and ensuring safety.
This document summarizes the microbiology of cream. It defines cream as the fat-rich portion of milk obtained through gravity or centrifugal separation. It describes the different types of cream based on use, fat content, and processing methods. The typical microflora of cream includes lactic acid bacteria, non-lactic streptococci, corynebacteria, and sporeformers originally present in milk, as well as contaminants like pseudomonads, staphylococci, and lactobacilli that enter during processing. Psychrotrophic bacteria like pseudomonads tend to predominate during refrigerated storage. The document outlines standards for microbiological quality of raw, pasteurized, and other types
The dairy industry produces large volumes of wastewater from various processing stages like pasteurization, homogenization, and cheese or butter making. Wastewater sources include cleaning operations, product losses, and leaks. Dairy wastewater is characterized by high levels of nutrients, organic matter, and microbes. It may also contain detergents, salts, and other chemicals depending on processing. Treatment methods include primary physical and chemical processes, as well as secondary biological processes like aerobic and anaerobic digestion. Both have advantages and disadvantages for treating lower or higher strength wastewaters.
Waste water and treatment of waste water in industryKaizer Dave
This document provides information about waste water treatment in the dairy industry. It begins with an introduction that describes how the dairy industry has increased demand for milk and milk products, which generates large quantities of wastewater during processing. It then discusses sources of waste water from various parts of dairy processing like bottling, cheese making, and milk powder plants. The characteristics of dairy wastewater are described as containing high levels of nutrients, organic material, and potential pathogens. Finally, it outlines treatment methods for dairy wastewater including primary physical and chemical treatment, secondary biological and chemical treatment using aerobic and anaerobic digestion, as well as membrane filtration and electrolysis.
This document contains the standard operating procedures (SOPs) for Lyallpur Food Industries' food safety management system which complies with ISO 22000:2015. It includes 15 SOPs covering topics such as purchase inspection and stores, process control, document control, control of records, calibration, product identification and traceability, internal audits, management reviews, and more. For each SOP, it describes the goal, responsibilities, and detailed procedures to be followed.
This is my internship presentation which I had done at AMR dairy, Amreli. AMR dairy is milk processing industry, where I had learnt about different department such as CIP, ETP, Packing, Utility, etc. I had got an awesome experience from my internship.
This document reports on research to develop cashew-coconut kefir yogurt using kefir grains. The objectives were to determine production parameters to suit Vietnamese preferences and characterize the resulting products. Various parameters were tested including milk ratio, coconut cream ratio, kefir grain ratio, and fermentation temperature. Sensory analysis found strained yogurt with cashews was most preferred. Microbial analysis showed unstrained kefir had higher bacteria counts due to higher water activity. Strained yogurt had lower carbohydrates and higher acidity, indicating longer shelf life. The optimal recipe used 0.75% kefir grains at 23°C for 24 hours with 20% coconut cream and a 2:1 milk to condensed milk ratio.
Milk is most valued food and consumed by majority of the population. Processing of milk thus enables us to provide milk with better quality attribute and shelf-life.
The document provides details about Amul, a dairy cooperative in India. It discusses Amul's history beginning in 1946 and how it has helped spur India's white revolution making it the largest producer of milk and milk products. It then describes Amul's organizational structure and production processes. The production processes discussed include the collection and testing of raw milk, pasteurization and standardization, separation into cream and skimmed milk, quality checks, packaging, storage, and production of milk powder, butter, and ice cream.
Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) is India's largest food products marketing organization and apex body for milk cooperatives in Gujarat. It manages the Amul brand. GCMMF has over 2.79 million producer members across 13,328 village societies. It handles over 11 million liters of milk per day. Under the leadership of Chairman Parthibhai Bhatol, GCMMF achieved a turnover of over Rs. 6,700 crores in 2008-2009, a growth of 28% compared to the previous year. Amul's success is attributed to its robust supply chain network, diverse product portfolio, strong distribution network, and the brand value of offering quality products at affordable prices
This document discusses dairy technology and the treatment of dairy processing wastewaters. It begins by describing the composition of milk, including the main components like water, fat, proteins, lactose, and minerals. It then discusses microorganisms commonly found in milk, including lactic acid bacteria, coliforms, spoilage microorganisms, and pathogenic microorganisms. Finally, it outlines several key dairy processing techniques like pasteurization, UHT treatment, homogenization, evaporation, and the use of starter cultures.
The document provides information about the dairy industry and dairy processing. It discusses the various steps involved in processing raw milk into products like fluid milk, butter, cheese, milk powder, etc. These steps include raw milk collection, separation, standardization, homogenization, heat treatment, packaging and more. It also describes the processes for specific products like milk, butter, cheese and milk powder production. Furthermore, it discusses the wastewater generated during dairy processing and its characteristics, as well as the effects of discharging this wastewater without treatment. Lastly, it provides suggestions for avoiding waste during the production of liquid milk, butter, cheese and milk powder.
Pelwatte milk food brand is a high quality, freshly produced dairy product in Sri Lanka. Pelwatte Diary Industries Pvt Ltd produces delicious and healthy.
Similar to Separators milk-clarification-bacteria-removal tcm11-27697 (20)
This document provides technical information about Alfa Laval's S-separator and P-separator systems for treating fuel and lubricating oils on ships and in power plants. It describes the characteristics of different types of oils, including heavy fuel oils, marine diesel oils, and lubricating oils. It explains that conventional purifier systems have limitations in treating heavy fuel oils over 991 kg/m3 density, while the S-separator uses Alcap technology to automatically adjust to various oil properties. The P-separator is designed for lighter, more consistent oils. Both separators offer improved separation efficiency and reduced operating costs compared to previous models.
This document discusses using an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) and membrane separation for integrated clarification and purification of monoclonal antibodies from cell culture broth. ATPS uses the natural separation of aqueous solutions into two immiscible phases to extract monoclonal antibodies into one phase while leaving impurities in the other. A new membrane-based separator is presented that can selectively separate the antibody-containing phase through modification with surfactants. Testing of various ATPS compositions identified one that extracted over 90% of antibodies from model systems. This optimized ATPS coupled with membrane separation achieved 78% antibody recovery from actual cell culture broth while significantly reducing DNA and host cell protein impurities.
This document provides operation and safety instructions for a Westfalia Separator centrifuge.
The 6-page document includes:
1) Safety precautions and warnings for operating the centrifuge.
2) Descriptions of the centrifuge components and operating principles.
3) Instructions for installation, operation, maintenance, and repairs, including lubrication schedules and cleaning procedures.
4) Troubleshooting tips and accessories information.
The PA purifier system is designed to purify and clarify heavy fuel oils, lubricating oils, and distillate oils for marine vessels and power plants. It consists of a separator, change-over valve, and EPC50 control unit which automatically operates the system. The compact system takes up little space and requires few ancillary components, keeping installation and maintenance costs low. It effectively separates sludge and water from oils with high throughput capacities.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
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3. SEPARATORS FROM GEA FOR MILK CLARIFICATION AND BACTERIA REMOVAL · 3
1. Introduction 4
2. Milk clarification & bacteria removal 6
2.1 Milk clarification 6
2.1.1 Clarifying milk using filters 6
2.1.2 Clarifying milk using the skimming separator 6
2.1.3 Clarifying milk using the clarifier 6
2.1.4 Clarifying raw milk cold –
process technology 7
2.1.5 Composition of solids discharged
by separators 7
2.1.6 Temperatures when clarifying milk 9
2.1.7 Clarification effect when using skimming
separators 9
2.1.8 Method of operation of clarifiers 9
2.2 Bacteria Removal 10
2.2.1 Reasons for bacteria removal from milk 10
2.2.2 Some applications for BRCs 11
2.2.3 Bacteria removal from fresh milk –
process technology 12
2.2.4 Method of operation:
bacteria-removing clarifiers 12
3. Integration of the separator 15
3.1 Bacteria removal from fresh milk –
Stage 1 15
3.2 Premium milk with a longer shelf life
with the GEA prolong process 15
3.3 ESL milk – process technology 17
3.4 Double bacteria removal 19
4. Taking samples 20
5. Machine types 22
Contents
4. 4 · SEPARATORS FROM GEA FOR MILK CLARIFICATION AND BACTERIA REMOVAL
1. Introduction
Examples of undesired constituents in raw milk are particles of dirt, blood residues, udder
cells and a great many different bacteria. This technical documentation explains clarifying
and bacteria removal efficiency in relation to the processes used in the field. Among other
things, this clearly shows the composition of the phases discharged in batches when
clarifiers and bacteria-removing clarifiers are used, and the extent to which these phases
can be recycled.
Clarifiers from GEA and bacteria-removing clarifiers
are used in the dairy industry to improve milk quality.
Centrifugal and / or membrane technology are used to
separate impurities and bacteria from the milk.
6. 6 · SEPARATORS FROM GEA FOR MILK CLARIFICATION AND BACTERIA REMOVAL
2. Milk clarification &
bacteria removal
2.1 Milk clarification
The most important part of clarifying milk is the separation of
non-milk solids (NMS). In the dairy sector, different processes
are able to reduce bacteria and NMS in the product. The
efficiency of different equipment is therefore of significant
importance. (Fig. 1)
A distinction is generally made between the different methods
used by processors to improve the quality of milk.
2.1.1 Clarifying milk using filters
This method of improving the quality of milk has been more or
less abandoned these days for a variety of reasons.
One of its biggest drawbacks is the drop in flow rate over time
because a thicker and thicker filter layer builds up. Running time
is limited. The entire milk flow is passed through the filter layer.
This allows bacteriological problems to arise due to entrainment,
there is a risk of bacterial growth in the filter layer and thus
reinfection of the milk. What is more, if there are cracks in
the filter tissue, the clarifying effect is considerably reduced.
Cleaning the filters after production is also an extremely
laborious process.
The use of filters to improve milk quality should not, however,
be confused with initial straining to separate “coarse” impurities
such as foreign bodies, wood, cellulose, or packaging residues
from returned milk. It is essential that the milk is strained
before processing continues so as to prevent damage to sensitive
parts of the line. Pore width may not exceed 0.2 mm.
2.1.2 Clarifying milk using the skimming separator
Independent of the separation of milk into skim milk and
cream, every skimming centrifuge has a secondary effect,
namely separation of solids from the milk. The separated solids
are discharged in batches by means of partial ejections. The
clarifying effect achieved with a milk separator is more efficient
and stable than the use of filter technology.
However, the separation rate of solids is even higher in clarifiers
especially designed for this purpose than it is in skimming
separators.
2.1.3 Clarifying milk using the clarifier
Clarifiers are machines specifically designed for solids / liquid
separation. The specific design of this machine enables it to
achieve an optimum separation rate for impurities. We will go
into the design differences in more detail at a later stage.
7. Fig. 1 Degrees of clarification
in comparison
Fig. 2 Analysis values for an ejection
Water approx. 84 %
Protein 6 – 8 %
Lactose approx. 4.7 %
NMS 1.5 – 3 %
Fat 0.25 – 0.35 %
2.1.4 Clarifying raw milk cold – process technology
This method is frequently used in countries with a poor
infrastructure, where the milk from small-scale producers is
collected at central points. Centrifugal cleaning to improve
quality is then performed before the milk is taken on for central
processing at the dairy.
2.1.5 Composition of solids discharged by separators
Complex studies have been conducted to obtain precise
information about the solids discharged by self-cleaning
separators during milk clarification. Samples from different milk
regions using separators of different sizes have been analysed,
thus ensuring a representative cross-section.
Partial ejections were performed on all separators. The time
between two consecutive partial ejections was selected so that
the solids had a dry mass of 14 to 16 percent. This ensured that
at each partial ejection, all the solids separated were discharged.
The results of the study are shown in Fig. 2.
0
20
40
60
80
100
DEGREE OF CLARIFICATION
H
y
d
r
o
c
y
c
l
o
n
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
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l
t
e
r
C
o
l
d
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
W
a
r
m
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
C
o
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r
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W
a
r
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r
i
a
r
e
m
o
v
a
l
c
l
a
r
i
fi
e
r
in %
DEGREE OF CLARIFICATION
COMPOSITION OF A PARTIAL EJECTION
8. 8 · SEPARATORS FROM GEA FOR MILK CLARIFICATION AND BACTERIA REMOVAL
The values shown in Fig. 2 are based on the following further
conditions:
• 0.05 – 0.1 percent by volume related to the
quantity of raw milk fed in was discharged by
partial ejection
• Separation temperature was between 45 and 55 °C
• The significance of separation temperature will be
explained in more detail later on in the documentation.
1 1
2
3 3
4 5
6
9
7
8
Method for clarifying raw milk cold
1 Storage tank
2 Raw milk
3 Pump
4 Flowmeter
5 Constant pressure valve
6 Clarified milk
7 Solids tank
8 Solid
9 Clarifier
Fig. 3 Method for clarifying raw milk cold
1 Storage tank
2 Raw milk
3 Pump
4 Flowmeter
5 Constant pressure valve
6 Clarified milk
7 Solids tank
8 Solid
9 Clarifier
9. SEPARATORS FROM GEA FOR MILK CLARIFICATION AND BACTERIA REMOVAL · 9
2.1.6 Temperatures when clarifying milk
A temperature either between 8 °C and 15 °C (storage
temperature) or between 52 °C and 58 °C is recommended.
The recommendation of these limited temperature ranges is
based on two pieces of information:
• Between 15 °C and 35 °C, there is an increased risk of damage
to fat. This has been found as a result of the rise in free fat
(FF) when the milk is under mechanical load (e. g. from
pumps). Lipases are still active up to approx. 50 °C.
• The temperature range from 30 °C to 45 °C
represents an optimum for the growth of
bacteria (even if these are present only in theory).
1 Feed tube
2 Centripetal pump
3 Centripetal pump chamber
4 Disc stack
5 Feed to disc stack
6 Solids chamber
7 Discharge, clarified milk
2.1.7 Clarification effect when using skimming separators
In many areas of the dairy industry, it is customary for milk
clarification to be combined with skimming. The current state
of knowledge, however, allows a much greater clarification effect
to be achieved with the use of clarifiers than is possible with
skimming separators. Extensive in-house investigations have
shown that only 30 to 50 percent of the NMS are separated from
the milk in a skimming separator.
2.1.8 Method of operation of clarifiers
These days, GEA generally supplies clarifiers with a GEA
hydrosoft feed system. This system combines the benefits of
softstream and a hydrohermetic feed.
• Adequate flow cross-sections mean low feed pressure
• Optimum design means great flexibility with regard
to feed quantity
• No ribs in the feed chamber mean no shear
forces – gentle product treatment
• Hydraulic seal means no air trapped in product
Fig. 4:
The milk to be clarified flows through central feed tube (1) in the
feed chamber which rotates at bowl speed. The feed to disc stack (5) is
effected by bores in the base of the distributor.
The cleaned milk flows inwards and arrives in centripetal pump chamber
(3). The milk is taken out of the rotating separator bowl under pressure and
without foam by stationary centripetal pump (2). The solids slide outwards
and accumulate in double cone-shaped solids chamber (6). A hydraulic
system discharges the solids from the bowl at intervals which can be
selected. Ejection is performed at full bowl speed.
Fig. 4 Bowl cross-section of a clarifier
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10. 10 · SEPARATORS FROM GEA FOR MILK CLARIFICATION AND BACTERIA REMOVAL
2.2 Bacteria removal
The first attempts at removing bacteria from milk by centrifuge
go back to the 1950s. However, it was not until the 1970s that
bacteria were successfully removed from cheese milk on an
industrial scale. In the 1980s, this technology finally experienced
a breakthrough due to the development of bacteria-removing
clarifiers with a high degree of separation at simultaneous
hourly outputs of up to 25,000 l / h.
In recent years, the use of bacteria-removing clarifiers has finally
expanded successfully into other areas of milk processing. In
addition to centrifugal removal of bacteria, filtration using
membrane technology is also performed. In both methods,
impurities and undesired germs or bacteria are separated from
the milk. When milk is temperature-treated to inactivate bacteria
and spores, undesired side effects such as changes in flavour
may occur. However, methods such as irradiation with UV light
or high-pressure technology do not currently play a role in the
dairy industry.
2.2.1 Reasons for bacteria removal from milk
A number of objectives are pursued in removing bacteria from
milk. In milk processing, for example, spore-formers can cause
considerable problems.
In the production of fresh milk, aerobic spore-formers (Bacillus
cereus) impair shelf life as a result of sweet clotting.
In the production of milk powder, especially “low-heat”
products, aerobic and anaerobic spore-formers (Bacillus cereus,
Clostridium perfringens) lead to the product spoiling.
Under certain conditions, the removal of bacteria secures shelf
life in soft cheese products – for example, in cases where the
so-called ascospores of the moulds Byssochlamys nivea or
Byssochlamys fulva have a negative impact on quality.
In whey processing, removal of bacteria makes particular sense
when serum proteins are to be obtained from the clarified
skimmed whey in concentrated form (WPC whey protein
concentrate) by means of ultrafiltration. The long dwell time
of the product in the filtration unit, some of that time spent at
optimum incubation temperatures, leads to vigorous bacterial
growth. According to the information available to us, there
exist quality standards which stipulate that, for example, the
content of anaerobic spores in 80 percent WPC may not exceed
maximum five spores per gram of powder. This suggests that
centrifugal removal of bacteria is the solution to improving
quality.
Skim milk can also be treated by bacteria-removing clarifiers
before being processed into high-quality casein / caseinate so
that it is of perfect bacteriological quality. Lactate-fermenting
anaerobic spore-formers which are not killed off by normal milk
heating can lead to butyric acid fermentation in the production
of cheese. Greater attention is therefore paid to spore-formers of
the genus Clostridium tyrobutyricum which cause late blowing
in cheese. Lactobacilli also have to be removed in the production
of raw milk cheese. As the milk is not heated above 50 ˚C at any
point in the entire process, the lactobacilli which have not been
killed off would lead to faults in the cheese.
Bacteria removal temperature
This should be between 55 ˚C and 62 ˚C. In this range, milk
viscosity is relatively low. According to Stokes’ law, the
sedimentation velocity of the bacteria to be separated off is
higher than at lower temperatures. At higher temperatures,
however, there is a risk of damage to protein.
Separator feed capacity
Exceeding nominal capacity on the one hand results in
a considerable reduction in bacteria-removing efficiency.
Undershooting nominal capacity, on the other hand, only
achieves a limited increase in efficiency.
11. SEPARATORS FROM GEA FOR MILK CLARIFICATION AND BACTERIA REMOVAL · 11
2.2.2 Some applications for BRCs:
• Cheese milk
Anaerobic (clostridia) spores reduce cheese
quality and can blow it up by producing gases.
• Liquid milk
Extended shelf life by reduction of bacteria spores
• Low heat milk powder
Reduction of total bacteria count in a low heat process
• UHT milk
Reduction of heat resistant spores that
can survive even the UHT process at 140°C
• Whey processing, WPC production
Reduction of germs in a process very favourable for
bacteria growth (long times at ~35°C)
• Culture plants
The production of pure bacteria cultures requires the
elimination of all other microorganisms
1 Feed tube
2 Feed chamber
3 Base of distributor
4 Disc stack
5 Concentrate chamber
6 Centripetal pump for milk
7 Separating disc
8 Concentrate centripetal pump
9 Discharge ports
Fig. 5 Bowl cross-section of a bacteria-removing clarifier
Milk
Bacterially clarified milk
Concentrate
Solids
1
2
3
4
5
9
8
7
6
12. 12 · SEPARATORS FROM GEA FOR MILK CLARIFICATION AND BACTERIA REMOVAL
2.2.3 Bacteria removal from fresh milk – process technology
In this method, the separation of Bacillus cereus is of particular
interest. This germ is heat-resistant and thus still active after
pasteurization, so sweet clotting of milk can be the result.
The specific weight and size of this bacillus make centrifugal
separation difficult. Adapting separator feed capacity to the
specific conditions, however, allows bacterial clarification
efficiency of over 90 percent to be achieved. In studies of
pasteurized milk, orders of magnitude of 300 spores per litre
were found for B. cereus.
At a storage temperature from 8 to 10 ˚C and a generation time
of about 6 hours, the bacillus multiplies from 1 spore per ml to
over 107 spores per ml in around 6 days. This results in sweet
clotting. This suggests that at a level of less than 1 spore per ml
(e. g. at 1 spore per litre), shelf life can be extended by 10
generations, corresponding to around 2.5 days. Lower storage
temperatures of the bacterially clarified and pasteurized
milk (e. g. 4 to 6 °C) can extend the shelf life by up to 10 days.
Centrifugal removal of bacteria enables spores to be reduced
by a factor of more than ten, corresponding to more than
3.5 generations.
Reduction in total bacteria count is often considered in assessing
the removal of bacteria from fresh milk. However, it should be
noted that the generally unknown distribution of flora across
the various bacterial strains present can have a considerable
influence on separation rate. One reason is the fact that the
occurrence of small, lightweight bacteria may be comparatively
low on one occasion and comparatively high on another.
Fig. 7 shows the results of recent years which gives a relatively
good picture of the range of separating efficiency (related to total
bacteria count) which can normally be achieved.
2.2.4 Method of operation: bacteria-removing clarifiers
Bacteria-removing clarifiers also have a GEA hydrosoft feed
system. The milk for bacteria removal flows through central
feed tube (1) into feed chamber (2) which rotates at bowl speed.
The feed to disc stack (4) is effected by bores in base of the
distributor (3). The bacteria are separated off by centrifugal
force. Their higher specific weight causes them to slide outwards
into concentrate chamber (5). Bacteria are separated either
directly out into the concentrate chamber or on the liquid route
inwards as soon as the bacteria reach the underside disc surface
of the disc above.
At this point, the speed of the liquid flow in the disc
interspace is virtually zero, so that the bacteria are no
longer entrained by the product flow. The separated bacteria
slide outwards along the bottom surface of the disc under
centrifugal force towards the end of the disc and leave the
separation chamber. The milk with bacteria removed flows
towards the centre of the bowl and is pumped to the discharge
point by centri-petal pump (6). The bacteria concentrate
continuously drawn off flows over separating disc (7) into the
top centripetal pump chamber. Concentrate centripetal pump
(8) pumps the entrained liquid to the discharge point under
pressure and without foam.
In addition to continuous discharge of the concentrate by
the centripetal pump, partial ejections also take place. At set
intervals, sliding piston is moved hydraulically and part of the
contents of the solids chamber are ejected through the discharge
ports (9) in the bowl bottom.
13. SEPARATORS FROM GEA FOR MILK CLARIFICATION AND BACTERIA REMOVAL · 13
1
2
3
Diagram of a bacteria-removing clarifier
1 Feed of milk
2 Discharge of bacterially clarified milk
3 Ejections
4 Optional: concentrate discharge
Fig. 6 Diagram of a bacteria-removing clarifier
* Efficiency =
TBC0 – TBC1
∙ 100
TBC0
Total
bacteria
count
[ TBC
x
10
3
]
per
ml
Efficiency
[ % ]*
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Feed
(0)
Discharge
(1)
Fig. 7 Separation based on total bacterial count in modern bacteria-removing clarifiers
(Here the efficiency is shown for the specific total bacterial count of 400,000 cells / ml)
1 Feed of milk
2 Discharge of bacterially
clarified milk
3 Ejections
14. 14 · SEPARATORS FROM GEA FOR MILK CLARIFICATION AND BACTERIA REMOVAL
1 Bacterially clarified and
standardized fresh milk
2 Excess cream
3 Raw milk
4 Bacteria-removing clarifier
5 Skimming separator
6 Standardizer
7 Homogenizer
Fig. 8 Bacteria removal from fresh milk – Stage 1
1
2
3
4 5 6 7
Bacteria removal from fresh milk – Stage 1
1 Bacterially clarified and
standardized fresh milk
2 Excess cream
3 Raw milk
4 Bacteria-removing clarifier
5 Skimming separator
6 Standardizer
7 Homogenizer
15. SEPARATORS FROM GEA FOR MILK CLARIFICATION AND BACTERIA REMOVAL · 15
3.1 Bacteria removal from fresh milk – Stage 1
In this process variant, the entire milk stream has
bacteria removed at 55 ˚C and is then fed directly to the
skimming separator. In the separator, the milk is separated
into skim milk and cream. The cream is then pasteurized and
the fraction required to standardize the milk is diluted to a fat
content of approx. 15 percent and homogenized. The cream
is then mixed with the skim milk in the standardizer. The
standardized fresh milk thus obtained is finally pasteurized
and cooled. Both the fresh milk and the excess cream have had
bacteria removed.
3.2 Premium milk with a longer shelf life with
the GEA prolong process
The production of premium milk with a longer shelf life is a
question of freshness, naturalness, taste, vitamin content, and
the number of actually necessary shelf life days.
Freshness and quality indicators are advantages of prolong
The content of ß-lactoglobulin on the one hand and lactulose on
the other are common parameters for the milk quality and heat
indicators. The content of ß-lactoglobulin in raw milk is approx.
3,500 mg / l. The greater the extent to which milk protein is
denatured by means of heat treatment, the greater is the extent
to which this value declines. In the case of fresh milk, it amounts
to 3,000 mg / l in conjunction with pasteurization; in the case
of micro-filtered milk, the figure falls to approx. 2,500. In the
case of milk subject to high heat treatment, it falls further to
1,000 to 1,600 mg / l, and may even be lower than 1,000 mg / l in
conjunction with indirect heating. By way of comparison, the
indicator in conjunction with the prolong process remains at the
level of fresh milk of approx. 3,000 mg / l.
On the other hand, lactulose is not present in raw milk. It is a
by-product of the chemical reaction of a heat treatment. The
intensity of heat treatment is directly related to the quantity of
lactulose to be found in the milk. In the case of pasteurized fresh
milk, lactulose attains a value of 10 mg / kg; in the case of filtered
milk, this figure is 17, and in the case of UHT milk, the figure
is between 25 and (in conjunction with indirect heating)
32 mg / kg. With the prolong process, this factor is also identical
to the fresh milk factor of 10 mg / kg. Both indicators for
freshness and quality thus clearly underline the benefits of the
GEA prolong process.
Two bacteria-removing clarifiers connected in series
For this purpose, two bacteria-removing clarifiers connected in
sequence are generally used directly upstream of the skimming
separator in order to achieve a high degree of reliability with
regard to removing the spores. This ensures that bacteria
are genuinely removed from the entire quantity of raw milk,
including the cream. The milk is then treated in the skimming
separator with fat content adjustment and short-time heating.
An attractive economic aspect is that the separators can be used
for other duties in the dairy, for example cheese production. An
additional major benefit for dairies is also that bacteria-removing
clarifiers can be integrated in existing pasteurizing lines with
minimal technical input.
3. Integration of the separator
16. 16 · SEPARATORS FROM GEA FOR MILK CLARIFICATION AND BACTERIA REMOVAL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 12
13 14 15
16
17
18
GEA prolong process
1 Pasteurized, standardized milk
2 Flow diverting valve
3 Holding tube
4 Heat exchanger
5 Hot water in / out
6 Booster pump
7 Raw milk in
8 Balance tank
9 Ice water
10 GEA standomat MC
11 Ice water
12 Cream cooler
13 Bacteria removal clarifier I
14 Bacteria removal clarifier II
15 Skimming separator
16 Surplus cream, cooled
17 Product pump
18 Homogenizer
1 Pasteurized,
standardized milk
2 Flow diverting valve
3 Holding tube
4 Heat exchanger
5 Hot water in / out
6 Booster pump
7 Raw milk in
8 Balance tank
9 Ice water
10 GEA standomat MC
11 Ice water
12 Cream cooler
13 Bacteria removal clarifier I
14 Bacteria removal clarifier II
15 Skimming separator
16 Surplus cream, cooled
17 Product pump
18 Homogenizer
Fig. 9 GEA prolong process
17. 3.3 ESL milk – process technology
In addition to “pasteurized fresh milk” and “long-life milk”, both
of which have been on the fresh milk market for a long time,
another kind of milk has come onto the market in the past few
years, so-called “ESL fresh milk”. ESL is short for extended shelf
life. Like pasteurized milk, ESL milk has to be kept in a cool
chain to prevent it spoiling. Compared to long-life milk, there are
fewer changes in the flavour of ESL milk, its “fresh character”
being retained. Measures which lead to an extended shelf life in
ESL milk are:
• Greater reduction in germ count compared to normal
pasteurization
• Avoidance of recontamination following pasteurization.
• One of the technical solutions for a drastic reduction in germ
count is microfiltration
Arrangement of a line to produce ESL milk using
a microfiltration unit
Fig. 9 shows the arrangement of a line of this kind. The milk is
heated up to 55 ˚C, polished in the bacteria-removing clarifier
and separated into skim milk and cream in the skimming
separator. Bacteria are then removed from the skim milk
during microfiltration and the cream is subjected to UHT. A
standardizer divides the flow of cream into excess cream and
cream to standardize the milk. More or less heated cream is
returned to the skim milk depending on the fat content the
standardized ESL milk is supposed to have. Before remixing, this
cream is diluted with skim milk and subjected to partial stream
homogenization. After skim milk with the bacteria removed
has been mixed together with UHT-treated homogenized cream,
the standardized milk is pasteurized and cooled. The bacteria-
removing clarifier in the first stage means that an optimum
production time is achieved for the line downstream.
18. 18 · SEPARATORS FROM GEA FOR MILK CLARIFICATION AND BACTERIA REMOVAL
1
2
3
4 5
6 7 8
ESL milk line with microfiltration
1 Standardized ESL milk
2 Excess cream
3 Raw milk
4 Bacteria-removing clarifier
5 Skimming separator
6 Microfiltration
7 Homogenizer
8 Standardizer
1 Standardized ESL milk
2 Excess cream
3 Raw milk
4 Bacteria-removing clarifier
5 Skimming separator
6 Microfiltration
7 Homogenizer
8 Standardizer
Fig. 10 ESL milk line with microfiltration
19. SEPARATORS FROM GEA FOR MILK CLARIFICATION AND BACTERIA REMOVAL · 19
3.4 Double bacteria removal
If a single-stage bacteria removal process is not adequate to
produce cheese without the addition of nitrate, for example, it
is possible to arrange two bacteria-removing clarifiers in series.
In this arrangement, the second separator acts as a polisher
and ensures low germ values in vat milk under all operating
conditions in the production line.
Fig. 11 shows an example of an installation for double bacteria
removal. The continuous concentrate can optionally be
returned to the feeds or routed away for sterilization. There is
also the option of merging all the concentrates produced both
continuously and batch-wise (ejections) and of routing them for
further processing.
1
2
3
4
Diagram of 2-stage bacteria removal
1 Unclarified milk
2 Concentrate and solids
3 Bacterially clarified milk
4 Continuous concentrate
1 Unclarified milk
2 Concentrate and solids
3 Bacterially clarified milk
4 Continuous concentrate
Fig. 11 Diagram of 2-stage bacteria removal
20. 20 · SEPARATORS FROM GEA FOR MILK CLARIFICATION AND BACTERIA REMOVAL
In the clarifiers the raw milk is separated in to the heavy phase “sludge” and the light
phase “clarified milk”. Directly after the light phase leaves the clarifier, a sample has
to be taken in order to avoid any recontamination. The sample must be cooled to a
temperature < 3 ˚C using iced water or dry ice. This temperature may not be exceeded
until the samples are examined after no more than 24 hours.
For detailed information about the sample taking procedure please contact GEA.
4. Taking samples
21. SEPARATORS FROM GEA FOR MILK CLARIFICATION AND BACTERIA REMOVAL · 21
Evidence of Used in (product) Damage caused Name of method Reference method
Total bacteria count Fresh milk, factory milk,
whey
General quality defects Koch’s plate method IDF standard 100B:
1991, colony count MB*
Vol. VI, 6.3.1
Aerobic spores of the
Bacillus genus, e. g.
Bacillus cereus
Fresh milk, UHT milk Sweet clotting, slime
formation, gas formation,
swelling
Plate method
using GCA agar
MB Vol. VI,
7.17.2
Anaerobic spores e. g.
Clostridium tyrobutyricum,
C. butyricum
Cheese milk Late blowing in cheese,
butyric acid formation
Nizo method, setting up
dilution series, evaluation
as per MPN method,
Weinzirl sample
MB Vol. VI
7.18.2
7.18.3
7.18.4
Fig. 12 Typical test methods
* Handbuch der landwirtschaftlichen Versuchs- und Untersuchungsmethodik, Methodenbuch Band VI [Manual of agricultural experimental and test methods,
method book volume VI] published by the VDLUFA [Verband Deutscher Landwirtschaftlicher Untersuchungs- und Forschungsanstalten – Association of German
Agricultural Test and Research Institutes]
22. 22 · SEPARATORS FROM GEA FOR MILK CLARIFICATION AND BACTERIA REMOVAL
The following table shows the capacities of milk-clarifiers.
If products other than raw milk are clarified, enquire about the corresponding capacities.
5. Machine types
Clarifier Flow rate (in l/h) BR clarifier Flow rate (in l/h)
GEA ecoclean 3,000 – 15,000 GEA ecoclear 3,000 – 8,000
MSE 100 15,000 – 30,000 CSE 100 8,000 – 12,000
MSE 200 30,000 – 40,000 CSE 140 10,000 – 15,000
MSE 250 40,000 – 55,000 CSE 230 15,000 – 30,000
MSE 350 55,000 – 75,000 CSE 400 30,000 – 45,000
CSE 500 45,000 – 60,000
23. SEPARATORS FROM GEA FOR MILK CLARIFICATION AND BACTERIA REMOVAL · 23
Clarifier type MSI 350
Bacteria removal clarifier type CSI 400