This document discusses plant cleaning and the removal of deposits and soils from food processing equipment. It describes the three main types of deposits as mineral deposits, organic deposits, and microorganisms. It then covers cleaning methods, including dry and wet cleaning, and the use of detergents and water conditioning agents. The key types of detergents - acid, alkaline, and surfactants - are explained in terms of their properties and functions in removing different soil types. Water conditioning agents help overcome issues from water hardness. Thorough cleaning and sanitization of equipment is important for ensuring safe and hygienic food production.
The document summarizes the treatment scheme for waste water generated from dairy industries. It describes the various sources and characteristics of the waste water including high levels of organic material, BOD and COD. It then outlines both conventional and emerging treatment methods for the waste water, including physical processes like screening and sedimentation, chemical processes like coagulation and adsorption, and biological processes like aerobic treatment and anaerobic digestion. The treatment methods aim to reduce pollutants and produce treated water and by-products that can be recovered and utilized.
wastewater Treatment for environmental chemistry.pptParaDise11
Wastewater treatment involves removing physical, chemical, and biological contaminants from wastewater through a multi-step process. The goal is to produce an environmentally-safe fluid and solid waste that can be disposed of safely. The treatment process typically involves preliminary screening and settling steps to remove large debris, followed by primary treatment to separate solids from liquids using sedimentation. Secondary treatment uses aerobic biological processes and flocculation to break down organic materials, and tertiary treatment may further polish the water using filtration or disinfection methods before environmental discharge or reuse. Proper wastewater treatment is necessary to protect water resources and public health.
The document discusses the key principles and processes involved in industrial wastewater treatment. It begins by outlining the various sources and uses of water in industries and how this leads to wastewater. It then describes the important goals of industrial wastewater treatment as disposal or reuse of effluent while managing water pollution. The document proceeds to detail the major treatment steps, including physical, chemical, and biological processes, and concludes by discussing final disposal methods.
The document discusses surface preparation methods for bonding with industrial adhesives. It emphasizes that surface preparation is critical for achieving a strong bond, as the adhesive must adhere well to the substrates. The types of surface preparation depend on the expected performance requirements, service conditions, and cost considerations. Common preparation methods include degreasing to remove oils and greases, abrading to increase surface area, and special pretreatments like plasma treatment or chemical etching. Thorough cleaning without contamination is important for optimal bonding.
This document discusses cleaning and sanitizing food contact surfaces. It defines cleaning as removing soil using detergents, while sanitizing uses heat, radiation, or chemicals to reduce microorganisms. Proper cleaning is essential for effective sanitizing. Common sanitizers include hot water over 80°C for 30 seconds, steam treatments, and chemical sanitizers like chlorine and iodophores. Selection of cleaning method depends on soil type and proper cleaning is needed to allow sanitizers close contact with surfaces.
Araldite Preparacion superficial y pretatamientos. Antala Industria (Spain).Antala Industria
El éxito en las uniones depende de una combinación de múltiples factores, tales como mecánicos, químicos o electrostáticos. La unión es una cuestión de interfaz, ya que el adhesivo tiene que adherirse bien a los sustratos a unir. Por lo tanto, las condiciones de la superficie de las piezas a unir son un factor esencial en el logro de una unión de calidad.
Los Adhesivos industriales Huntsman son adhesivos de alto rendimiento que se adhieren firmemente a la mayoría de los materiales.
Se pueden obtener altas tasas de resistencia después de la eliminación de grasa y partículas sueltas, por ejemplo, óxido, de las superficies a unir.
Sin embargo, cuando se requiere la máxima resistencia y durabilidad a largo plazo. Se recomienda encarecidamente un pretratamiento superficial.
El tipo de preparación de la superficie se lleve a cabo antes de la unión depende de las prestaciones previstas (Figuras 18, 19 y 20), las condiciones de servicio de la unión y consideraciones económicas (relación costes / beneficios).
+34 93 474 66 66 | antala@antala.es
www.antala.es
Araldite surface preparation and pretreatments. Antala Ltd.Antala Ltd.
+44 161 494 1345 | info@antala.co.uk
www.antala.co.uk
Bonding performances are always a combination of multiple
factors, such as mechanical, chemical or electrostatic
interactions. Bonding is a matter of interface, as the adhesive
has to adhere well to the substrates to be bonded. Therefore,
the surface conditions of the parts to be bonded are a critical
factor in achieving a dependable quality bond.
Huntsman industrial adhesives are high performance
adhesives which adhere firmly to most materials. High
strength bonds can be obtained after removal of grease and
loose particles, e.g. rust, from the surfaces to be joined.
However, when maximum strength and long-term durability
are required, a more thorough mechanical or a chemical
surface pretreatment is highly recommended.
The type of surface preparation to be carried out prior to
bonding depends on the expected performances (Figures
18, 19 and 20), the service conditions of the assembly and
economic considerations (ratio costs / benefits).
The document summarizes the treatment scheme for waste water generated from dairy industries. It describes the various sources and characteristics of the waste water including high levels of organic material, BOD and COD. It then outlines both conventional and emerging treatment methods for the waste water, including physical processes like screening and sedimentation, chemical processes like coagulation and adsorption, and biological processes like aerobic treatment and anaerobic digestion. The treatment methods aim to reduce pollutants and produce treated water and by-products that can be recovered and utilized.
wastewater Treatment for environmental chemistry.pptParaDise11
Wastewater treatment involves removing physical, chemical, and biological contaminants from wastewater through a multi-step process. The goal is to produce an environmentally-safe fluid and solid waste that can be disposed of safely. The treatment process typically involves preliminary screening and settling steps to remove large debris, followed by primary treatment to separate solids from liquids using sedimentation. Secondary treatment uses aerobic biological processes and flocculation to break down organic materials, and tertiary treatment may further polish the water using filtration or disinfection methods before environmental discharge or reuse. Proper wastewater treatment is necessary to protect water resources and public health.
The document discusses the key principles and processes involved in industrial wastewater treatment. It begins by outlining the various sources and uses of water in industries and how this leads to wastewater. It then describes the important goals of industrial wastewater treatment as disposal or reuse of effluent while managing water pollution. The document proceeds to detail the major treatment steps, including physical, chemical, and biological processes, and concludes by discussing final disposal methods.
The document discusses surface preparation methods for bonding with industrial adhesives. It emphasizes that surface preparation is critical for achieving a strong bond, as the adhesive must adhere well to the substrates. The types of surface preparation depend on the expected performance requirements, service conditions, and cost considerations. Common preparation methods include degreasing to remove oils and greases, abrading to increase surface area, and special pretreatments like plasma treatment or chemical etching. Thorough cleaning without contamination is important for optimal bonding.
This document discusses cleaning and sanitizing food contact surfaces. It defines cleaning as removing soil using detergents, while sanitizing uses heat, radiation, or chemicals to reduce microorganisms. Proper cleaning is essential for effective sanitizing. Common sanitizers include hot water over 80°C for 30 seconds, steam treatments, and chemical sanitizers like chlorine and iodophores. Selection of cleaning method depends on soil type and proper cleaning is needed to allow sanitizers close contact with surfaces.
Araldite Preparacion superficial y pretatamientos. Antala Industria (Spain).Antala Industria
El éxito en las uniones depende de una combinación de múltiples factores, tales como mecánicos, químicos o electrostáticos. La unión es una cuestión de interfaz, ya que el adhesivo tiene que adherirse bien a los sustratos a unir. Por lo tanto, las condiciones de la superficie de las piezas a unir son un factor esencial en el logro de una unión de calidad.
Los Adhesivos industriales Huntsman son adhesivos de alto rendimiento que se adhieren firmemente a la mayoría de los materiales.
Se pueden obtener altas tasas de resistencia después de la eliminación de grasa y partículas sueltas, por ejemplo, óxido, de las superficies a unir.
Sin embargo, cuando se requiere la máxima resistencia y durabilidad a largo plazo. Se recomienda encarecidamente un pretratamiento superficial.
El tipo de preparación de la superficie se lleve a cabo antes de la unión depende de las prestaciones previstas (Figuras 18, 19 y 20), las condiciones de servicio de la unión y consideraciones económicas (relación costes / beneficios).
+34 93 474 66 66 | antala@antala.es
www.antala.es
Araldite surface preparation and pretreatments. Antala Ltd.Antala Ltd.
+44 161 494 1345 | info@antala.co.uk
www.antala.co.uk
Bonding performances are always a combination of multiple
factors, such as mechanical, chemical or electrostatic
interactions. Bonding is a matter of interface, as the adhesive
has to adhere well to the substrates to be bonded. Therefore,
the surface conditions of the parts to be bonded are a critical
factor in achieving a dependable quality bond.
Huntsman industrial adhesives are high performance
adhesives which adhere firmly to most materials. High
strength bonds can be obtained after removal of grease and
loose particles, e.g. rust, from the surfaces to be joined.
However, when maximum strength and long-term durability
are required, a more thorough mechanical or a chemical
surface pretreatment is highly recommended.
The type of surface preparation to be carried out prior to
bonding depends on the expected performances (Figures
18, 19 and 20), the service conditions of the assembly and
economic considerations (ratio costs / benefits).
Comprehensive overview of the detergent industry. The slides include the manufacturing process, different types of detergent, market trends and shifts.
Green Life Group has developed a cleaning product called Blue Sky that safely cleans grease, oil, and dirt from floors without contaminating water systems. The product breaks down hydrocarbons in runoff to make it safe for drainage. Green Life Group seeks to lead the market in providing environmentally friendly cleaning products that protect both the environment and human health. Their line of Green Up products safely and effectively clean a wide range of surfaces while being biodegradable and reducing exposure to toxic chemicals.
Green Life Group has developed a cleaning product called Blue Sky that safely cleans grease, oil, and dirt from floors without contaminating water systems. The product breaks down hydrocarbons in runoff to make it safe for drainage. Green Life Group sees its role as a leader in developing green products that protect the environment and human health. Its line of Green Up products are concentrated cleaners and sterilizers that are biodegradable, non-toxic alternatives to traditional chemicals.
The document discusses methods of water purification on both large and small scales. On a large scale, purification involves storage, filtration using slow sand or rapid sand filters, and disinfection through boiling, chemicals like bleaching powder and chlorine, or filtration. On a small scale, common methods are boiling, sunlight exposure, and chlorination using household bleach. In Pokhara, the main method used by the water corporation is chemical treatment using bleaching powder at the water supply centers.
Cleaning and sanitizing procedures are an important part of any food safety program. Improperly cleaned surfaces can transfer harmful microorganisms between foods. Cleaning removes food and soils using cleaning agents while sanitizing kills microbes using heat, radiation, or chemicals. Common chemical sanitizers include chlorine, iodine, and quaternary ammonium compounds, each with advantages and disadvantages in terms of effectiveness, concentration needed, contact time required, and compatibility with water quality. Proper cleaning is essential for sanitizers to be effective at reducing microbes to safe levels.
Study of waste water, discharged from tannery (3)Abhishek Rajput
The document discusses the process of tannery industry and waste generation points. It describes the various stages of hide/skin preparation including soaking, liming, unhairing, splitting, and deliming. The tanning and crusting stages chemically treat the hide to make it stable and flexible. Surface coatings may be applied for finishing. Maximum waste is generated during soaking, unhairing, fleshing, splitting, trimming, bleaching, and bating. The waste water characteristics are provided and treatment schemes discussed including activated sludge and trickling filters. New innovative technologies can more effectively and efficiently treat tannery effluent with lower costs.
The document discusses the three stages of water treatment: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The primary stage involves physical separation processes like screening, sedimentation, flotation, and filtration to remove solids. The secondary stage uses biological processes like aerobic and anaerobic treatment to convert dissolved organic matter into solids using bacteria. The tertiary stage disinfects the treated water using processes like chlorination, UV light radiation, or ozonation to remove pathogens.
This document provides information on chemicals used in various textile wet processing stages. It discusses chemicals used in pre-treatment processes like desizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerization. Specific chemicals are listed along with their functions in each process. The document also covers latest specialty chemicals used in pre-treatment like cracking agents, bleach processors and surfactants. Finally, it briefly introduces dyes and dyeing process.
This document outlines various methods for industrial wastewater treatment. It begins by stating the objectives of industrial wastewater treatment are to allow effluents to be disposed of without harming human health or the environment. It then discusses the characteristics of industrial wastewater including physical, chemical, and biological properties. Several common treatment methods are described such as mechanical, physical, chemical, and physio-chemical processes. Specific technologies like screening, sedimentation, flotation, neutralization, and dissolved air flotation are explained.
includes not only what is waste water, but also how can a treatment plant works to make this clean and reuseable..!!! hopefully it will be helpful for others too.
Waste water needs to be treated before discharge into water bodies to reduce pollution. There are three main stages of treatment - primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes where microorganisms break down organic waste. Common secondary treatments are activated sludge and trickling filters. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients or other pollutants through chemical or physical means. Proper waste water treatment is necessary to protect aquatic life in receiving water bodies.
Textile Wastewater Treatment in BangladeshMahmudul Hasan
What is wastewater, textile wastewater treatment, Major Pollutants in textile wastewater, Steps of textile wastewater treatment, Brief overview of textile wastewater in Bangladesh.
This document discusses maintaining sanitary facilities and equipment. It outlines the seven essential steps to maintaining a sanitary environment, which include inspection, cleaning, rinsing, and validation. It also describes various chemicals used for cleaning and sanitizing surfaces, such as bleach, detergents, and sanitizing fluids. Finally, it defines key terms related to cleaning and sanitizing, such as the difference between cleaning and sanitizing as well as methods for sanitizing like heat and chemicals.
The document discusses cleaning and sanitizing surfaces. There are four categories of cleaning agents: detergents, solvent cleaners, acid cleaners, and abrasive cleaners. Each is used to remove different types of soils. Sanitizing reduces or eliminates bacteria by using heat or chemicals. The three methods of heat sanitization are steam, hot air, and hot water.
Effluent Treatment Plant
What is ETP
Need fo ETP
Design of ETP
Design of ETP
Sludge treatment process
Flowchart of ETP
Case study of ETP
ETP plant operation
Textile plant ETP
Equalization
Sedimentation
Settlers
Sludge treatment process
Flowchart of ETP
Case study of ETP
ETP plant operation
Textile plant ETP
Equalization
Sedimentation
Settlers
PH adjustment
An ETP (Effluent Treatment Plant) treats industrial wastewater to allow for reuse or safe disposal. It involves preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment levels using physical, chemical, and biological processes. A textile factory ETP was presented as a case study. It screens and equalizes wastewater before pH adjustment, coagulation/flocculation, aeration for BOD/COD reduction, clarification, and sludge thickening. Part of the sludge is returned to the aeration tank to utilize bacteria while the treated effluent and remaining sludge are discharged. The ETP aims to meet permissible standards for wastewater disposal into inland surface waters.
This document provides information about cleaning and various cleaning agents. It discusses why cleaning is important for prevention of disease and safety. It describes factors that influence cleaning standards like surface material and condition. Various types of cleaning agents are defined including water, acids, alkalis, polishes, soaps, detergents, and abrasives. The document explains how different cleaning agents work and criteria for selecting agents based on the job. Storage and inventory control of cleaning agents is also covered.
The document discusses industrial wastewater treatment. It describes various sources of industrial wastewater like from food, textile, and dairy industries. It also lists common pollutants like suspended solids, oils, heavy metals, and color. The objectives of industrial wastewater treatment are to allow effluents to be disposed without harming human health. It then outlines different treatment processes like preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment methods.
Waste water treatment involves three main stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms in aerobic processes like activated sludge to break down organic waste. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients or other pollutants through chemical or biological methods. Proper treatment of effluent is necessary before discharge to reduce environmental impacts.
This document provides information about conducting sensory analysis of food products. It discusses the five main human senses used in sensory evaluation - sight, smell, taste, sound and touch. It outlines the key steps to carrying out sensory evaluation: examining the food's appearance, tasting the food, and creating an ideal environment for evaluation. Finally, it describes the main types of sensory tests used, including difference tests, rating tests, sensitivity tests, and descriptive tests.
Ultrasound technology has various applications in food processing as it is a sustainable, non-destructive technology. It can be used to enhance processes like filtration, freezing, thawing, drying, degassing, depolymerization, sterilization, and extraction. In the food industry, ultrasound improves the quality of meat, fruits and vegetables, cereal products, and dairy. It accelerates rates of processes while improving efficiency and product quality over conventional methods.
Comprehensive overview of the detergent industry. The slides include the manufacturing process, different types of detergent, market trends and shifts.
Green Life Group has developed a cleaning product called Blue Sky that safely cleans grease, oil, and dirt from floors without contaminating water systems. The product breaks down hydrocarbons in runoff to make it safe for drainage. Green Life Group seeks to lead the market in providing environmentally friendly cleaning products that protect both the environment and human health. Their line of Green Up products safely and effectively clean a wide range of surfaces while being biodegradable and reducing exposure to toxic chemicals.
Green Life Group has developed a cleaning product called Blue Sky that safely cleans grease, oil, and dirt from floors without contaminating water systems. The product breaks down hydrocarbons in runoff to make it safe for drainage. Green Life Group sees its role as a leader in developing green products that protect the environment and human health. Its line of Green Up products are concentrated cleaners and sterilizers that are biodegradable, non-toxic alternatives to traditional chemicals.
The document discusses methods of water purification on both large and small scales. On a large scale, purification involves storage, filtration using slow sand or rapid sand filters, and disinfection through boiling, chemicals like bleaching powder and chlorine, or filtration. On a small scale, common methods are boiling, sunlight exposure, and chlorination using household bleach. In Pokhara, the main method used by the water corporation is chemical treatment using bleaching powder at the water supply centers.
Cleaning and sanitizing procedures are an important part of any food safety program. Improperly cleaned surfaces can transfer harmful microorganisms between foods. Cleaning removes food and soils using cleaning agents while sanitizing kills microbes using heat, radiation, or chemicals. Common chemical sanitizers include chlorine, iodine, and quaternary ammonium compounds, each with advantages and disadvantages in terms of effectiveness, concentration needed, contact time required, and compatibility with water quality. Proper cleaning is essential for sanitizers to be effective at reducing microbes to safe levels.
Study of waste water, discharged from tannery (3)Abhishek Rajput
The document discusses the process of tannery industry and waste generation points. It describes the various stages of hide/skin preparation including soaking, liming, unhairing, splitting, and deliming. The tanning and crusting stages chemically treat the hide to make it stable and flexible. Surface coatings may be applied for finishing. Maximum waste is generated during soaking, unhairing, fleshing, splitting, trimming, bleaching, and bating. The waste water characteristics are provided and treatment schemes discussed including activated sludge and trickling filters. New innovative technologies can more effectively and efficiently treat tannery effluent with lower costs.
The document discusses the three stages of water treatment: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The primary stage involves physical separation processes like screening, sedimentation, flotation, and filtration to remove solids. The secondary stage uses biological processes like aerobic and anaerobic treatment to convert dissolved organic matter into solids using bacteria. The tertiary stage disinfects the treated water using processes like chlorination, UV light radiation, or ozonation to remove pathogens.
This document provides information on chemicals used in various textile wet processing stages. It discusses chemicals used in pre-treatment processes like desizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerization. Specific chemicals are listed along with their functions in each process. The document also covers latest specialty chemicals used in pre-treatment like cracking agents, bleach processors and surfactants. Finally, it briefly introduces dyes and dyeing process.
This document outlines various methods for industrial wastewater treatment. It begins by stating the objectives of industrial wastewater treatment are to allow effluents to be disposed of without harming human health or the environment. It then discusses the characteristics of industrial wastewater including physical, chemical, and biological properties. Several common treatment methods are described such as mechanical, physical, chemical, and physio-chemical processes. Specific technologies like screening, sedimentation, flotation, neutralization, and dissolved air flotation are explained.
includes not only what is waste water, but also how can a treatment plant works to make this clean and reuseable..!!! hopefully it will be helpful for others too.
Waste water needs to be treated before discharge into water bodies to reduce pollution. There are three main stages of treatment - primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes where microorganisms break down organic waste. Common secondary treatments are activated sludge and trickling filters. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients or other pollutants through chemical or physical means. Proper waste water treatment is necessary to protect aquatic life in receiving water bodies.
Textile Wastewater Treatment in BangladeshMahmudul Hasan
What is wastewater, textile wastewater treatment, Major Pollutants in textile wastewater, Steps of textile wastewater treatment, Brief overview of textile wastewater in Bangladesh.
This document discusses maintaining sanitary facilities and equipment. It outlines the seven essential steps to maintaining a sanitary environment, which include inspection, cleaning, rinsing, and validation. It also describes various chemicals used for cleaning and sanitizing surfaces, such as bleach, detergents, and sanitizing fluids. Finally, it defines key terms related to cleaning and sanitizing, such as the difference between cleaning and sanitizing as well as methods for sanitizing like heat and chemicals.
The document discusses cleaning and sanitizing surfaces. There are four categories of cleaning agents: detergents, solvent cleaners, acid cleaners, and abrasive cleaners. Each is used to remove different types of soils. Sanitizing reduces or eliminates bacteria by using heat or chemicals. The three methods of heat sanitization are steam, hot air, and hot water.
Effluent Treatment Plant
What is ETP
Need fo ETP
Design of ETP
Design of ETP
Sludge treatment process
Flowchart of ETP
Case study of ETP
ETP plant operation
Textile plant ETP
Equalization
Sedimentation
Settlers
Sludge treatment process
Flowchart of ETP
Case study of ETP
ETP plant operation
Textile plant ETP
Equalization
Sedimentation
Settlers
PH adjustment
An ETP (Effluent Treatment Plant) treats industrial wastewater to allow for reuse or safe disposal. It involves preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment levels using physical, chemical, and biological processes. A textile factory ETP was presented as a case study. It screens and equalizes wastewater before pH adjustment, coagulation/flocculation, aeration for BOD/COD reduction, clarification, and sludge thickening. Part of the sludge is returned to the aeration tank to utilize bacteria while the treated effluent and remaining sludge are discharged. The ETP aims to meet permissible standards for wastewater disposal into inland surface waters.
This document provides information about cleaning and various cleaning agents. It discusses why cleaning is important for prevention of disease and safety. It describes factors that influence cleaning standards like surface material and condition. Various types of cleaning agents are defined including water, acids, alkalis, polishes, soaps, detergents, and abrasives. The document explains how different cleaning agents work and criteria for selecting agents based on the job. Storage and inventory control of cleaning agents is also covered.
The document discusses industrial wastewater treatment. It describes various sources of industrial wastewater like from food, textile, and dairy industries. It also lists common pollutants like suspended solids, oils, heavy metals, and color. The objectives of industrial wastewater treatment are to allow effluents to be disposed without harming human health. It then outlines different treatment processes like preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment methods.
Waste water treatment involves three main stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms in aerobic processes like activated sludge to break down organic waste. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients or other pollutants through chemical or biological methods. Proper treatment of effluent is necessary before discharge to reduce environmental impacts.
This document provides information about conducting sensory analysis of food products. It discusses the five main human senses used in sensory evaluation - sight, smell, taste, sound and touch. It outlines the key steps to carrying out sensory evaluation: examining the food's appearance, tasting the food, and creating an ideal environment for evaluation. Finally, it describes the main types of sensory tests used, including difference tests, rating tests, sensitivity tests, and descriptive tests.
Ultrasound technology has various applications in food processing as it is a sustainable, non-destructive technology. It can be used to enhance processes like filtration, freezing, thawing, drying, degassing, depolymerization, sterilization, and extraction. In the food industry, ultrasound improves the quality of meat, fruits and vegetables, cereal products, and dairy. It accelerates rates of processes while improving efficiency and product quality over conventional methods.
Heat treatment, Pasteurization, Long Life Milk Products.pptxhusnainrasheed123
This document discusses heat transfer theory and principles as they relate to dairy processing. It describes the three main methods of heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radiation. It then discusses direct and indirect heating methods used in dairies. Various types of heat exchangers and pasteurization systems are described. Pasteurized milk products and long-life milk processing like sterilization and UHT treatment are also summarized.
This document discusses meat technology and the conversion of muscle to meat. It covers the structure of muscle tissue, the composition of muscle, and the biochemical changes that occur post-mortem as muscle is converted to meat. Key points include the roles of glycogen, lactic acid, pH, and rigor mortis in determining meat qualities like color, tenderness and water-holding capacity. Preslaughter handling and transport are also discussed as factors that can impact meat quality.
The document discusses various topics related to bread science and technology. It covers different types of bread like white bread, wholemeal bread, multigrain bread, and flatbreads. It describes the basic steps in the bread making process and discusses key ingredients like wheat flour, yeast, and minor additives. The document also covers the nutritional composition and qualities of different breads.
1557222160506_application of enzymes in food industry1.ppthusnainrasheed123
Enzymes have many applications in the food industry. Some key uses include producing glucose syrups and high fructose corn syrup through the enzymatic breakdown of starches. This involves steps like liquefaction using alpha-amylases, saccharification with glucoamylase or fungal amylase, and isomerization of glucose to fructose using immobilized glucose isomerase. Enzymes are also used extensively in baking to improve bread quality, in dairy to coagulate milk for cheesemaking, and in brewing and juice/wine production to extract plant material. Overall, enzymes allow for precise control of food processing reactions under mild conditions.
Food Strategy Framework Presentation - Information Sessions.PPTXhusnainrasheed123
The NI Food Strategy Framework aims to be a cross-government unifying strategy with a shared vision, principles, and priorities to guide long-term food decision making. It will take a "food systems approach" and focus on 6 strategic priorities: health and wellbeing, economic sustainability and innovation, food culture, environmental sustainability, education, and food security. The framework seeks to transform Northern Ireland's food system to be economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable and provide healthy food choices.
This document discusses different types of lipids. It describes triglycerides as lipids obtained from food sources of fat that include cooking oils, butter, and animal fat. It also mentions non-triglyceride lipids include hormones and cholesterol. Complex lipids discussed are phospholipids and lipoproteins. Glycerides and phospholipids are described as the main types of lipids found in cell membranes, with glycerides being neutral fats and phospholipids being polar lipids that help control movement into and out of cells. Sphingolipids are also discussed as a class of non-glyceride lipids found in brain and nerve cell membranes containing sphingosine.
Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents and serve important functions in living cells. They include fats, oils, waxes, sterols like cholesterol, and phospholipids. The main functions of lipids are storing energy, acting as structural components of cell membranes, and cell signaling. Common lipids in the diet include fats and oils. High lipid levels can be caused by diet, genetic disorders, or medical conditions like diabetes. Lipids are made of fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated, affecting their melting point. Humans must obtain certain unsaturated fatty acids through diet as essential fatty acids.
The document discusses the production of long-life milk. It describes how heat treatment through sterilization or ultra-high temperature (UHT) processing kills microorganisms and enzymes, allowing the milk to be stored at room temperature for long periods. There are two main methods - in-container sterilization, which uses batch or continuous systems to heat filled containers, and UHT treatment followed by aseptic packaging, which involves higher heat briefly before flash cooling and packaging. Proper raw materials and cleaning processes are required to ensure quality and safety of the long-life milk.
The document summarizes information about milk powder production. Milk is dried either through roller drying or spray drying. Roller drying involves spreading milk on heated rollers, while spray drying atomizes concentrated milk into a drying chamber with hot air. Skim milk powder has a longer shelf life than whole milk powder. Milk powder is used in many food applications due to its light weight and long shelf life. Strict quality standards are followed for milk used in powder production.
Electrophoresis is a method used to separate charged molecules like proteins and nucleic acids in an electrical field based on their size, charge and shape. It works by applying a voltage across a gel, causing the molecules to migrate through the gel's pores at different rates. There are different types of gels, electrophoresis units and techniques used depending on the molecules being separated and desired resolution. Key applications include determining molecular weights, isolating molecules, and analyzing complex mixtures like whole cell/tissue lysates. Factors like gel composition, buffer systems, voltage/current and temperature must be optimized for accurate and reproducible results.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of laboratory safety. It discusses common safety terms and conducting safe research in the lab. The main categories of hazards covered are laboratory physical hazards, chemical hazards, biological hazards, and radiological hazards. Specific physical hazards discussed include electrical, slips/trips/falls, sharps, compressed gases, heat, centrifuges, and noise. The document also covers chemical hazards classification using the Globally Harmonized System, and requirements for chemical labels and safety data sheets. Personal protective equipment and general safety procedures in the lab are emphasized.
The document summarizes the human immune system's lines of defense against pathogens. It has three lines of defense - physical and chemical barriers, defensive cells and proteins, and the immune system. The first line includes barriers like skin and mucous membranes. The second line involves immune cells and proteins that attack pathogens. The third and most specific line is the adaptive immune system, which has both humoral immunity through antibodies and cell-mediated immunity through T cells.
This document outlines a study on developing a low calorie cake rusk using stevia as a sugar replacer. It introduces cake rusk and stevia, and notes the need for the project due to issues like diabetes and obesity. The hypothesis is that a low calorie cake rusk can be made using stevia without affecting quality or acceptability. The objectives and materials/methods are described, including preparing flour mixtures with varying amounts of stevia instead of sugar. Quality analysis tests are listed and references provided on previous related studies analyzing stevia and baked goods.
Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells that occurs primarily in the red bone marrow found in flat bones such as the pelvis, ribs, sternum, and ends of long bones. The production of red blood cells is controlled by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) which is produced by the kidneys and stimulates the bone marrow to make more red blood cells when oxygen levels fall. A common stem cell called the hematocytoblast located in the red bone marrow gives rise to all formed elements of blood including lymphocytes from lymphoid stem cells and other blood components from myeloid stem cells.
1. Food and nutritional insecurity is a major challenge in Pakistan, with 58% of households facing food insecurity. Common nutritional deficiencies include iron, zinc, folate, and vitamins A and D.
2. Advanced technologies like high pressure processing, pulse electric fields, and hurdle technology can help address this issue by preserving nutrients in foods better than thermal processing alone. These techniques can extend shelf life while maintaining taste and nutritional quality.
3. The use of these nutrient-sensitive technologies, along with other interventions like fortification and microencapsulation, combined with efforts to increase awareness, employment, and access to nutritious foods, could help Pakistan achieve greater nutritional security.
Diet planning is important throughout the life cycle. During pregnancy, mothers need additional calories, protein, vitamins and minerals to support the growth of the fetus and maternal tissues. Breast milk provides ideal nutrition for infants, meeting their needs for energy, protein, fat, vitamins and minerals. Solid foods can be gradually introduced around 6 months while continuing breastfeeding. Nutritional needs change during lactation as well, requiring modest increases in calories and key nutrients to support milk production.
Diet counseling is a dietary therapy that focuses on how food and lifestyle changes can be used to improve overall health. The key focus of dietary counseling is to make step-by-step changes to a person's diet and lifestyle. Dietary counseling helps put a healthy diet in place by assessing a person's medical history, current eating habits, activity levels, and developing a personalized plan to meet their caloric needs and health goals.
This document discusses key considerations for the design and construction of factory buildings for food production. It outlines factors to consider in the design such as layout, hygiene and safety. It then details specific elements of construction including floors, drains, walls, doors, windows and ceilings. Floors must be impervious, non-absorbent, washable, non-toxic and able to withstand chemical, thermal and physical shocks. Common flooring materials discussed include epoxy, tiles and stainless steel. Proper construction of drains, walls, doors, windows and ceilings is also important for hygiene, cleaning and pest control in food production facilities.
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Mineral deposits
Arise from food processing spills
Formed by:
deposition of insoluble hardness ions on
equipment – boilers, water softening/
conditioning plants
reactions between water-hardness ions and
ingredients in processing operation
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Mineral deposits
Form thick scales
Hard to remove
With time, these scales grow
If not removed, enhance microbial build-up
End effect:
Reduce heat transfer efficiency of:
Boilers, heat exchangers, evaporators and
pasteurises
Lower life of such equipment.
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Organic deposits
Arise from food processing spills
Include: Remains of food particles
Composed of carbohydrates, proteins, fats
Potential ports for microorganisms on plant
surfaces
Under favourable conditions, proliferate and
contaminate foods.
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Microorganisms
Food-spoilage and pathogenic organisms
Gain entry at different stages of processing
Intrude processing lines through:
Raw material
Water
Equipment and
Air
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Microorganisms
Food handler:
Good source of contamination, especially
with pathogens
Microorganisms more difficult to remove than
inorganic and organic soils
Safety of consumer depends directly upon
presence or absence of microorganisms in
processed foods.
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Removal of Soils
All soils can adversely affect quality of end
products
Necessary to remove these, if safe foods be
produced under hygienic conditions
Standard methods for cleansing food plant and
equipment involve:
Cleaning - using water and detergent solution
suited to soil and material of construction of
equipment
Sanitizing - using heat as steam or hot water
or chemical bactericides.
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2 Cleaning
Cleaning - operation in which soils deposited
during processing removed by any suitable
means
Terms used: cleaning and cleansing
Cleaning - making target surface free from dirt
or unwanted matter
Cleansing - generally used to remove infection
or illness
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2 Cleaning Methods
Cleaning - physical methods:
Dry cleaning
Wet cleaning
Dry Cleaning
Sometimes soils dry
Can easily be removed from all surfaces by:
Brushing
Scrapping or
Scrubbing
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2.1 Dry Cleaning
Soil deposits such as fats or food residues:
stick intimately to equipment
quite difficult to remove by physical methods
as brushing or scrubbing
In such cases wet cleaning, employing water,
used.
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2.2 Wet Cleaning
Water, by itself, an inefficient cleaner
Not very good at making things wet
Tension exists on water surface
Prevents water from coming into intimate
contact with either surface of material or dirt to
be removed
Overcome by use of cleaning agents or
detergents
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2.2 Wet Cleaning
Detergents:
Alter condition of water's surface
Reduce surface tension
Allows water to spread and wet soil
Besides reducing surface tension, detergents
perform two important functions in cleaning:
a. Dislodge dirts/soils
b. Disperse soil particles
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Functions of Detergents
a. Dislodge dirts/soils: Emulsify fatty dirts, dissolve
minerals, peptidize proteins, dissolve carbohydrates
b. Disperse soil particles: Dislodged particles of soil
remain dispersed, not re-attach to equipment surface
Dirt gets coated with detergent molecules
Detergent molecules align themselves on surface of
equipment, prevents further contact with equipment
surface
Water often contains inorganic impurities - hinder in its
action as a cleaning agent, and effectiveness of
detergents
In such cases water conditioning agents used.
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2.2.1 Detergents
Three major groups of dirts associated with
food processing industries:
Organic deposits
Mineral deposits and
Microorganisms
Each soil requires different cleaning agent
Successful cleaning operation depends upon,
among other factors, use of suitable detergents:
on each type of soil
on material of construction of plant surfaces.
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Properties of detergents
a Solubility - Must be readily soluble in water
Avoid possibility of depositing unwanted solids
b Wetability - Should adequately wet surface
interface
Dislodges soil
Should dissolve or disperse food materials released
c Emulsification - Detergent solution must
emulsify or disperse fats and oils
d Rinseability – be easily rinseable to avoid
residues remaining on equipment.
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Properties of detergents - contd
e Corrosiveness - Resulting detergent solution
must not attack contact surfaces
Avoid corrosion by correct selection of
detergent for particular material of construction
Stainless steel – minimum risk of corrosion
Remember:
Stainless steel not universally inert to
chemical corrosion,
alternative and cheaper materials of
construction might be used.
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Types of detergents
Basically three types: -
a. Acid detergents
b. Alkaline detergents
c. Surfactants or detergents composed of
surface active agents
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2.2.1.a Acid Detergents
Acid detergents have pH value below 3
Scale build-ups of inorganic salts best removed
with acid detergents
Acceptable acids:
Mineral acids - HCl, nitric, phosphoric
Highly corrosive to metals, unsafe to handle
Organic acids - Gluconic, sulphamic, citric,
tartaric acids - preferred
Gluconic and sulphamic acids widely used in
descaling heat transfer equipment –
evaporators, pasteurizers
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Acid detergents - Contd
Acid detergents usually compounded with:
synthetic detergents
non-ionic or sulphonate type
Both powdered and liquid forms available
Acid detergents safely used in conjunction with
iodophore in formulations for detergent
sanitisers
Thoroughly rinse all surfaces to which acidic
detergents applied
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2.2.1.b Alkaline detergents
Strong alkaline detergents have pH value
above 11
Weaker ones may have pH in the range of 8
and 11
Useful for removing organic soils
Have food emulsifying properties
Can dissolve solid food components such as:
Carbohydrates
Proteins and
Fats
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Alkaline detergents - contd
a. Sodium and calcium hydroxides
Used alone or with other cleaning agents
Important components of highly alkaline heavy-duty
cleaning compounds
Water solution powerful detergent with excellent
emulsifying and dispersing power
Serve as effective bactericides + detergents
when machine-parts and other equipment
soaked
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Alkaline detergents - contd
Hence, indispensable in heavy-duty cleaning
where high percentage of free caustic solution
required
Widely used in mechanical bottle washing
Obstacles:
Involve safety hazard – equipment,
personnel.
Corrosive to certain metals such as
galvanised steel, tin or aluminium
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Alkaline detergents - contd
b. Sodium metasilicate – Has good wetting,
emulsifying and deflocculating properties
Much less corrosive than caustic soda
Actually inhibits corrosion of aluminium and tin
Often used with a sodium polyphosphate -
mixture recommended where water hardness
exceeds 100 mg/L CaCO3.
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Alkaline detergents - contd
c. Sodium orthosilicate and sodium
sesquisilicate – Both compounds give highly
alkaline solutions
Powerful saponifiers
Readily attack greases and proteins
Sesquisilicates - less corrosive than
orthosilicates, but care necessary when using
either of these two solutions.
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Alkaline detergents - contd
d. Trisodium phosphate – Solution of
trisodium phosphate has excellent emulsifying
and dispersing properties
Water-softening agent
Used in conjunction with other detergents as a
water conditioner in general cleaning
compounds.
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Alkaline detergents - contd
e. Sodium carbonate or soda ash – Soda ash
as well as bicarbonate and sesquicarbonate of
sodium used both as water softeners and as
cleaners
Main use as buffering agents in several
cleaning compounds.
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2.2.1.c Surfactants - Detergents
composed of surface-active agents
Important function of a detergent - reduce
surface tension of water
All substances reducing surface tension in
water called surface-active agents or
"surfactants“
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2.2.1.c Surfactants - Detergents
composed of surface-active agents
Variety of surface-active agents available
Usually incorporated into detergent formulations
- have ability to penetrate under and into
soils/dirts to loosen them
At the same time, can keep oils/fats emulsified
until rinsing completed.
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2.2.1.c Surfactants - Detergents composed
of surface-active agents - contd
Molecular structure of surface-active agents:
Hydrophilic (water loving) head
Hydrophobic (water-hating) or lipophilic (fat
loving) tail
At surface:
hydrophobic tails of surfactant molecules
pushed out between water molecules
break strong electrostatic forces between
them
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2.2.1.c Surfactants - Detergents composed of
surface-active agents - contd
Result - surface weakened or, surface energy
of water reduced
Same time, hydrophobic tail attaches itself to
any film of oil or fat, dissolves or becomes part
of film
Hydrophilic head attached to water molecules
Result:
Oil and water held in firm bond in suspension
Create an emulsion.
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2.2.1.c Surfactants - Detergents composed
of surface-active agents - contd
Surface active agents classified by their ionic
charges into four types:
a. Anionic (-ve charge)
b. Cationic (+ charge)
c. Non-ionic
d. Zwitterion or amphoteric type
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2.2.3.a Anionic surfactants
Most popular types
Active ion in solution generally negatively
charged
Poor bactericides, used only for their detergent
properties
Have excellent dispersing and wetting powers
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2.2.3.a Anionic surfactants
Especially useful in removal of fatty acids or
inorganic soils
Sub-divided into:
a. Soaps
b. Alkylaryl sulphonates
c. Alcohol sulphates
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Anionic surfactants - contd
a. Soaps – Common soap typical example
Interaction product of caustic alkali and sodium
salt of a mixture of fatty acids
Ionic charge resides in carboxylate head -OOC.
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Anionic surfactants - contd
b. Alkylaryl sulphonates
Made from hydrocarbons (by-products of
petroleum industry) by reaction with sulphur
trioxide
Alkyl hydrocarbons not easy to sulphonate
Therefore, common practice to add a benzene
ring to facilitate the reaction
Benzene ring has no other significance than to
facilitate sulphation
Detergent behaviour depends on overall size
of the hydrocarbon.
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Anionic surfactants - contd
Tail: consists of long hydrocarbon chain that
confers to the molecule:
Wetability
Good surface activity and
Protein activity
Head: sulphonate or sulphate instead of
carboxylate
Negative charge on sulphonate head
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Anionic surfactants - contd
Detergent behaviour of sulphonates depends
on:
Overall size of hydrocarbon
- higher the carbon number and longer the
chain length, more the efficiency.
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Anionic surfactants - contd
c. Alcohol Sulphates
Formed by reaction of long chain fatty alcohols
with sulphur trioxide.
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2.2.3.b Cationic Surfactants
Positively charged active ions in aqueous
solutions
Act both as detergents and germicides
Used principally for their germicidal, fungicidal
and algaecidal properties
Powerful sterilants
Examples of cationic surfactants - quaternary
ammonium compounds (quats) - active in acid
solutions.
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2.2.3.c. Non-ionic Surfactants
Non-ionic surfactants neutral in aqueous
solutions
Not dissociated in solution
Virtually unaffected by water hardness
Powerful emulsifiers, used to emulsify colloidal
soils, being inert to the electric charge present
on colloids
Non-ionic surfactants have pronounced
foaming action, can lead to difficulties,
especially in disposal of detergent
contamination wastes.
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2.2.3.d. Amphoteric Surfactants
Have both negative and positive charges in
water.
These detergents are used for special purpose
in
Shampoo
Cosmetics
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Synergistic effect of surfactants
Some anionic surfactants exhibit synergistic
effects with other compounds - detergent
capability of mixture better than of individual
components
Mixing of anionic and cationic detergents be
undertaken with caution - such mixing can
reduce efficiency of both, with a consequent
deterioration in cleaning performance
Non-ionic forms can safely be combined with
anionic or cationic varieties.
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2.2.4.Water Conditioning Agents
Do not act directly on soils, but on water used in
cleaning
Such agents soften or condition water
Calcium or magnesium ions (hardness ions)
present in wash water interfere both with
cleaning and with particulate dirt suspension
In the first case, calcium ions react with soap
ions in wash water to form insoluble calcium
soap
This creates an unwelcome scum
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2.2.4.Water Conditioning Agents - contd
Secondly, calcium ions known to be strong
flocculating agents for particulate dirts
Act to flocculate dirt particles making it more
likely for them to redeposit on surfaces of
equipment
To counter effects of hardness ions, additives
that remove calcium and magnesium ions
added into detergent formulations
Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid, (-OOC
CH2) 2N(CH2) 2N(CH2COO-)2, (EDTA) and its
derivatives are among best water conditioning
agents.
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2.2.4.Water Conditioning Agents - contd
Certain phosphates have proved to be adequate
sequestering/chelating agents
Include sodium polyphosphate, tetrasodium
pyrophosphate and sodium tri- and tetra-
polyphosphates
Of these, sodium tripolyphosphate preferred
In solution, ionises to 5Na+ and (P3O10)5-
Phosphate ion complexes with Ca2+ of soap ion to
form soluble (CaP3O10)3 ion
So sequestering action of phosphate ion inactivates
calcium
Other sequestering agents: gluconic acid and its
sodium salt, trilon -N(CH2COO-)3.
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2.2.4.Water Conditioning Agents - contd
Mode of Action – Mode of action of water
conditioning agents generally complex formation
By complexing Ca and Mg ions, power of Ca and Mg
to interfere in washing/cleaning process destroyed
Ca and Mg immobilised or sequestered and
complexing compound called a sequestering agent
By their sequestering action, they aid in removal of
dirts and in subsequent dispersal of particulate dirt in
detergent solution
Hardness ion held stereochemically within chelates
In this manner, complex ions remain soluble and
stable, but inert.