This document summarizes key concepts about sensation and perception from Chapter 3 of Sensation & Perception. It discusses:
1) The difference between sensation (sensory input) and perception (interpretation of sensory input by the brain).
2) Gestalt principles of perceptual organization including figure-ground, similarity, proximity, continuity, and closure.
3) Depth cues for monocular and binocular vision like linear perspective, relative size, and binocular disparity.
4) Top-down and bottom-up processing in perception and how perceptual set and inattentional blindness can influence perception.
Explain the concepts perception and sensation in terms of the functioning of the sense organs
- Discuss organisation under: form perception, depth perception, perceptual consistency, perception of movement
- Describe the concept Illusion
- Describe extra sensory perception (ESP)
- Outline 3 main types of ESP
Perception: The process by which sensory information is actively organized and interpreted by the brain.
Factors of Perception.
Kinds of Perception
Laws of Perceptual Organisation
Types of Perceptual Constancy
Illusion:Something that looks or seems different from what it is something that is false or not real but that seems to be true or real.
All above information is included in presentation/
Good Luck
Explain the concepts perception and sensation in terms of the functioning of the sense organs
- Discuss organisation under: form perception, depth perception, perceptual consistency, perception of movement
- Describe the concept Illusion
- Describe extra sensory perception (ESP)
- Outline 3 main types of ESP
Perception: The process by which sensory information is actively organized and interpreted by the brain.
Factors of Perception.
Kinds of Perception
Laws of Perceptual Organisation
Types of Perceptual Constancy
Illusion:Something that looks or seems different from what it is something that is false or not real but that seems to be true or real.
All above information is included in presentation/
Good Luck
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. Sensation and Perception
• Sensation
– The process through which the senses pick up
visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and
transmit them to the brain; sensory information that
has registered in the brain but has not been
interpreted
• Perception
– The process by which sensory information is
actively organized and interpreted by the brain
3. Perception
Gestalt principles of perceptual organization
• Figure-ground
– Organization depends on what we see as figure (object) and
what we perceive a ground (context).
• Similarity
– Objects that have similar characteristics are perceived as unit.
• Proximity
– Objects close together in space or time perceived as
belonging together.
• Continuity
– We tend to perceive figures or objects as belonging together if
they appear to form a continuous pattern.
• Closure
– We perceive figures with gaps in them to be complete.
4. Perception
• You can see a white vase as figure against a
black background, or two black faces in profile
on a white background
6. Perception
• Perceptual constancy
– The tendency to perceive objects as maintaining
stable properties (e.g., size, shape, brightness, and
color) despite differences in distance, viewing angle,
and lighting
– Size constancy
• Perceiving objects as being about the same size when
they move farther away
– Shape constancy
• Perceiving objects as having a stable or unchanging shape
regardless of changes in the retinal image resulting from
differences in viewing angle
8. Perception
• Monocular depth cues
– Depth cues that can be perceived by only one eye
– Types of cues
• Interposition
– When one object partly blocks your view of another,
you perceive the partially blocked object as farther
away
• Linear perspective
– Parallel lines that are known to be the same distance
apart appear to grow closer together, or converge, as
they recede into the distance
9. Perception
• Monocular depth cues
– Types of cues
• Relative size
– Larger objects are perceived as being closer to the
viewer, and smaller objects as being farther away
• Texture gradient
– Near objects appear to have sharply defined textures,
while similar objects appear progressively smoother
and fuzzier as they recede into the distance
• Atmospheric perspective
– Objects in the distance have a bluish tint and appear
more blurred than objects close at hand
10. Perception
• Monocular depth cues
– Types of cues
• Motion parallax
– When you ride in a moving vehicle and look out the
side window, the objects you see outside appear to be
moving in the opposite direction
– Objects seem to be moving at different speeds – those
closest to you appear to be moving faster than those in
the distance
– Objects very far away, such as the moon and the sun,
appear to move in the same direction as the viewer
11. Perception
• James Gibson
– Pointed out that our perceptions of motion appear to
be based on fundamental, but frequently changing,
assumptions about stability
– Our brains search for some stimulus in the
environment to serve as the assumed reference
point for stability
– When you’re driving a car, you sense the car to be
in motion relative to the outside environment
12. Perception
• Depth perception
– The ability to see in three dimensions and to
estimate distance
• Binocular depth cues
– Depth cues that depend on two eyes working
together
– Convergence
• Occurs when the eyes turn inward to focus on nearby
objects – the closer the object, the greater the
convergence
– Binocular disparity (or retinal disparity)
• Difference between the two retinal images formed by the
eyes’ slightly different views of the objects focused on
13. Perception
• Ambiguous figures
– Can be seen in different ways to make different
images
– Best known ambiguous figure is “Old Woman/Young
Woman,” by E. G. Boring
17. Perception
• Illusion
– A false perception of actual stimuli involving a
misperception of size, shape, or the relationship of
one element to another
18. Perception
Müller-Lyer Illusion
– The two lines above are the same length, but the diagonals
extending outward from both ends of the lower line make it look
longer than the upper line
19. Influences on Perception
• Bottom-up processing
– Information processing in which individual
components or bits of data are combined until a
complete perception is formed
• Top-down processing
– Application of previous experience and conceptual
knowledge to recognize the whole of a perception
and thus easily identify the simpler elements of that
whole
22. Influences on Perception
• Perceptual set
– An expectation of what will be perceived, which can
affect what actually is perceived
• David Rosenhan
– David Rosenhan and some of his colleagues were
admitted as patients to various mental hospitals with
“diagnoses” of schizophrenia
– Once inside, they acted normal but the staff
members only saw what they expected to see and
not what was actually occurring
– The real patients were the first to realize that the
psychologists were not really mentally ill
23. Influences on Perception
• Inattentional blindness
– The phenomenon in which we miss an object in our
field of vision because we are attending to another
24. Influences on Perception
• Simons and his colleagues
– Showed participants a videotape of a basketball
game in which one team is uniformed in white and
the other in black
– Instructed them to count how many times the ball
was passed from one player to another either on the
white or black team
– About a third of participants typically fail to later
recall the presence on the screen of even extremely
incongruent stimuli (e.g., a man dressed in a gorilla
costume) under such conditions
25. Influences on Perception
• Social perception
– Facial expressions, the visual cues for emotional
perception, often take priority over the auditory cues
associated with a person’s speech intonation and
volume, as well as the actual words spoken