Genomics is the study of an organism's entire genome, including all genes and their interactions. It involves sequencing genomes and analyzing genes at the DNA, mRNA, and protein levels. The goals of genomics include sequencing entire genomes and understanding gene expression. Key applications include medical diagnosis and treatment, agriculture, evolution studies, and forensic science. Genomics played an important role in understanding COVID-19 by providing insights into the virus's origins, transmission, and potential therapies.

1. TOPIC- GENOMICS
PRESENTED BY – TAMNNA
COURSE- MSC ZOOLOGY

2. CONTENT
WHAT IS GENOMICS
GENOMES
HISTORY
GENETICS VS GENOMICS
SUBFIELDS OF GENOMICS
WHY TO SEQUENCE GENOMES
TECHNICAL FOUNDATIONS
STEPS IN GENOME SEQUENCING
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT, THE BASIC GOALS OF HGP
GENOMICS AND HEALTHCARE
ROLE OF GENOMICS IN COVID PANDEMIC

3. WHAT IS GENOMICS
 Genomics is an area within genetics that concerns the
sequencing and analysis of an organism’s genome.
 It involves the study of all genes at the DNA, mRNA, and
proteome level as well as the cellular or tissue level.
 The term genomics was first coined in 1986 by Tom
Roderick, a geneticist at the Jackson Laboratory in Maine,
during a meeting about the mapping of the human genome

4. Genomics is the study of all genes present in an
organism.
By definition: it can be defined as “A discipline in
genetics that applies recombinant DNA,DNA
sequencing methods and bioinformatics to sequence,
assemble and analyze the structure and function of
genomes.”
 It includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such
as heterosis, epistasis, pleiotropy and other
interactions between loci and alleles within the
genomes

5. Genomes
The term genome refers to the complete complement of
DNA for a given species
The human genome consists of 46 chromosomes.
Every cell (except sex cells and mature red blood cells)
contains the complete genome of an organism

6. HISTORY
 Genomics is a concept that was first developed by Fred Sanger
in early 1970s, who first sequenced the complete genome of a
virus and of a mitochondrion.
 In 1972, Walter Fiers and his research group became the first to
sequence a gene. They sequenced the gene of Bacteriophage
MS2.
 In 1995, Hamilton O. Smith and his team became the first to
sequence a genome of a free living organism – that of
Haemophiles influenzae.

7. GENETICS VS. GENOMICS
GENETICS
Genetics is the study of
heredity.
 “Gene" refers to a specific
sequence of DNA on a single
chromosome.
 Genetics involves the study
of functions and composition
of the single gene.
GENOMICS
Genomics is the study of the
entirety of an organism’s
genes.
“Genome” refers to an
organism's entire genetic
makeup.
Genomics addresses all genes
and their inter relationships

8. SUBFIELDS OF GENOMICS
The different research areas of genomics can be as follows :
1. Structural Genomics- Aims to determine the structure
of every protein encoded by the genome.
2. Functional Genomics- Aims to collect and use data
from sequencing for describing gene and protein
functions.
3. Comparative Genomics- Aims to compare genomic
features between different species.

9. GOALS
The main goal of genomics is to :
Sequence the entire genome by cutting it into small,
manageable pieces (fragments).
 Assemble the entire genome from the pieces (fragments).
 Understand how gene expression takes place

10. WHY TO SEQUENCE GENOMES
Sequencing genomes helps understand how the genome as
a whole and how the genes work together to direct the
growth, development and maintenance of an entire
organism.
 The genome sequence will represent a valuable shortcut,
thus helping to find genes much more easily and quickly

11. TECHNICAL FOUNDATIONS
The technical foundation of genomics involves :
Construction of Genomic and cDNA libraries
DNA Hybridization
Restriction-enzyme mapping
DNA sequencing
PCR amplification

12. STEPS IN GENOME SEQUENCING
Break genome into smaller fragments
Sequence those smaller pieces
Piece the sequences of the short fragments together
GENOME SEQUENCING APPROACHES
1. Hierarchical shotgun sequencing -Useful for sequencing genomes
of higher vertebrates that contain repetitive sequences.
 2. Whole genome Shotgun Sequencing -Useful for smaller genomes.

13. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
 The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international
scientific research project with the goal of determining the
sequence of chemical base pairs which make up human
DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the
human genome from both a physical and functional
standpoint.
 HGP was formally founded in 1990 by the US Department
of Energy and the National Institute of Health and was
declared completed on 14th April,2003.

14. THE BASIC GOALS OF HGP WERE :
To identify all the genes and their functions in a human
DNA.
To determine the sequences of 3 million base pairs the
makeup the human DNA.
To develop tools for data analysis.
 To obtain physical map of human genome.
 To store the information in public databases.

15. THERE IS HUGE POTENTIAL FOR GENOMICS AND HEALTHCARE

16. ROLE OF GENOMICS IN COVID PANDEMIC
The COVID-19 pandemic is due to infection caused by the novel SARS-
CoV-2 virus that impacts the lower respiratory tract. The spectrum of
symptoms ranges from asymptomatic infections to mild respiratory
symptoms to the lethal form of COVID-19 which is associated with severe
pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, and fatality.
To address this global crisis, up-to-date information on viral genomics
and transcriptomics is crucial for understanding the origins and global
dispersion of the virus, providing insights into viral pathogenicity,
transmission, and epidemiology, and enabling strategies for therapeutic
interventions, drug discovery, and vaccine development.

17. Animal genomics
Animal genomics has a wide range of applications
such as in drug development, generation of disease-
resistant transgenic animals, improved livestock
production, gene therapy, production of high-quality
fibers and hairs, biopharmaceuticals, animal health,
phylogenetic analysis, etc. to make the world healthy.

18. BENEFITS & APPLICATIONS
Genomics can be useful in following ways :
It can be used in the field of medicine for early detection of
genetic diseases and its diagnosis and treatment.
It is also useful in the field of agriculture.
To study evolution through mutation lineages.
In forensic science
Providing Nutritious Food for a Growing Human Population

19. REFERENCES
Genomics - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Genomics
Functional genomics I - EMBL-EBI
https://www.ebi.ac.uk › courses › what-is-genomics
https://searchhealthit.techtarget.com › definition › genomics