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Sensory Analysis
Fst-601
Dr. Imran Pasha
(Professor)
NIFSAT-UAF
Sensory Evaluation
• Nose detects the existence of volatile chemicals even before
swallowing
Smell
• Tongue detects the existence of soluble chemicals i.e. sweetness,
saltiness, bitterness etc
Taste
• Eyes detect the quality of food even before tasting it i.e. freshness of
fruits
Vision
Sensory Evaluation
• A lack of cracking noise from potato chips while chewing
will be interpreted as a low-quality product
Hearing
• Sense of touch also plays an important role when handling
the food directly or when putting it in the mouth i.e. ice
cream will not be as enjoyable if it does not present an
appropriate density and melts in the mouth
Touch
Steps to carry out sensory evaluation:
• Sensory evaluation is the process of
using human senses to judge a food
product
• By examining the food's appearance,
tasting the food and creating an ideal
environment for the evaluation, we
can get information about a given
food and how people perceive it
Step: 1
Examining
the Food’s
Appearance
A. Look at the food to determine
the color
• Examine the food with your eyes
• Note if the color is consistent
throughout or not
• Note if any liquids are transparent
or not
B.Feel the food with your fingers to
note the texture
• Touch food to see if it is mushy,
grainy, crumbly or another texture
• If the food is solid, touch it to see if
the surface is smooth or rough
• For example, coarse sugar might
remind you of sand
C. Work the food with your fingers to note any sound
• Press a bit of the food between your fingers
• Listen for any crackling or crunching
• If the food is something like cereal with many small bits,
listen to hear if the pieces make noise as they brush past
one another in the container
D. Look at the packaging to see if it suits the food
• Inspect the food’s packaging with your eyes and hands
• Notice if the packaging holds the food well or makes it
easier to eat
• Fonts and instructions may also be worthy of comment
• If the packaging has any important parts that enable you to
eat the food, do they work? For example, if the food item
is a juice box, does the diameter of the straw fit in the hole
that is cut for it?
Step: 2 Tasting
the Food
A. Smell the food to note the aroma
• Hold your nose to the edge of the test container and
inhale deeply
• You might smell flavorings or ingredients that are a part
of the food you’re smelling
• If you’re having trouble smelling the food, break it up a
bit with your fingers
B. Taste the food to determine the texture
• Take a bite of the food and feel its texture as you chew
it
• Notice if the texture of the food when you’re eating it
feels different than when you touched it
• Observe whether the food’s texture makes the food
easy to swallow and eat or if the texture leaves your
mouth dry
C. Taste the food to experience the
flavor
• Take another bite, and move the food
over your tongue
• Certain areas of your tongue are most
attuned to sweet, while others are more
attuned to salt or sour, so this will help
you experience all the flavors this food
offers
• When tasting food, it can be helpful to
think about what’s pleasing about it and
what you would change about it
• Note the aftertaste, if any
• For example, when tasting certain
lasagna, you might note that it tastes
like fresh tomatoes, pecorino cheese
and too much oregano
Step: 3 Creating
an Ideal Tasting
Environment
A. Hold the test in a quiet, smell-free area
• In order to get the clearest impression of food, hold your
sensory evaluation in a quiet and smell-free spot
• Other smells in the area may change the way a portion of
food tastes to you
• A calm, clean space will help you focus on the food
sample
B. Set out water to cleanse your palate
• Have some sips of water while tasting, especially if
you’ll be trying multiple samples
• This will ensure the smell and taste of one food doesn’t
mess up the next one
• If your food sample is oily, crunching on a cleansing
food, such as raw carrots, before sipping water can
cleanse your palate of some residual fats
C. Record impressions as you go to keep different
foods straight
• Set out a notepad so you can write down your
impressions of each dish as you taste
• Especially if you taste multiple foods, it can be
difficult to record your thoughts after the fact when
each food might blend with the next
D. Use a preference test if you want to determine
likability
• Preference tests are used to determine whether you
like or dislike a food product
• An example of a preference test would be if you
enjoy the taste of a particular muffin or not
https://www.wikihow.com/Carry-out-Sensory-Evaluation
Types of sensory testing
• Different sensory tests are employed for food evaluation
• The tests are grouped into four types
A. DIFFERENCE TEST
B. RATING TEST
C. SENSITIVITY TEST
D. DESCRIPTIVE TEST
TYPES OF SENSORY TESTING
A. Difference test
• Paired comparison
test
• Duo- Trio test
• Triangle test
B. Rating test
• Ranking test
• Single sample (monadic)
test
• Two-sample difference
test
• Multiple sample
difference test
• Hedonic rating test
• Numerical scoring test
• Composite scoring test
C. Sensitivity test
• Sensitivity threshold
test
• Dilution test
D. Descriptive test
A. DIFFERENCE
TEST
• 1. Paired comparison test
Prepare two different samples of
the food product you wish to test
Compare one attribute, e.g.
which one is smoother?
Record the response from the
tasters
1. Paired comparison test…
2. Duo- Trio test
 Prepare three food samples, two of which are the same
Using one of the two identical samples as control, as the taster
to decide which of the other two remaining samples is the
control
Record the tasters’ responses
2. Duo- Trio test…
3. Triangle test
 Prepare three food samples, two of which are the same
 Arrange the samples in a triangle
 Ask the tasters to decide which of the samples is the odd one out
 Record the responses from the tasters
 Two Samples A and B can be presented in two combinations AAB
and BBA and for replication in six different- AAB, ABA, BAA,
BAB, ABB and BBA
3. Triangle test…
B. Rating test
• 1. Ranking test
 Used to determine how several samples differ on the basis of a
single characteristic
 Panellist are presented all samples with code number and are asked
to rank
 The Panellist are asked to rank the coded samples according to
there preference
1. Ranking test…
2. Single sample (monadic) test
 The panellist is asked to indicate the presence or absence and/or
intensity of a particular quality characteristic. with trained panellist.
 Analyses of two or more samples evaluated at
• different times,
 By a different set of untrained panellists can be compared.
2. Single sample (monadic) test…
3. Two sample difference test
• This test is a variation of the paired test and measures the amount of difference.
• Each taster is served four pairs of samples
• In two pairs duplicate samples, other two pairs of test samples the test variable
• To judge the independent difference between the test sample a standard on a scale of ‘0’
representing no difference to ‘3’ representing extreme difference
• The panelist is not guessing and he is guessing through the coded duplicate standard in
two pairs
3. Two sample difference test…
4. Multiple sample difference test
Each panelist is served 3-6 samples
One sample is a known standard, the panelist compares each
coded sample with the known standard
One coded sample is a duplicate of the sample
The panelist is not to guess
Direction and degree of difference is also to be judged
4. Multiple sample difference test
5. Hedonic Test
 Prepare the food samples
 Ask each taster to taste each sample in turn and tick a box, from '1
Dislike Very Much' to '5. Like Very Much' to indicate their preference
 This is a 5-point-scale Sometime a 9-point-scale is used
 The taster may also wish to make remarks about the product’s
appearance, taste, odor and texture
 Analyze the results, which sample received the
• highest/lowest scores? Which sample was preferred
5. Hedonic Rating Test
6. Numerical Scoring Method
 One or more samples are represented to each panelist
Panelist evaluates each sample on a specific scale for
particular characteristics indicating the rating of the sample
The panelists are trained to follow the sensory
characteristics corresponding to the agreed quality
descriptions and scores
6. Numerical Scoring Method…
7. Composite Scoring Test
The rating scale is defined so that specific characteristic of a product
are rated separately
This method is helpful in grading products and comparison of
quality attributes by indicating which characteristic is at fault in a
poor product
It gives more information than the straight numerical method
7. Composite Scoring Test
C. Sensitivity Test
• Sensitivity tests are done to assess the ability of individual to
detect different tastes, odour and feel the specific factors like
hotness
• These tests are used to select and train panel members for evaluating
the quality of products containing spices, salt and sugar.
• Eg., tomato ketchup or sauce
1. Sensitivity Threshold Test
• Threshold test: Is defined as a statistically determined point on the
stimulus scale at which a transition in a series of sensations or
judgments occur
• There are mainly three types of threshold tests as mentioned
• below:
I. Stimulus Detection Threshold
II. Recognition Identification Threshold
III. Terminal saturation Threshold
• These tests are also used where a minimum detectable difference
of an additive or of an off flavour are to be established
1. Sensitivity Threshold Test…
2. Dilution tests
• These tests are designated to establish the smallest amount
of an unknown material developed as a substitute for a
standard product
• The quality of the test material is represented by the
dilution number
• The bigger the dilution number the better is the quality of the
test material
D. Descriptive flavour profile method
• This is a qualitative and quantitative description method for flavor
analysis in products containing different tastes and odour
Number of Panel members and samples
required for sensory test
Continue…
Sensory (601).pptx

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Sensory (601).pptx

  • 1. Sensory Analysis Fst-601 Dr. Imran Pasha (Professor) NIFSAT-UAF
  • 2. Sensory Evaluation • Nose detects the existence of volatile chemicals even before swallowing Smell • Tongue detects the existence of soluble chemicals i.e. sweetness, saltiness, bitterness etc Taste • Eyes detect the quality of food even before tasting it i.e. freshness of fruits Vision
  • 3. Sensory Evaluation • A lack of cracking noise from potato chips while chewing will be interpreted as a low-quality product Hearing • Sense of touch also plays an important role when handling the food directly or when putting it in the mouth i.e. ice cream will not be as enjoyable if it does not present an appropriate density and melts in the mouth Touch
  • 4. Steps to carry out sensory evaluation: • Sensory evaluation is the process of using human senses to judge a food product • By examining the food's appearance, tasting the food and creating an ideal environment for the evaluation, we can get information about a given food and how people perceive it
  • 6. A. Look at the food to determine the color • Examine the food with your eyes • Note if the color is consistent throughout or not • Note if any liquids are transparent or not B.Feel the food with your fingers to note the texture • Touch food to see if it is mushy, grainy, crumbly or another texture • If the food is solid, touch it to see if the surface is smooth or rough • For example, coarse sugar might remind you of sand
  • 7. C. Work the food with your fingers to note any sound • Press a bit of the food between your fingers • Listen for any crackling or crunching • If the food is something like cereal with many small bits, listen to hear if the pieces make noise as they brush past one another in the container D. Look at the packaging to see if it suits the food • Inspect the food’s packaging with your eyes and hands • Notice if the packaging holds the food well or makes it easier to eat • Fonts and instructions may also be worthy of comment • If the packaging has any important parts that enable you to eat the food, do they work? For example, if the food item is a juice box, does the diameter of the straw fit in the hole that is cut for it?
  • 9. A. Smell the food to note the aroma • Hold your nose to the edge of the test container and inhale deeply • You might smell flavorings or ingredients that are a part of the food you’re smelling • If you’re having trouble smelling the food, break it up a bit with your fingers B. Taste the food to determine the texture • Take a bite of the food and feel its texture as you chew it • Notice if the texture of the food when you’re eating it feels different than when you touched it • Observe whether the food’s texture makes the food easy to swallow and eat or if the texture leaves your mouth dry
  • 10. C. Taste the food to experience the flavor • Take another bite, and move the food over your tongue • Certain areas of your tongue are most attuned to sweet, while others are more attuned to salt or sour, so this will help you experience all the flavors this food offers • When tasting food, it can be helpful to think about what’s pleasing about it and what you would change about it • Note the aftertaste, if any • For example, when tasting certain lasagna, you might note that it tastes like fresh tomatoes, pecorino cheese and too much oregano
  • 11. Step: 3 Creating an Ideal Tasting Environment
  • 12. A. Hold the test in a quiet, smell-free area • In order to get the clearest impression of food, hold your sensory evaluation in a quiet and smell-free spot • Other smells in the area may change the way a portion of food tastes to you • A calm, clean space will help you focus on the food sample B. Set out water to cleanse your palate • Have some sips of water while tasting, especially if you’ll be trying multiple samples • This will ensure the smell and taste of one food doesn’t mess up the next one • If your food sample is oily, crunching on a cleansing food, such as raw carrots, before sipping water can cleanse your palate of some residual fats
  • 13. C. Record impressions as you go to keep different foods straight • Set out a notepad so you can write down your impressions of each dish as you taste • Especially if you taste multiple foods, it can be difficult to record your thoughts after the fact when each food might blend with the next D. Use a preference test if you want to determine likability • Preference tests are used to determine whether you like or dislike a food product • An example of a preference test would be if you enjoy the taste of a particular muffin or not https://www.wikihow.com/Carry-out-Sensory-Evaluation
  • 14. Types of sensory testing • Different sensory tests are employed for food evaluation • The tests are grouped into four types A. DIFFERENCE TEST B. RATING TEST C. SENSITIVITY TEST D. DESCRIPTIVE TEST
  • 15. TYPES OF SENSORY TESTING A. Difference test • Paired comparison test • Duo- Trio test • Triangle test B. Rating test • Ranking test • Single sample (monadic) test • Two-sample difference test • Multiple sample difference test • Hedonic rating test • Numerical scoring test • Composite scoring test C. Sensitivity test • Sensitivity threshold test • Dilution test D. Descriptive test
  • 16. A. DIFFERENCE TEST • 1. Paired comparison test Prepare two different samples of the food product you wish to test Compare one attribute, e.g. which one is smoother? Record the response from the tasters
  • 18. 2. Duo- Trio test  Prepare three food samples, two of which are the same Using one of the two identical samples as control, as the taster to decide which of the other two remaining samples is the control Record the tasters’ responses
  • 19. 2. Duo- Trio test…
  • 20. 3. Triangle test  Prepare three food samples, two of which are the same  Arrange the samples in a triangle  Ask the tasters to decide which of the samples is the odd one out  Record the responses from the tasters  Two Samples A and B can be presented in two combinations AAB and BBA and for replication in six different- AAB, ABA, BAA, BAB, ABB and BBA
  • 22. B. Rating test • 1. Ranking test  Used to determine how several samples differ on the basis of a single characteristic  Panellist are presented all samples with code number and are asked to rank  The Panellist are asked to rank the coded samples according to there preference
  • 24. 2. Single sample (monadic) test  The panellist is asked to indicate the presence or absence and/or intensity of a particular quality characteristic. with trained panellist.  Analyses of two or more samples evaluated at • different times,  By a different set of untrained panellists can be compared.
  • 25. 2. Single sample (monadic) test…
  • 26. 3. Two sample difference test • This test is a variation of the paired test and measures the amount of difference. • Each taster is served four pairs of samples • In two pairs duplicate samples, other two pairs of test samples the test variable • To judge the independent difference between the test sample a standard on a scale of ‘0’ representing no difference to ‘3’ representing extreme difference • The panelist is not guessing and he is guessing through the coded duplicate standard in two pairs
  • 27. 3. Two sample difference test…
  • 28. 4. Multiple sample difference test Each panelist is served 3-6 samples One sample is a known standard, the panelist compares each coded sample with the known standard One coded sample is a duplicate of the sample The panelist is not to guess Direction and degree of difference is also to be judged
  • 29. 4. Multiple sample difference test
  • 30. 5. Hedonic Test  Prepare the food samples  Ask each taster to taste each sample in turn and tick a box, from '1 Dislike Very Much' to '5. Like Very Much' to indicate their preference  This is a 5-point-scale Sometime a 9-point-scale is used  The taster may also wish to make remarks about the product’s appearance, taste, odor and texture  Analyze the results, which sample received the • highest/lowest scores? Which sample was preferred
  • 32. 6. Numerical Scoring Method  One or more samples are represented to each panelist Panelist evaluates each sample on a specific scale for particular characteristics indicating the rating of the sample The panelists are trained to follow the sensory characteristics corresponding to the agreed quality descriptions and scores
  • 33. 6. Numerical Scoring Method…
  • 34. 7. Composite Scoring Test The rating scale is defined so that specific characteristic of a product are rated separately This method is helpful in grading products and comparison of quality attributes by indicating which characteristic is at fault in a poor product It gives more information than the straight numerical method
  • 36. C. Sensitivity Test • Sensitivity tests are done to assess the ability of individual to detect different tastes, odour and feel the specific factors like hotness • These tests are used to select and train panel members for evaluating the quality of products containing spices, salt and sugar. • Eg., tomato ketchup or sauce
  • 37. 1. Sensitivity Threshold Test • Threshold test: Is defined as a statistically determined point on the stimulus scale at which a transition in a series of sensations or judgments occur • There are mainly three types of threshold tests as mentioned • below: I. Stimulus Detection Threshold II. Recognition Identification Threshold III. Terminal saturation Threshold • These tests are also used where a minimum detectable difference of an additive or of an off flavour are to be established
  • 39. 2. Dilution tests • These tests are designated to establish the smallest amount of an unknown material developed as a substitute for a standard product • The quality of the test material is represented by the dilution number • The bigger the dilution number the better is the quality of the test material
  • 40. D. Descriptive flavour profile method • This is a qualitative and quantitative description method for flavor analysis in products containing different tastes and odour
  • 41. Number of Panel members and samples required for sensory test