Milk is a unique in that it is both consumed, as fluid milk with minimal processing and it is the raw material used to manufacture a wide variety of product.
In Tamil Nadu, Aavin is the first cooperative milk society dealing with milk and value-added products of milk. Aavin union is a Government union which was founded in the year 1958. Milk is procured from the Village level societies twice a day. The milk cost payment is made on the basis of a quality test which consists of Fat and Solid Non-fat content. Flowchart for processing of milk, quality testing of milk etc..
Different Platform Tests for Raw Milk at Raw Milk Reception Dock(RMRD)sunil meena
Raw milk has to pass through rigorous examination which may include organoleptic,physical and chemical tests to assess the quality of intake milk rapidly, and decide for its acceptance or rejection. All these tests known as “platform tests” are performed on each can/tanker to assess the quality of the incoming milk before it is accepted and weighed. These tests must be easy to perform, give quick and reliable results and should not require complicated and elaborate equipment. The classification of milk on the basis of quality is usually referred to “grading of milk”.So grading of milk is done on the basis of platform tests which include organoleptic
as well as preliminary tests.The milk is collected from various sources and transported to milk scheme for processing, marketing and distribution. Large quantity of milk is supplied to the plant through different agencies, so that is subjected to check for its suitability. Hence it is essential to examine the milk by using different platform tests like organoleptic evaluation (OE), Clot on boiling test (COP), Alcohol test (AT), Sediment test (ST), Resazurin test (RT).
a brief of raw milk reception dock
here you will find images depicting chilling centre, transportation mode,how cleaning and sanitation of tanks are done type of tanks , how milk is weighed
You will find some important key points read every point carefully
every point and data is taken from some book or reseaech paper
Milk is a unique in that it is both consumed, as fluid milk with minimal processing and it is the raw material used to manufacture a wide variety of product.
In Tamil Nadu, Aavin is the first cooperative milk society dealing with milk and value-added products of milk. Aavin union is a Government union which was founded in the year 1958. Milk is procured from the Village level societies twice a day. The milk cost payment is made on the basis of a quality test which consists of Fat and Solid Non-fat content. Flowchart for processing of milk, quality testing of milk etc..
Different Platform Tests for Raw Milk at Raw Milk Reception Dock(RMRD)sunil meena
Raw milk has to pass through rigorous examination which may include organoleptic,physical and chemical tests to assess the quality of intake milk rapidly, and decide for its acceptance or rejection. All these tests known as “platform tests” are performed on each can/tanker to assess the quality of the incoming milk before it is accepted and weighed. These tests must be easy to perform, give quick and reliable results and should not require complicated and elaborate equipment. The classification of milk on the basis of quality is usually referred to “grading of milk”.So grading of milk is done on the basis of platform tests which include organoleptic
as well as preliminary tests.The milk is collected from various sources and transported to milk scheme for processing, marketing and distribution. Large quantity of milk is supplied to the plant through different agencies, so that is subjected to check for its suitability. Hence it is essential to examine the milk by using different platform tests like organoleptic evaluation (OE), Clot on boiling test (COP), Alcohol test (AT), Sediment test (ST), Resazurin test (RT).
a brief of raw milk reception dock
here you will find images depicting chilling centre, transportation mode,how cleaning and sanitation of tanks are done type of tanks , how milk is weighed
You will find some important key points read every point carefully
every point and data is taken from some book or reseaech paper
The milk processing plant is the unit where milk is processed according to customer demand. in this ppt you will find information regarding the milk processing unit instrument and process.
Cream separators are used in Dairy industries to separate the cream and obtain fat-reduced or fat-free milk. This presentation is about the types of cream separators employed in the dairy industry
Dairy Industry in India had a long historical tradition..
World 2nd largest milk producer.
White revolution in 1975.
Asia produces 57% of the World’s total dairy production.
India produces 17% of the World’s total dairy production.
With changing lifestyle and increasing demand of the convenience food, this segment of dairy is
becoming extremely essential and it is expected to grow further because of its capability to
solve the problems associated with this perishable product. The manufactured dairy product
i.e. Dried Milk Powder results when the water is removed by boiling the milk under reduced
pressure at low temperature in a process known as evaporation. When we talk of Dried milk
powder we generally talk of Whole milk powder(WMP) and Skim milk powder (SMP).
Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or another solvent by
evaporation from a solid, slurry or liquid. The science behind drying is that dry air comes in
contact with food and absorbs some of the moisture from the food. This air then has to be
blown away and be replaced with dry air so that the process of extracting moisture from the
food can continue until the food is dry.
Milk is most valued food and consumed by majority of the population. Processing of milk thus enables us to provide milk with better quality attribute and shelf-life.
Dairy waste water treatmentby arhana gautamarchana gautam
The dairy industry involves processing raw milk into products such as consumer milk, butter, cheese, yogurt, condensed milk, dried milk (milk powder), and ice cream, using processes such as chilling, pasteurization, and homogenization. Typical by-products include buttermilk, whey, and their derivatives. Dairy industries have shown tremendous growth in size and number inmost countries of the world . These industries discharge wastewater which is characterized by high chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, nutrients, and organic and inorganic contents. Such wastewaters, if discharged without proper treatment, severely pollute receiving water bodies.
Dairy processing plants can be divided into two categories:
Fluid milk processing involving the pasteurization and processing of raw milk into liquid milk for direct consumption, as well as cream, flavored milk, and fermented products such as buttermilk and yogurt.
Industrial milk processing involving the pasteurization and processing of raw milk into value-added dairy products such as cheese and casein, butter and other milk fats, milk powder and condensed milk, whey powder and other dairy ingredients, and ice cream and other frozen dairy products.
The milk processing plant is the unit where milk is processed according to customer demand. in this ppt you will find information regarding the milk processing unit instrument and process.
Cream separators are used in Dairy industries to separate the cream and obtain fat-reduced or fat-free milk. This presentation is about the types of cream separators employed in the dairy industry
Dairy Industry in India had a long historical tradition..
World 2nd largest milk producer.
White revolution in 1975.
Asia produces 57% of the World’s total dairy production.
India produces 17% of the World’s total dairy production.
With changing lifestyle and increasing demand of the convenience food, this segment of dairy is
becoming extremely essential and it is expected to grow further because of its capability to
solve the problems associated with this perishable product. The manufactured dairy product
i.e. Dried Milk Powder results when the water is removed by boiling the milk under reduced
pressure at low temperature in a process known as evaporation. When we talk of Dried milk
powder we generally talk of Whole milk powder(WMP) and Skim milk powder (SMP).
Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or another solvent by
evaporation from a solid, slurry or liquid. The science behind drying is that dry air comes in
contact with food and absorbs some of the moisture from the food. This air then has to be
blown away and be replaced with dry air so that the process of extracting moisture from the
food can continue until the food is dry.
Milk is most valued food and consumed by majority of the population. Processing of milk thus enables us to provide milk with better quality attribute and shelf-life.
Dairy waste water treatmentby arhana gautamarchana gautam
The dairy industry involves processing raw milk into products such as consumer milk, butter, cheese, yogurt, condensed milk, dried milk (milk powder), and ice cream, using processes such as chilling, pasteurization, and homogenization. Typical by-products include buttermilk, whey, and their derivatives. Dairy industries have shown tremendous growth in size and number inmost countries of the world . These industries discharge wastewater which is characterized by high chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, nutrients, and organic and inorganic contents. Such wastewaters, if discharged without proper treatment, severely pollute receiving water bodies.
Dairy processing plants can be divided into two categories:
Fluid milk processing involving the pasteurization and processing of raw milk into liquid milk for direct consumption, as well as cream, flavored milk, and fermented products such as buttermilk and yogurt.
Industrial milk processing involving the pasteurization and processing of raw milk into value-added dairy products such as cheese and casein, butter and other milk fats, milk powder and condensed milk, whey powder and other dairy ingredients, and ice cream and other frozen dairy products.
Lecture notes of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
This presentation involves with the fermented products of dairy items and their manufacturing procedures. This presentation includes production of cheese, buttermilk, yoghurt, kefir and sour cream
Yogurt is a dairy product produced through the fermentation of milk by specific bacteria, typically Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. processing involves transforming milk through steps such as standardization, homogenization, pasteurization, and fermentation with specific lactic acid bacteria.
Paneer, a popular Indian cheese, is made by curdling milk with an acid, such as lemon juice or vinegar. Commercial paneer processing involves efficiency, automation, and adherence to strict hygiene and safety standards to meet the demands of the market.
Transforming Visions into Palate Perfection: Our engineering and design expertise redefine the landscape of the food industry. Stay tuned for insights, innovations, and success stories in this week's newsletter!
This lecture is about microbiology of dairy products presented by Rufia Abbas, she is from Karachi, Sindh Pakistan.
for video: https://youtu.be/WLzFKnSSLTk
Cottage cheese is a curdled milk product with a mild flavor and a creamy, heterogenous, soupy texture. It is made from skimmed milk by draining curds, but retaining some of the whey and keeping the curds loose
Condensed milks are the products obtained by evaporating part of the water of whole milk, or fully or partly skimmed milk, with or with without the addition of sugar.
Cheese manufacturing technology by hrisikesh an saurabh.pptxSaurabhDas44
In this PPT you will find how the cheese manufacturing is done.
"Cheese means the product obtained by draining after the coagulation of milk with a harmless milk coagulating agent, under the influence of harmless bacterial cultures.
It shall not contain any ingredients not found in milk , except coagulating agents like Sodium Chloride, Calcium Chloride(anhydrous salt) not exceeding 0.02 %weight, annatto or carotene colour; and may contain certain emulsifiers like citric acid, sodium citrate or sodium salts of orthophosphoric acid and polyphosphoric acid not exceeding 0.2% by weight.
Wax used for covering the outer surface should not contain anything harmful to the health . Only permitted food colours may be used. Hard cheese shall contain not more than 43.0 % moisture and not less than 42.0 % milk fat of the dry matter. Hard cheese may contain 0.1 % of Sorbic acid or its sodium, potassium or calcium salts; or 0.1% of nicin.
"
"Cheese can be defined as a product made from the curd obtained from milk by coagulating the Casein with the help of rennet or similar enzymes in the presence of lactic acid produced by added or adventitious micro-organisms, from which part of the moisture has been removed by cutting, cooking and/or pressing, which has been shaped in a mould, and then ripened by holding it for some time at suitable temperatures and humidities .
The Word Cheese comes from the Latin term “Caseus”.
"
"Preparation of Equipment:
Cleaning and Sanitization of Cheese making equipment and accessories.
These equipment and accessories should be sterilized just before use by contact with hot water at 82 ֯C/180֯ F or Chlorine solution having 100 ppm available chlorine for at least 2mins.
Receiving Milk: Only high grade milk can yield high grade cheese. Cheese factories should follow a system of daily efficient grading of all milk received. These are-
No off flavour milk should not be accepted in each can/tanker.
The appearance of the milk should be free from all extraneous matter.
Performing MBR , Resazurin and Rennet-curd test, titratable acidity on the milk frequently.
Examining milk for bacteriophage, antibiotics and inhibitory substances.
"
"Adding colour: It is added just before renneting. The usual amount is 30 to 200 ml. or more (for buffalo milk) for 1000 kg milk. The colour is diluted with approximately 20 times its volume of (potable) water for even distribution. It is vigorously agitated to ensure uniform and rapid distribution. The colour of cheese is usually an alkaline solution of annatto. Rennet and colour should not be mixed together before being added to the milk.
Renneting:
Rennet: It’s a set of enzymes produced in the stomach of ruminant mammals like cow, sheep, goat etc. It contains two principle enzymes rennin(powerful clotting enzyme) and pepsin(induces proteolysis).
The enzyme rennin is used for coagulation, aided by the starter activity."
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
2. The dairy industry involves processing raw milk into products such
as consumer milk, butter, cheese, yogurt, condensed milk, dried milk
(milk powder), and ice cream, using processes such as chilling,
pasteurization, and homogenization. Typical by-products include
buttermilk, whey, and their derivatives. Dairy industries have shown
tremendous growth in size and number inmost countries of the world .
These industries discharge wastewater which is characterized by high
chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, nutrients, and
organic and inorganic contents. Such wastewaters, if discharged without
proper treatment, severely pollute receiving water bodies.
2
3. DAIRY PROCESSING
Dairy processing plants can be divided into two categories:
Fluid milk processing involving the pasteurization and
processing of raw milk into liquid milk for direct consumption,
as well as cream, flavored milk, and fermented products such as
buttermilk and yogurt.
Industrial milk processing involving the pasteurization and
processing of raw milk into value-added dairy products such as
cheese and casein, butter and other milk fats, milk powder and
condensed milk, whey powder and other dairy ingredients, and
ice cream and other frozen dairy products.
3
4. Raw Milk Collection, Reception and Storage
Separation and Standardization
Homogenization
Heat Treatment and Cooling of Milk Products
Milk and Dairy Product Production
• Milk production
• Cheese production
• Butter production
• Milk powder production
Packaging of Milk and Dairy Products
4
5. Raw Milk Collection, Reception and Storage
The first steps in preserving the quality of milk should be taken
at the farm. To achieve the best quality raw milk at intake,
milking conditions must be as hygienic as possible. The milk
must be chilled to below + 4oC immediately after milking and be
kept at this temperature during transport to the dairy. Raw milk
is collected and transported to the processing plant in stainless
steel
Separation and Standardization
Centrifugal separation and clarification is common in dairy
processing to ensure further processing of standard products
avoiding quality variations. Standardization of the dry matter for
fat, protein, and lactose content of the milk usually takes place in
the production phase of most dairy products
Homogenization
The aim of homogenization is to prevent gravity separation of the
fat in the product and to improve the syneresis stability of mainly
cultured products. The homogenizer consists of a high pressure
pump and homogenizing valve driven by a powerful electric
motor.
5
6. MILK PRODUCTION
The processes taking place at a typical milk plant include:
receipt and filtration/clarification of the raw milk;
separation of all or part of the milk fat (for standardisation of market
milk, production of cream and butter and other fat-based products, and
production of milk powders);
pasteurisation;
homogenisation (if required);
deodorisation (if required);
further product-specific processing; Figure: Milk production line
packaging and storage, including cold storage for perishable products;
distribution of final products.
6
8. BUTTER PRODUCTION
The butter-making process, whether
by batch or continuous methods,
consists of the following steps:
preparation of the cream;
destabilisation and breakdown of
the fat and water emulsion;
aggregation and concentration of
the fat particles;
formation of a stable emulsion;
packaging and storage;
distribution.
8
10. CHEESE PRODUCTION
Virtually all cheese is made by coagulating milk protein (casein)
in a manner that traps milk solids and milk fat into a curd
matrix. This curd matrix is then consolidated to express the
liquid fraction, cheese whey. Cheese whey contains those milk
solids which are not held in the curd mass, in particular most of
the milk sugar (lactose) and a number of
soluble proteins.
•Milk receipt, pre-treatment and standardisation
•Pasteurisation
•Addition of starter culture
•Coagulation
•Extraction of whey
•Cutting and cooking of curd
•Salting
•Ripening
•Packaging
•Distribution 10
12. MILK POWDER PRODUCTION
The milk is preheated in tubular heat
exchangers before being dried.
The preheated milk is fed to an evaporator
to increase the concentration of total
solids.
The solids concentration that can be
reached depends on the efficiency of the
equipment and the amount of heat that
can be applied without unduly degrading
the milk protein.
The milk concentrate is then pumped to
the atomizer of a drying chamber.
In the drying chamber the milk is
dispersed as a fine fog-like mist into a
rapidly moving hot air stream, which
causes the individual mist droplets to
instantly evaporate.
Milk powder falls to the bottom of the
chamber, from where it is removed.
Fine milk powder particles are carried out
of the chamber along with the hot air
stream and collected in cyclone separators.
12
14. PACKAGING OF MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS
Packaging protects the product
from bacteriological, light, and
oxygen contamination.
Liquid milk products may be
packed in a beverage carton, which
is mainly paperboard covered by a
thin layer of food-grade
polyethylene on either side.
Milk cartons for long-life milk have
an additional layer of aluminum
foil.
Many other packaging materials are
also used, ranging from simple
plastic pouches to glass bottles,
PET laminates and PVC bottles.
14
16. WASTEWATER GENERATION
The dairy industry is one of the most polluting of industries, not
only in terms of the volume of effluent generated, but also in
terms of its characteristics as well.
A chain of operations involving receiving and storing of raw
materials, processing of raw materials into finished products,
packaging and storing of finished products, and a group of other
ancillary operations (e.g., heat transfer and cleaning) will
produce wastewater.
16
17. CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTEWATER
Dairy wastewater contains milk solids, detergents, sanitizers, milk
wastes, and cleaning water.
It is characterized by high concentrations of nutrients, and
organic and inorganic contents.
Salting activities during cheese production may result in high
salinity levels.
Wastewater may also contain acids, alkali with a number of active
ingredients, and disinfectants, as well as a significant
microbiological load, pathogenic viruses, and bacteria.
Other wastewater streams include cooling water from utilities,
storm water, and sanitary sewage.
17
18. CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTEWATER
Parameters UNITS GUIDELINE VALUE
pH - 4-12
Suspended solids mg/l 24-5700
BOD5 mg/l 450-4,790
COD mg/l 80 - 95000
Total nitrogen mg/l 15-180
Total phosphorus mg/l 11-160
Oil and grease mg/l 10
Total coliform bacteria Mpn/100ml 400
Magnesium mg/l 25-49
Potassium mg/l 11-160
Chloride mg/l 48-469
Calcium mg/l 57-112
18
19. •The dairy industry generate on an average 2.5- 3.0 litres of wastewater per
litre of milk processed
•The effluents are generated from milk processing through milk spillage,
drippings, washing of cans, tankers bottles, utensil, and equipment’s and
floors.
•Process in the treatment of industrial effluent may consist of any one or
more of the following processes:
1. Equalization
2. Neutralization
3. Physical Treatment
4. Biological Treatment
19
20. EFFECTS WHEN WASTEWATER DISCHARGED TO LAND
Dissolved salts contained in dairy plant wastewater
can adversely affect soil structure if wastewater is
used to irrigate land.
Wastewater can also leach into underlying
groundwater and affect its quality.
High salt levels affect the type of vegetation that grow.
Over-irrigation may cause the underlying water table
to rise, resulting in further deterioration of surface
soils and vegetation.
20
21. EFFECTS WHEN WASTEWATER DISCHARGED TO SEWER
The volume and organic load of wastewater from just one
dairy factory during peak season may well exceed the
township's domestic waste.
This may overload the sewage treatment plant, cause odors
and give rise to poor effluent quality.
Domestic wastewaters have a BOD5 concentration of about
250 to 300 mg/L but in peak season a large dairy factory
could be discharging two mega liters of wastewater at
BOD5 of 2,000 mg/L each day – the additional load on a
sewerage plant is equivalent to an extra 16,000 persons
which is very difficult to treat.
21
22. AVOIDING WASTE DURING LIQUID MILK PRODUCTION
Liquid milk production
may lead to the
generation of odour,
wastewater, noise and
solid waste.
Suggestions for
avoiding wastes during
liquid milk production
are given in Figure .
22
23. AVOIDING WASTE DURING BUTTER PRODUCTION
Ways to prevent the build up of surface deposits
include:
• minimisation of surface area
•·prevention of build-up of milk stone deposits
• maintenance of butter churns
•·correct preparation before filling
• not over-working the batch
To avoid spills, buttermilk collection facilities
should be large enough to hold all buttermilk
discharged. Buttermilk should be dried or used as
animal feed and solids recovered from butter wash
water also may be sold as stock feed.
Suggestions for avoiding wastes during butter
production are summarised in Figure .
23
24. AVOIDING WASTE DURING CHEESE PRODUCTION
Making cheese generates a large volume
of by-products such as whey.
Waste reduction can be achieved by:
not overfilling cheese vats to stop curd
loss
completely removing whey and curds
from vats before rinsing
segregating all whey drained from
cheese
sweeping up pressings (particles)
screening all liquid streams to collect
fines.
These suggestions are summarised in
Figure 24
25. AVOIDING WASTE DURING MILK POWDER PRODUCTION
It is suggested that evaporators be operated to:
maintain a liquid level low enough to stop
product boil-over
run to specified length – excessively long
runs with higher than specified running rates
lead to blocked tubes which not only produce
high pollution, but are difficult and time
consuming to clean
use effluent entrainment separators to avoid
carry-over of milk droplets during
condensation of evaporated water
minimize air emissions by using fabric filters
or wet scrubbers.
These suggestions are summarized in Figure 25
26. REUSE AND RECYCLE
Many dairy plants have technologies in place for recovering
wastewater and/or for reuse in the dairy plant.
Reuse and recycling can considerably decrease the volume of
mains water required to operate the plant.
Reuse and recycling reduce the cost of both mains water and
wastewater disposal.
Fats, milk solids and minerals can also be recovered from
wastewater and recycled – either at the dairy plant or offsite.
Cleaning chemicals can also be recovered and reused on site.
26
27. TREATMENT OF DAIRY EFFLUENT
The highly variable nature of dairy
wastewaters in terms of volumes and flow
rates and in terms of pH and suspended
solid (SS) content makes the choice of an
effective wastewater treatment regime
difficult. Because dairy wastewaters are
highly biodegradable, they can be
effectively treated with biological
wastewater treatment systems, but can
pose a potential environmental hazard if
not treated properly.
27