The document discusses different types of sentence fragments, including dependent-word fragments that begin with words like "because" or "while", "-ing" and "to" fragments, added-detail fragments introduced by words like "for example", and missing-subject fragments. It provides examples of each type and explains how to correct fragments by attaching them to another sentence, adding a subject or verb, or rewriting the sentence structure. Fragments occur when a group of words does not express a complete thought and lacks elements like a subject and verb.

1. What is wrong with these?
 My house in Seoul.
 Is on the desk.
 Because I’m tired.

2. Sentence Fragments
 Fragment: A word group that lacks a subject or
a verb or does not express a complete thought.
 an incomplete construction that tries to stand alone
 pretending to be a sentence, but it is not
 often occurs when we unnecessarily break a sentence in
two

3. Dependent-Word Fragments
Some word groups that begin with dependent words are fragments:
after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, how, if, in order to, since,
so that, that, unless, until, what, whatever, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever,
whether, which, whichever, while, who, whoever, whose
Examples:
 We do research on the Internet. Whenever we plan to make a major purchase.
 While some students work very hard. Others try to get by with a minimum of effort.
Look at your handout – underline the fragments. Check with a partner.
 On his way to work, Bill took a shortcut. Which he thought would enable him to avoid traffic
lights and get him to the office faster.
Fragment?
Which he thought would enable him to avoid traffic lights and get him to the office faster.
 Some students work very hard. Although others try to get by with a minimum of effort.
Fragment?
Although others try to get by with a minimum of effort.
 Because many people thought that all of the candidates were poor choices. Large
numbers of people didn't vote in the election.
Fragment?
Because many people thought that all of the candidates were poor choices.

4. Correcting Dependent-Word Fragments
 Attach it to the sentence that comes before or after it.
We do research on the Internet. Whenever we plan to make a major purchase.
 We do research on the Internet whenever we plan to make a major purchase.
If the dependent-word group comes first, use a comma.
While some students work very hard. Others try to get by with a minimum of effort.
 While some students work very hard, others try to get by with a minimum of effort.
 Eliminate the dependent word by rewriting the sentence.
On his way to work, Bill took a shortcut. Which he thought would enable him to avoid
traffic lights and get him to the office faster.
 On his way to work, Bill took a shortcut to avoid traffic lights and to get to the office
faster.

5. More Notes on Dependent-Word Fragments
 Using a semicolon instead of a period does not correct
the fragment.
Incorrect: While some students work very hard; others try to get by with a minimum of
effort.
 Sometimes the dependent words who, that, which, or
where appear not at the very start, but near the start, of
a dependent-word group.
Incorrect:
The university decided to put more lights near the south parking area. A place where
several students have been mugged. (fragment)
Write:
The university decided to put more lights near the south parking area, a place where
several students have been mugged.

6. –ing and to Fragments
 –ing word at or near the start of the word group - often a
participial phrase.
 to + verb at or near the start of the word group - often an
infinitive phrase.
Examples:
The astronomer gazed intently through the telescope. Hoping to catch a
glimpse of the meteor.
In an effort to get to the airport on time. We left the house at four o'clock in
the morning.

7. Look at your handout – underline the fragments. Check with a partner.
 We had a great time last summer. Swimming in the morning and napping in the
afternoon.
Fragment?
Swimming in the morning and napping in the afternoon.
 We plugged in the air conditioner and turned it on. The result being that all the power
went out.
Fragment?
The result being that all the power went out.
 Feeling like a complete fool. George discovered that he had left the shopping list at
home on the kitchen table.
Fragment?
Feeling like a complete fool.
 She often must lock herself into the bathroom. To be sure that she can have some
privacy.
Fragment?
To be sure that she can have some privacy.

8. Correcting –ing and to Fragments
 attach the fragment to the sentence that comes before or
after it
The astronomer gazed intently through the telescope. Hoping to catch a glimpse of
the meteor.
 The astronomer gazed intently through the telescope, hoping to catch a glimpse of
the meteor.
 add a subject or verb to the fragment to make it a
complete sentence
 We had a great time last summer. Swimming in the morning and napping in the
afternoon.
 We had a great time last summer. We spent our time swimming in the morning and
napping in the afternoon..
 change words to make the fragment part of the sentence
that comes before or after it
We plugged in the air conditioner and turned it on. The result being that all the power
went out.
 When we plugged in the air conditioner and turned it on, all the power went out.
Or: We plugged in the air conditioner and turned it on, and all the power went out.

9. A Note on –ing and to Fragments
Sometimes they are NOT fragments
 -ing words may be sometimes be gerunds (verb forms
used as nouns)
Example:
Writing good essays can be challenging.
(‘Writing’ is a noun and the subject of the sentence.)
 ‘to + verb’ may be an infinitive (or infinitive phrase) that
serves as the subject
Example:
To err is human…
To achieve our goals, we work hard…

10. Added-Detail Fragments
Lack a subject and verb.
Some common words and phrases lead to these
fragments:
especially, except, for example, including, not even, particularly, such as
Examples:
 All software in the store is on sale. Except video games.
 Our class usually starts late. For example, yesterday at quarter past six instead of at
six o'clock.
Fragment?
For example, yesterday at quarter past six instead of at six o'clock.
 Several basic courses are required for graduation. Among them, English
Composition, an introductory math course, and one general science course.
Fragment?
Among them, English Composition, an introductory math course, and one general
science course.
You can correct these in the same way as ‘-ing’ and ‘to’
fragments.

11. Missing-Subject Fragments
Examples:
 We went to the party expecting it to be terribly boring. And discovered, to our
surprise, that it was really fun.
 The professor was interesting and very well-informed. But gave demanding
assignments and rarely awarded high grades.
Fragment?
But gave demanding assignments and rarely awarded high grades.
Correcting Missing-Subject Fragments
 Connect the fragment to the previous sentence.
We went to the party expecting it to be terribly boring and discovered, to our surprise,
that it was really fun.
 Add a subject.
We went to the party expecting it to be terribly boring. We discovered, to our surprise,
that it was really fun.

12. Talk with your partner. How would you correct the second sentence?
The professor was interesting and very well-informed. But gave demanding
assignments and rarely awarded high grades.
 The professor was interesting and very well-informed, but gave demanding
assignments and rarely awarded high grades.
 The professor was interesting and very well-informed. However, s/he gave
demanding assignments and rarely awarded high grades.
IMPORTANT: In academic writing, DO NOT use coordinating conjunctions
like and, but, or, so to begin sentences – this can result in sentence
fragments.
Instead, use these conjunctions to join two ideas in one sentence.
Examples: I did some shopping, and then I went home.
I was tired, so I went to bed.
**See page 30 for more information about coordinating conjunctions.**