1. The document provides an introduction to syntax, discussing related concepts like phonology, morphology, and grammar. 2. It defines syntax as the study of how words are combined into phrases, clauses, and sentences. The goals of syntax include analyzing sentence structure and enabling the conveyance of complex messages. 3. While syntax can seem dry, it is made more interesting through the interaction between teacher, course material, and student. Understanding syntax helps in comprehending meaning and applying linguistic rules.

1. University of Aden
Faculty of Languages
Syntax
Lecture 1: Introduction to Syntax
Prof. Dr. Gamal M A Abdullah
E-mail: gamal133@yahoo.com
Oct. 2018
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2. Introduction to Syntax
Before defining what is meant by
syntax, it is of great importance
to introduce some aspects which
are interrelated with syntax
(interdisciplinary phenomena ).
Hence, the question arises here is:
Which language aspect is more
closed to syntax?
2

3. Grammar
Before talking about the origin and
definition of grammar as a term, the
answers of the following introductory
questions should be clear to the learners
of syntax:
-Do we acquire grammar or learn it? / Is it
acquired or learnt?
-- When do humans start learning/
acquiring grammar?
-- What does grammar teach? / What do
you learn by grammar?
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4. How do children acquire grammar?
-- 6 months: Produce sounds as ‘ma’, ‘da’
etc. during the other 6 months gradually
developed to ‘mam’, ‘dad’.
-- 12-18 months: produce single content
words as mummy, milk, water, etc., but
not functional words (and, the, because
etc.). This stage is known as a one word
stage.
- 18-24: Produce two words together
making sentences like: want water/milk,
mum come. It is known as a two word
stage.
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5. - 24-30: Produce three and four words,
some are grammatically complete as:
Mother like tea. But functional words
are missed. This stage is known as a
three word stage.
- 36 months: Inflections and some
functional words are acquired like: -ing,
plural –s, articles, 3rd person singular,
past tense, auxiliaries etc.
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6. Therefore, grammar is acquired
by the age of three years with
some individual variation which
may arise among participants.
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7. Grammar
The word grammar came from old
French 'gramaire', French took it from
Latin " grammatice " and Latin
withdrew it from Greek "grammatikos "
meaning ‘letters or art of letters’.
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8. Grammar
Grammar can be defined as a mental
representation of a speaker‟s linguistic
competence.
It is what a speaker knows about the
language, including its phonology,
morphology, syntax, semantics,
pragmatics and lexicon.
(https://quizlet.com) 8

9. Grammar teaches , rules , in addition to that
it teaches how to use those rules in real life
communication (pragmatics) , further , it
teaches how to convey a clear meaning by
using a piece of language ( phrase , clause or
sentences , ) (semantics) . Furthermore ,
grammar, helps to diagonse/ analyse what is
hidden inside of a word ( morphology) ,
phrase , clause and sentence ( syntax ).
(Abdullah, 2018)
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10. 10
As it is well known that the different aspects
of language are correlated to each other as
it has been explained in the previous
definition of grammar (it is what a speaker
knows about language including its
phonology, morphology, syntax etc.). In the
following discussion, we will use hierarchical
process i.e. starting from smaller units as
sounds (phonology) passing by large units as
words (morphology) and ending by larger
units as phrase, clause and sentence
(syntax).

11. Phonology is the study of the
patterns of sounds in a language and
across languages. Put more formally,
phonology is the study of the
categorical organisation of speech
sounds in languages; how speech
sounds are organised in the mind and
used to convey meaning.
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12. Phonemes are the meaningfully
different sound units in a language
(the smallest units of sound). For
example, „pat‟ and „bat‟ differ in
their first phoneme: the “p” and “b”.
Vowels are also phonemes, so “pat”
and “pet” differ by a phoneme, too.
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13. In short, phonology concerns with
the study of the sound structure of
letters (single as b, p, f,v etc.,
compound as ch, sh,ng, etc. and
groups as –tion, -ture,-sion etc.) The
next discussion will shed the light on
other aspect which starts from where
phonology ends:
What is it? 13

14. Morphology
Terminologically, the term „morphology‟
comes from Latin, it consists of two
parts:
Morph-: form/shape/structure
-(o)logy: science or branch of study
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15. Morphology
In biology, a branch of biology that
deals with the form and structure of
animals and plants.
It is the form and structure of an
organism or any of its parts
amphibian morphology external and
internal eye morphology 15

16. In linguistics, it is a study and
description of word formation (such
as inflection, derivation, and
compounding) in language.
Morphology is the study of how
words are formed out of smaller
units (called morphemes), and so
addresses questions such as:
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17. What are the component
morphemes of a word like
„terminology‟, and what is the
nature of the morphological
operations by which they are
combined together to form the
overall word? (Radford, 2009)
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18. Morphology is a study and description of
word formation (such as inflection,
derivation, and compounding) in
language. It concerns with the study of
the word structure not in its surface
forms as –s/-es, -d/-ed, -ing etc.
(inflection) and –ful/-less, -ness, -ry, -logy
etc. (derivation),
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19. but it goes more deeper to the inner
structure leading to comprehend (in-
depth understanding) the whole
meaning which is the overall task of a
language and its aspects (phonology,
morphology, syntax, semantics,
pragmatics and lexicon). Consider
the following:
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20. Otorhinolaryngology
Laparohysterosalpingooophorectomy
Antidisestablishmentarianism
Denationalization
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21. The previous terms appear difficult
and complicated, but they can be
comprehended easily by analysing
their structure and how they are
formed.
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22. Morphology is the exclusive agent to
do such process proceeding the
procedure of breaking down the
term into logical units and
understand the meaning of each part
reaching to the overall meaning of
the term as in the following:
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23. Otorhinolaryngology
Ot(o)-:
-rhin(o)-:
-laryng(o)-:
-logy:
Otorhinolaryngology
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24. Otorhinolaryngology
Ot(o)-: ear
-rhin(o)-: nose
-laryng(o)-: larynx
-logy: study or science
The study of ear, nose, and
larynx problems.
Otorhinolaryngology
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25. lapar(o )- : a part of belly closed to liver
- hyster(o)-: pertaining to the uterus
-salping(o)- : uterine tube
-oophor- : ovary
-ectomy : removing
Removing of the uterus (along with)
uterine tube and ovary via abdomen or
belly beneath liver.
Otorhinolaryngology
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26. 26
As a result, morphology is
concerned with the study of word
structure in terms of their
constituent units. Syntax deals
with units of a much higher rank
than those which are studied in
morphology. In that sense, it can
be said that syntax begins from
where morphology ends. (Thakur,
2011)

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Therefore, there is a great
correlation between morphology
and syntax. In short, family
members of morphology (words)
are regarded as the blocks of
syntax in particular and a
language in general.

28. 28
What is meant by a
syntax ?

29. Terminologically, syntax can be anlayzed
in the following way:
syn-: derived from Latin, latin took it
from the Greek preposition „sun‟ means
„together‟
-tax: derived from Greek root means „to
put in order‟ , as a whole means putting
things together in an orderly manner.
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30. Syntax has to do with how
words are put together to build
phrases, with how phrases are
put together to build clauses or
bigger phrases, and with how
clauses are put together to
build sentences. (Miller, 2002)
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31. In the higher stage of syntax,
it concerns with analyzing the
structure of English sentence
starting by larger units i.e.
immediate parts
(constituents), thus can
include phrase, clause and
sentence and ending by
smaller units i.e. ultimate
constituents (words which can
be described as the blocks of a
language).
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32. One of the main roles of syntax is
to analyze the structure of the
sentence in order to discover the
hidden meaning(s). Consider the
following sentences:
- I can see a man with a
telescope.
- I can can the can with a canner.
- He said that that ‘that’ that that
man used was wrong.
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33. Goals of Syntax:
There are many reasons for
studying syntax, from general
humanistic or behavioral
motivations to much more
specific goals such as those in
the following:
- To help us to illustrate the
patterns of English more
effectively and clearly.
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34. - To enable us to analyze the
structure of English sentences in
a systematic and explicit way.
- One important goal of teaching
English syntax to undergraduate
students is to help students
enhance their understanding of
the structure of English in a
systematic and scientific way.
(Kim and Sells, 2008)
-- To enable human beings to
compose and convey complex
messages. (Miller, 2002)
34

35. One of the linguistic scholars in
the University of Reading,
England used to define syntax
(syn-=sin and –tax=tax) as the
tax that we have to pay for the
sins that we, our fathers and
ancestors may have committed.
This definition is indicative of
the tough and dry discussion
because of its analytical nature
and lifeless examples (Thakur,
2011)
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36. Some trends claim that
grammar is interesting for
teachers, but boring for
students. Syntax is ………… for
both, but it can be very
interesting if it gets the
process of triangle interaction
between the three pillars
(teacher, course material and
student).
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37. Conclusion
Learning and practising English syntax
comprehensively encourage the
scholars to generate (create or
discover) new rules and formulate new
theories derived from results of proved
hypotheses and analytical processes of
the different structures of phrase,
clause and sentence (immediate,
intermediate, ultimate and null
constituents). Thus can be generalized
and applied in the study and use of a
language or languages.
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38. Further, it can lead to comprehend
thoroughly the deep structure and
convey smoothly the ambiguous
meaning of a phrase, clause, and
sentence which carries more than
one meaning or contradictory
meanings as in:
a- Visiting relatives is boring.
b- She loves me more than you.
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39. Syntax has particular properties which
characterized it from the other subjects
in the higher academic studies. First,
most of the syntactical rules are
generated based on either
confirmations or shortcomings of the
traditional grammar, therefore
syntacticians should gain a sufficient
background about the sources of
traditional grammar.
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40. Second, the syntactic rules and
analytical procedures of the different
constituents can be escaped (forgotten)
easily, hence recalling information from
time to time is necessary. Third, many
new rules are formed based on the
analytical and empirical analyses,
therefore the practitioners of syntax
should keep up with the new changes
and developments in the discipline of
syntax.
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41. References
Abdullah, G. M. A. (2018). A Course of Grammar for Medicine and
Health Sciences. Aden University Printing and Publishing House.
Kim, J. and Sells, P (2008). English Syntax: An Introduction. Center
for the Study of Language and Information.
Thakur, D. (2011). Linguistic Simplified Syntax. India: Bharati Bhawan
Publishers and Distributors.
Radford, A. (2009). Analysing English Sentences: A Minimalist
Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
https://quizlet.com
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Ended

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May Allah Lead All Of You
To Success