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Bridges operate at the physical and data link layers, regenerating signals and filtering by MAC addresses. There are two main types: transparent bridges, which stations are unaware of and forwarding is automatic based on learning; and source routing bridges, which require frames to specify the path through bridges to prevent loops. Routers connect LANs and WANs by routing packets based on logical addresses using dynamic routing tables and protocols like RIP. Gateways are computers that operate at all layers, connecting different models like OSI and Internet, interpreting and forwarding application messages between the models.
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Async / Await - an alternative to Webdriver’s built-in control flow. Limitations with control flow. Use Babel to write the latest ES6 JavaScript syntax. Custom reporter with screenshots from Sauce Labs. Parallel tests and accurate reporting.
Type-safe JavaScript with Facebook’s Flow-type library.
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【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微信：176555708】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：176555708】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
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我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
学历顾问：微信：176555708
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◆◆◆◆◆ — — — — — — — — 【留学教育】留学归国服务中心 — — — — — -◆◆◆◆◆
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微信：176555708】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：176555708】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
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Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
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- 1. ● Bridges ● Routers ● Gateways submitted by P.Mahalakshmi sathyabama university
- 2. Bridges operates in both the physical and the data link layer physical layer-regenerates the signal it receives. data link layer -physical (MAC) addresses (source and destination) Filtering Example.
- 4. Types of bridges ● Transparent Bridges ● Source Routing Bridges
- 5. Transparent Bridges ● stations are completely unaware of the bridge's existence. ● reconfiguration of the stations is unnecessary. ● IEEE 802.1 d specification, 3 criteria I. Frames must be forwarded from one station to another. 2. The forwarding table is automatically made by learning frame movements in the network. 3. Loops in the system must be prevented.
- 6. Learning ● The earliest bridges had forwarding tables that were static. ● A better solution -dynamic table ● example
- 8. Loop Problem ● Transparent bridges work fine as long as there are no redundant bridges in the system. ● redundant bridges (more than one bridge between a pair of LANs) to make the system more reliable. ● Redundancy can create loops in the system
- 10. spanning tree algorithm ● LAN can be reached from any other LAN through one path only (no loop) ● minimum hops(nodes), ● the path with minimum delay, or ● the path with maximum bandwidth ● Each bridge is equipped with a software package ● The bridges send special messages to oneanother, called bridge protocol data units (BPDUs)
- 13. Source Routing Bridge ● to prevent loops in a system ● the frame must visit bridges ● exchange of special frame with the destination prior to sending data.
- 14. Routers ● three-layer device that routes packets based on their logical addresses ● connects LANs and WANs in the Internet ● routing table(dynamic) ● Tables updated using routing protocols. Eg-RIP ● The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is one of the oldest distance-vector routing protocols, which employs the hop count as a routing metric. RIP prevents routing loops by implementing a limit on the number of hops allowed in a path from the source to a destination.
- 16. Gateway ● normally a computer that operates in all five layers of the Internet or seven layers of OSI model. ● application message, reads it, and interprets it ● connecting device use different models ● Eg OSI model can be connected to Internet model
- 17. Thank you