This document discusses different types of sentences and their structures. It defines simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences. For each sentence type, the key elements are identified, such as subjects and predicates. Punctuation rules are provided for different structures using coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, and subordinating conjunctions. Commas are used to separate clauses and indicate punctuation placement for conjunctive adverbs. The review section restates key punctuation rules for different sentence structures.

1. Sentence Structure
Sentence Types

2. Sentence Structure
Sentence Types

3. Sentence Types
• Simple
• Compound
• Complex

4. Basic Elements
of
Every Sentence
SUBJECT PREDICATE

5. Basic Elements
Mary plays tennis.
SUBJECT PREDICATE

6. SIMPLE SENTENCE
Mary plays tennis.
SUBJECT PREDICATE
one subject one predicate

7. Simple Sentence
play tennis.Tom and Mary
Compound Subject
&

8. Simple Sentence
play tennis and swim.Tom and Mary
Compound Subject Compound Predicate
&
&

9. SIMPLE SENTENCE
with compound subject
Tom and Mary play tennis.

10. SIMPLE SENTENCE
with compound subject
and
compound predicate
Tom and Mary play tennis and swim.

11. Hi,
I’m Punctuation Pete!

12. SIMPLE SENTENCE
with compound subject
and
compound predicate
No comma before “and”
in compound
subjects and predicates!
Tom and Mary play tennis and swim.

13. Compound Sentence with
Coordinating Conjunctions
SUBJECT PREDICATE
SUBJECT PREDICATE
and

14. Compound Sentence
Tom swims,
Mary plays tennis.
and

15. COMPOUND SENTENCE:
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
FOR
AND
NOR
BUT
OR
YET
SO

16. Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Clause 1 Clause 2
Independent Independent

17. COMPOUND SENTENCE:
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.
Comma before “and”
in compound
sentences!

18. COMPOUND SENTENCE:
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
MOREOVER
HOWEVER
OTHERWISE
THEREFORE

19. COMPOUND SENTENCE:
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.
Clause 1 Clause 2
Independent Independent

20. COMPOUND SENTENCE:
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
Note: Semicolon before conjunctive
adverb and comma after conjunctive adverb!
Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.

21. Conjunctive Adverbs “float”
• Conjunctive adverbs are sometimes
called “floating” adverbs because they
can be positioned at the beginning, in
the middle, or at the end of a clause.

22. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:
AT THE BEGINNING
Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.

23. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:
IN THE MIDDLE
Bob is handsome; he is, moreover, rich.

24. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:
IN THE MIDDLE
Note: Place commas before and
after a conjunctive adverb
in the middle!
Bob is handsome; he is, moreover, rich.

25. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:
AT THE END
Bob is handsome; he is rich, moreover.

26. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:
AT THE END
Note: Place a comma before
a conjunctive adverb
at the end!
Bob is handsome; he is rich, moreover.

27. Semicolons
• “If the relation between the ideas
expressed in the main clauses is very
close and obvious without a
conjunction, you can separate the
clauses with a semicolon” (Little, Brown
Handbook, 9th Edition, p. 361).

28. COMPOUND SENTENCE:
SEMICOLON
Matt has benefited from his exercise
program; he is slim and energetic.

29. Complex Sentence
SUBJECT PREDICATE
SUBJECT PREDICATE
even though

30. Complex Sentence
Bob is popular
he is ugly.
even though

31. COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
EVEN THOUGH
WHEN
BECAUSE
UNLESS
WHEREAS
ADVERB CLAUSES

32. COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Bob is popular even though he is ugly.
Clause 1 Clause 2
Independent Dependent

33. COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Even though Bob is ugly, he is popular.
Clause 1 Clause 2
Dependent Independent

34. COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
When the MAIN clause is first,
it is usually NOT
followed by a comma!
Bob is popular even though he is ugly.

35. COMPLEX SENTENCE:
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
When the ADVERB clause is first,
it is followed by a comma!
Even though Bob is ugly, he is popular.

36. Compound-Complex Sentence
Mike is popular
he is good looking,
because
he is not very happy.
but

37. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE:
COMBINES BOTH TYPES
Punctuate each clause
according to its rules!
Mike is popular because he is good
looking, but he is not very happy.

38. Punctuation
Review!

39. No commas before “and” in
compound subjects and predicates!
My friends and I play tennis and go bowling
every weekend.
SIMPLE SENTENCE

40. Comma before coordinating
conjunction!
Men may exercise harder, but they may not
exercise as regularly as women do.
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
Coordinating Conjunction

41. Semicolon before conjunctive
adverb
Comma after conjunctive
adverb!
Native and nonnative English speakers have
different needs; however, some schools fail to
distinguish between these groups.
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
Conjunctive Adverb

42. Semicolon after first
independent clause--
Commas before and after conjunctive
adverb!
Native and nonnative English speakers have
different needs; some schools, however, fail to
distinguish between these groups.
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
Conjunctive Adverb--in the middle

43. Semicolon after first
independent clause--
Comma before conjunctive
adverb!
Native and nonnative English speakers have
different needs; some schools fail to distinguish
between these groups, however.
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
Conjunctive Adverb at the end

44. When main clause is first,
it is not usually followed by a comma!
People had continuous moderate
exercise when they had to hunt for food.
COMPLEX SENTENCE:
Adverb Clauses--Subordinating
Conjunction

45. When the adverb clause is first,
it is followed by a comma!
When people had to hunt for food, they had
continuous moderate exercise.
COMPLEX SENTENCE:
Adverb Clauses--Subordinating
Conjunction

46. References
Writing Academic English, Second Edition, by Alice
Oshima and Ann Hogue. White Plains: Addison,
Wesley, Longman, 1999.
The Little, Brown Handbook, by H. Ramsey Fowler and
Jane E. Aaron, Pearson, 2004.