The document discusses several key concepts related to understanding organizations, including sense-making, interpretation, organizational dysfunction, different styles of organizing, perceived divisions within organizations, and images and metaphors used to understand organizations. It also examines the relationship between individuals and organizations and compares espoused theories of organizing to theories in use.

1. Sense-Making The need for interpretation Perspectives Techniques Analysing organizations

14. Relationship between Individual & Organization Source: Morgan Regards unequal distribution of power as key feature. Regards power as a crucial variable. Largely ignores the role of power in organizational life. Power Regards conflict as inevitable, leading ultimately to structural change. Regards conflict as permanent feature of organizations. Regards conflict as a rare and transient phenomenon. Conflict Places emphasis on opposition. Places emphasis on the diversity of individual and group interests. Places emphasis on the achievement of common objectives. Interests Radical Pluralist Unitary

15. Each organization exists in four different ways. Formal Organization Perceived Organization Effective Organization Ideal Organization What the orgchart and procedure manual says. What the participants think. What is “really” going on. What “ought” to be happening. Planning Observation & Audit Interviews & Workshops Espoused Theory Theory in Use Learning