Seminar cooling tower

Water TreatmentWater Treatment
SeminarSeminar
Cooling Towers & ChillersCooling Towers & Chillers
Presented by International Chemtex P.R.Inc.

Water Treatment SeminarWater Treatment Seminar
Things you will learn in this seminarThings you will learn in this seminar
 Properties of WaterProperties of Water
 Hydrogen BondHydrogen Bond
 Specific HeatSpecific Heat of Waterof Water
 Water as aWater as a CoolantCoolant
 Water as aWater as a SolventSolvent

 Meaning of pHMeaning of pH
 What is anWhat is an acid ?acid ?
 What is aWhat is a basebase ? ( Alkalinity)? ( Alkalinity)
 Effect of pH onEffect of pH on solubilitysolubility

 Chiller Plant OperationChiller Plant Operation
 How Chillers WorkHow Chillers Work
 How Cooling Towers WorkHow Cooling Towers Work

 Problems associated with Cooling WaterProblems associated with Cooling Water
 Scale/ DepositsScale/ Deposits: Causes & Prevention: Causes & Prevention
 CorrosionCorrosion: Causes & Prevention: Causes & Prevention
 Different Types of CorrosionDifferent Types of Corrosion
 FoulingFouling: Causes & Prevention: Causes & Prevention
 Microbiological FoulingMicrobiological Fouling: Causes &: Causes &
PreventionPrevention

 Overview of Chemical EquipmentOverview of Chemical Equipment
 Cooling Tower ControllersCooling Tower Controllers
 Chemical PumpsChemical Pumps
 Water SoftenersWater Softeners
 Sand FiltersSand Filters

 Chemical SafetyChemical Safety
 Explanation of MSDSExplanation of MSDS
 Ten commandments of safe chemicalTen commandments of safe chemical
handlinghandling

 Testing ProceduresTesting Procedures
 Conductivity testConductivity test using meterusing meter
 pH testpH test using meterusing meter
 Hardness testHardness test to check softenerto check softener
 Organo testOrgano test to check residual of scaleto check residual of scale
inhibitor chemical in the cooling towerinhibitor chemical in the cooling tower
 Nitrite testNitrite test to check residual of corrosionto check residual of corrosion
inhibitor in the chill loop systeminhibitor in the chill loop system

Let’s get started…Let’s get started…

Properties of WaterProperties of Water
Water has a very simpleWater has a very simple
atomic structure. It hasatomic structure. It has
two hydrogen atomstwo hydrogen atoms
bonded to one oxygenbonded to one oxygen
atom.atom.

Each hydrogen atom has oneEach hydrogen atom has one
protonproton and oneand one electronelectron. The. The
oxygen atom has 8 protons andoxygen atom has 8 protons and
8 electrons. Both hydrogen8 electrons. Both hydrogen
atoms share their electronsatoms share their electrons
with the outer shell of thewith the outer shell of the
oxygen.oxygen. Note there are moreNote there are more
electrons on the oxygen side ofelectrons on the oxygen side of
the water moleculethe water molecule than on thethan on the
hydrogen side.hydrogen side.

Due to the uniqueDue to the unique
geometry of the watergeometry of the water
molecule, the hydrogenmolecule, the hydrogen
side has a slightside has a slight
positive charge. Thepositive charge. The
oxygen side has a slightoxygen side has a slight
negative charge.negative charge.

This molecular polarity causes water to be aThis molecular polarity causes water to be a
powerfulpowerful solventsolvent and is responsible for itsand is responsible for its
strong surface tension.strong surface tension.

This polarity of chargeThis polarity of charge
causes molecules ofcauses molecules of
water to be attracted towater to be attracted to
each other in a strongeach other in a strong
molecular bond calledmolecular bond called
the “the “hydrogen bondhydrogen bond”.”.
Water molecules canWater molecules can
bind together inbind together in
chains.chains.

 Due to the hydrogenDue to the hydrogen
bond, water has abond, water has a
high “high “specific heatspecific heat”.”.
 Specific heatSpecific heat is theis the
amount of energyamount of energy
required to changerequired to change
the temperature of athe temperature of a
substance.substance.
Water as ice has a highly
organized structure. It takes
large amounts of heat to make
a phase change to liquid water.

 Water in the liquidWater in the liquid
form remains as aform remains as a
liquid over a wideliquid over a wide
temperature rangetemperature range
from 0 C to 100 C.from 0 C to 100 C.
 Because water canBecause water can
absorb so much heatabsorb so much heat
and still remain aand still remain a
liquid, it makes aliquid, it makes a
good “good “coolantcoolant”.”.
As ice is heated and melts to
form water, the water mole-
cules move apart and become
more energetic. But the hydro-
gen bond keeps pulling them
back together like rubber bands.

 Once enough heat isOnce enough heat is
applied, water canapplied, water can
make another phasemake another phase
change and turn tochange and turn to
steam. Notice thesteam. Notice the
water molecules aswater molecules as
steam have become sosteam have become so
energetic they haveenergetic they have
broken away from thebroken away from the
hydrogen bond andhydrogen bond and
now are separatenow are separate
atoms.atoms.
Water molecules as steam have
enough kinetic energy to break
away from the hydrogen bond
binding it to other water mole-
cules.

 Another property ofAnother property of
water caused by thewater caused by the
hydrogen bond is thehydrogen bond is the
strongstrong surface tensionsurface tension
of water.of water.
 Water can overfill aWater can overfill a
cup because the watercup because the water
underneath pullsunderneath pulls
down on the surfacedown on the surface
water.water.

The strong surfaceThe strong surface
tension of watertension of water
allows for theallows for the
formation offormation of
water droplets andwater droplets and
waves.waves.

The diagram on the leftThe diagram on the left
is that of a saltis that of a salt
molecule. Salt is mademolecule. Salt is made
of sodium & chlorideof sodium & chloride
atoms.atoms.

When salt is dropped intoWhen salt is dropped into
water it dissolves. Thewater it dissolves. The
positive regionspositive regions of eachof each
water molecule iswater molecule is
attracted to theattracted to the
negatively chargednegatively charged
chloridechloride atoms.atoms.
Conversely theConversely the negativenegative
areaarea of each waterof each water
molecule is attracted tomolecule is attracted to
positively chargedpositively charged
sodiumsodium atoms.atoms.

Water will dissolveWater will dissolve
different minerals, fordifferent minerals, for
example calcium. Theexample calcium. The
calcium atom has acalcium atom has a
positivepositive charge. Thecharge. The
negative side of eachnegative side of each
water molecule iswater molecule is
attracted to the positivelyattracted to the positively
charged calcium atom.charged calcium atom.
It takes many water molecules to keep
just one calcium molecule in solution.
Calcium’s atomic number is 20 but
Oxygen’s is only 8. So the calcium
atom is 2.5 times bigger than the
oxygen atom.

Water is called aWater is called a
universal solvent, butuniversal solvent, but
each volume of watereach volume of water
has ahas a saturation limitsaturation limit..
 Once any mineral hasOnce any mineral has
reached its saturationreached its saturation
limit in a givenlimit in a given
volume of water, novolume of water, no
more mineral can gomore mineral can go
into solution.into solution.

 Once the saturation limitOnce the saturation limit
has been reached, anyhas been reached, any
additional mineraladditional mineral
added to the water willadded to the water will
fall out of solution.fall out of solution.
 In cooling water, calciumIn cooling water, calcium
will precipitate to formwill precipitate to form
hard scale deposits inhard scale deposits in
chiller tubes and towers.chiller tubes and towers.

 Each mineral has a distinct saturation limit in waterEach mineral has a distinct saturation limit in water
which depends on certain factors.which depends on certain factors.
 Calcium is the main scale forming mineral in coolingCalcium is the main scale forming mineral in cooling
tower waters.tower waters.
 Calcium’s saturation limit is affected or changed byCalcium’s saturation limit is affected or changed by
factors such as the level of calcium hardness,factors such as the level of calcium hardness, pHpH,,
temperature,temperature, andand alkalinityalkalinity of the cooling tower water.of the cooling tower water.
Once the calcium saturation index has been exceeded,Once the calcium saturation index has been exceeded,
then the excess calcium will precipitate out of solutionthen the excess calcium will precipitate out of solution
and form scale deposits in the heat exchange areas of theand form scale deposits in the heat exchange areas of the
chiller system, namely the chiller tubes and the towerchiller system, namely the chiller tubes and the tower
fill.fill.

Meaning of pHMeaning of pH
Water in a pure stateWater in a pure state
has a neutralhas a neutral pHpH..
Water changes itsWater changes its
pH when substancespH when substances
are dissolved in it.are dissolved in it.
TheThe pH scalepH scale is usedis used
to measure theto measure the
acidityacidity oror alkalinityalkalinity
of a substance.of a substance.

AnAn acidacid is anyis any chemical compound that, whenchemical compound that, when
dissolved in water, gives a solution with a hydrogen iondissolved in water, gives a solution with a hydrogen ion
activity greater than in pure water, i.e. aactivity greater than in pure water, i.e. a pHpH less thanless than
7.0. An acid will range from 0 to 7 on the pH scale.7.0. An acid will range from 0 to 7 on the pH scale.
AA basebase can be thought of as the chemical opposite ofcan be thought of as the chemical opposite of
an acid. A base will range from 7 to 14 on the pH scale.an acid. A base will range from 7 to 14 on the pH scale.
Bases and acids are opposites because the effect ofBases and acids are opposites because the effect of
an acid is to increase the hydrogen ion (Han acid is to increase the hydrogen ion (H33OO++
))
concentrationconcentration in water, whereas bases reduce thisin water, whereas bases reduce this
concentration. Bases react with acids to produce waterconcentration. Bases react with acids to produce water
and salts.and salts.

For Example:For Example:
Acid + Base = Water + SaltAcid + Base = Water + Salt
ACIDACID: HCl is Hydrochloric Acid: HCl is Hydrochloric Acid
BASEBASE: NaOH is Sodium Hydroxide: NaOH is Sodium Hydroxide
When you combine:When you combine: HClHCl++NaOHNaOH = H= H220 + NaCl0 + NaCl
This is Water & SaltThis is Water & Salt

Meaning of PhMeaning of Ph
The pH of coolingThe pH of cooling
tower water istower water is
important to usimportant to us
because the pH willbecause the pH will
change thechange the solubilitysolubility
of calcium in water.of calcium in water.
Lower the pH andLower the pH and
more calcium can staymore calcium can stay
in solution. If pH isin solution. If pH is
too alkaline, calciumtoo alkaline, calcium
will fall out ofwill fall out of
solution.solution.

Chiller Plant OperationChiller Plant Operation
Chiller & Cooling Tower work togetherChiller & Cooling Tower work together
to cool interior of the buildingto cool interior of the building

 Chiller cools chill waterChiller cools chill water
down to 40 degrees, thendown to 40 degrees, then
circulates chill water to thecirculates chill water to the
building. Return chillbuilding. Return chill
water comes back at 50water comes back at 50
degrees and causes Freondegrees and causes Freon
gas to evaporate.gas to evaporate.
 Condenser water coolsCondenser water cools
down Freon gas.down Freon gas.
 Compressor turns FreonCompressor turns Freon
gas back to liquid ready togas back to liquid ready to
repeat the cycle.repeat the cycle.Tower water enters condenser at
85 degrees but leaves condenser
at 95 degrees and returns to tower.

 Purpose of the coolingPurpose of the cooling
tower is to eject heat andtower is to eject heat and
cool down the condensercool down the condenser
waterwater by 10 degrees.by 10 degrees.
 By cooling the water, theBy cooling the water, the
same water can be usedsame water can be used
again and recycled to theagain and recycled to the
condenser. This savescondenser. This saves
large amounts of water.large amounts of water.

 Cooling Towers cool waterCooling Towers cool water
via thevia the process ofprocess of
evaporationevaporation..
 The tower water is brokenThe tower water is broken
up into droplets and air isup into droplets and air is
passed through the fallingpassed through the falling
water. Every minute 1% ofwater. Every minute 1% of
the tower water evaporatesthe tower water evaporates
but the other 99% is cooledbut the other 99% is cooled
down by 10 degrees and isdown by 10 degrees and is
recycled to cool therecycled to cool the
condenser. This processcondenser. This process
repeats constantly.repeats constantly.

Notice the condensationNotice the condensation
of the evaporatingof the evaporating
tower water. Thetower water. The
evaporation processevaporation process
cools down thecools down the
remaining tower waterremaining tower water
butbut leaves mineralleaves mineral
impurities behindimpurities behind..
These mineral impurities in water takes us to our next subject,
Problems in Tower Water; the reason we need water treatment.

Problems in Tower WaterProblems in Tower Water
There are four main problems which occurThere are four main problems which occur
in cooling tower water :in cooling tower water :
 ScaleScale
 CorrosionCorrosion
 FoulingFouling
 Microbiological FoulingMicrobiological Fouling

 TheThe first problemfirst problem in tower water is:in tower water is:
ScaleScale

 As we have seen, waterAs we have seen, water
is a good solvent.is a good solvent.
Tower makeup waterTower makeup water
has mineral impuritieshas mineral impurities
in it like,in it like, calciumcalcium,,
magnesiummagnesium && silicasilica..
 These minerals leftThese minerals left
unchecked can causeunchecked can cause
scale depositsscale deposits to formto form
on condenser tubes.on condenser tubes.

 ScaleScale will form on chiller tubeswill form on chiller tubes
if mineral saturation level isif mineral saturation level is
exceeded and scale inhibitorexceeded and scale inhibitor
residual falls too low in theresidual falls too low in the
tower water.tower water.
 Scale on tubes will increaseScale on tubes will increase
energy costs by 10% to 30%energy costs by 10% to 30%
depending on thickness.depending on thickness.
 Preventing scale is one of thePreventing scale is one of the
main objectives of the watermain objectives of the water
treatment program.treatment program.

 The dissolved solids in towerThe dissolved solids in tower
water if left to concentrate towater if left to concentrate to
high levels will also formhigh levels will also form
scale depositsscale deposits in the coolingin the cooling
tower fill and in the louvers.tower fill and in the louvers.
 This may require expensiveThis may require expensive
down time cleanouts.down time cleanouts.

 ScaleScale is prevented by:is prevented by:
 The proper amount ofThe proper amount of bleed offbleed off
 And the addition of chemicalAnd the addition of chemical scalescale
inhibitorsinhibitors to the tower water whichto the tower water which
prevent scale formation.prevent scale formation.

 Proper amount ofProper amount of bleed offbleed off limitslimits
the concentration of mineralthe concentration of mineral
solidssolids
 Tower water is bled to drainTower water is bled to drain
before the saturation limit on thebefore the saturation limit on the
scale forming mineral is exceededscale forming mineral is exceeded
 The exiting bleed off waterThe exiting bleed off water
contains a high level of dissolvedcontains a high level of dissolved
solids ( minerals) and is replacedsolids ( minerals) and is replaced
with fresh water which has awith fresh water which has a
lower level of solidslower level of solids

BBleed offleed off alone can notalone can not
prevent scaleprevent scale
 Scale inhibitorsScale inhibitors must bemust be
added to the tower wateradded to the tower water
and maintained withinand maintained within
desired ranges at all timesdesired ranges at all times
 Bleed off and injection ofBleed off and injection of
chemicals is donechemicals is done
automatically with properautomatically with proper
chemical equipmentchemical equipment

 The chemicalThe chemical scale inhibitorsscale inhibitors we use to treatwe use to treat
the tower water have two main properties:the tower water have two main properties:
 Crystal DistortionCrystal Distortion
 DispersancyDispersancy

 Crystal DistortionCrystal Distortion
 Polymers distort the crystal growth of the scale by disruptingPolymers distort the crystal growth of the scale by disrupting
the crystalline lattice which causes the hard dense adherentthe crystalline lattice which causes the hard dense adherent
nature of scales. With the inclusion of a relatively large,nature of scales. With the inclusion of a relatively large,
irregularly shaped polymer in the crystalline lattice, scaleirregularly shaped polymer in the crystalline lattice, scale
does not develop or adhere to surfaces where it could causedoes not develop or adhere to surfaces where it could cause
heat transfer problems.heat transfer problems.

 This is an electronThis is an electron
microscope photo ofmicroscope photo of
calcium carbonatecalcium carbonate
crystals.crystals.
 Note the regularNote the regular
structure of the crystal,structure of the crystal,
almost like buildingalmost like building
blocks.blocks.

Once the water isOnce the water is
treated with polymers,treated with polymers,
which distort thewhich distort the
crystalline structure, thecrystalline structure, the
calcium can no longercalcium can no longer
adhere and build upadhere and build up
scale deposits.scale deposits.

 DispersancyDispersancy
 Polymers are used for dispersing particles so they do
not tend to settle. Anionic polymers are effective
dispersants because they will increase the negative
charges of particles causing the particles to repel
each other and more easily keep them in suspension
so they can be removed by normal bleed off.

 TheThe second problemsecond problem in tower water is:in tower water is:
CorrosionCorrosion

 CorrosionCorrosion can becan be
caused by manycaused by many
factors.factors.
 IfIf acidacid is added to toweris added to tower
water to help maintainwater to help maintain
calcium hardness incalcium hardness in
solution, an overfeed ofsolution, an overfeed of
acidacid can cause severecan cause severe
corrosioncorrosion in thein the
condenser.condenser.

 Acid FeedAcid Feed Primer:Primer:
Adding acid to the tower water lowers the pHAdding acid to the tower water lowers the pH
and increases the solubility of some scaleand increases the solubility of some scale
forming minerals. For example adding sulfuricforming minerals. For example adding sulfuric
acid changesacid changes calcium carbonatecalcium carbonate ( the main scale( the main scale
forming mineral present in tower water) toforming mineral present in tower water) to
calcium sulfate,calcium sulfate, which has a much higherwhich has a much higher
solubility index than than calcium carbonate. Ansolubility index than than calcium carbonate. An
overfeed of acid can result in severe corrosionoverfeed of acid can result in severe corrosion
even catastrophic system failure.even catastrophic system failure.

 To avoid the potential for thisTo avoid the potential for this
type oftype of corrosion,corrosion, wewe
recommendrecommend notnot to use an acidto use an acid
feed to control scale formingfeed to control scale forming
impurities.impurities.
 In high hardness waters whereIn high hardness waters where
acid feed is necessary, we preferacid feed is necessary, we prefer
to use a water softener and ato use a water softener and a
high qualityhigh quality polymerpolymer scale &scale &
corrosion inhibitor chemicalcorrosion inhibitor chemical..

 There are other types ofThere are other types of corrosioncorrosion that canthat can
occur in tower systems. Some examples are:occur in tower systems. Some examples are:
 General CorrosionGeneral Corrosion
 White RustWhite Rust on new galvanized cooling towerson new galvanized cooling towers
 M.I.C.M.I.C. - Microbiologically Induced Corrosion- Microbiologically Induced Corrosion
 ErosionErosion
 Galvanic AttackGalvanic Attack
 CavitationCavitation

 Corrosion may be prevented or mitigated byCorrosion may be prevented or mitigated by
the proper addition of corrosion inhibitorsthe proper addition of corrosion inhibitors
and biocide chemicals.and biocide chemicals.
 However;However; some types of corrosion can not besome types of corrosion can not be
prevented by chemicalsprevented by chemicals. They must be. They must be
remedied by mechanical or other means.remedied by mechanical or other means.

 Generalized corrosionGeneralized corrosion is caused by oxygen in theis caused by oxygen in the
water attacking the metal.water attacking the metal.
 This type of corrosion is reduced or mitigated byThis type of corrosion is reduced or mitigated by
adding corrosion inhibitors to the tower water.adding corrosion inhibitors to the tower water.
 The inhibitor works by laying down a thinThe inhibitor works by laying down a thin
protective film on theprotective film on the wettedwetted metal surfaces in themetal surfaces in the
tower water piping system. This film inhibits thetower water piping system. This film inhibits the
oxygen from reaching the metal.oxygen from reaching the metal.

 The rate ofThe rate of generalizedgeneralized
corrosioncorrosion can be monitoredcan be monitored
by using corrosion couponsby using corrosion coupons
 Metal coupons of steel andMetal coupons of steel and
copper are inserted into thecopper are inserted into the
water stream for 60 to 90water stream for 60 to 90
daysdays
 They are then removed andThey are then removed and
analyzed for metal loss.analyzed for metal loss.

 No corrosion inhibitor willNo corrosion inhibitor will
completely stop allcompletely stop all
corrosion. The idea is tocorrosion. The idea is to
reduce the rate of corrosionreduce the rate of corrosion
to acceptable limits.to acceptable limits.
 Acceptable limit for mildAcceptable limit for mild
steel is 2 mils per yr. Limitsteel is 2 mils per yr. Limit
for copper is 0.2 mils perfor copper is 0.2 mils per
yearyear

 White RustWhite Rust is a type ofis a type of
corrosion that can occur incorrosion that can occur in
new galvanized towers.new galvanized towers.
 White RustWhite Rust refers to therefers to the
premature, rapid loss ofpremature, rapid loss of
galvanized coating ongalvanized coating on
cooling tower metalcooling tower metal
surfaces.surfaces.
 White RustWhite Rust is evidencedis evidenced
by a white, waxy buildupby a white, waxy buildup
on the surface of theon the surface of the
galvanized metal.galvanized metal.

Once theOnce the
galvanized coatinggalvanized coating
has been removed,has been removed,
the underlyingthe underlying
steel/iron rapidlysteel/iron rapidly
corrodescorrodes

Problem in Tower WaterProblem in Tower Water
 WhyWhy White RustWhite Rust occurs is a littleoccurs is a little
complicated, but there are 3 main reasons:complicated, but there are 3 main reasons:
 The imperfect manufacture of the galvanizedThe imperfect manufacture of the galvanized
coating of the tower metalcoating of the tower metal
 Lack of passivation when tower first started upLack of passivation when tower first started up
 Running tower with high alkalinity levels inRunning tower with high alkalinity levels in
tower watertower water
 Please refer to Chemtex Technical Topic onPlease refer to Chemtex Technical Topic on
White RustWhite Rust for a more in depth analysisfor a more in depth analysis

 The next type of corrosion to discuss is:The next type of corrosion to discuss is:
M.I.C. - Microbiological Induced CorrosionM.I.C. - Microbiological Induced Corrosion
 M.I.C. is caused by bacteria,M.I.C. is caused by bacteria, mostly by:mostly by:
SRB-SRB- Sulfate Reducing BacteriaSulfate Reducing Bacteria
IRB -IRB - Iron Reducing BacteriaIron Reducing Bacteria

 SRBSRB -- Sulfate ReducingSulfate Reducing
BacteriaBacteria are anaerobicare anaerobic
(oxygen free) class of(oxygen free) class of
bacteria that can thrivebacteria that can thrive
under deposits of dirt andunder deposits of dirt and
silt in basin of towers.silt in basin of towers.
 SRBSRB form nodules thatform nodules that
cause pitting. This bacteriacause pitting. This bacteria
can actually eat throughcan actually eat through
the basin of the towerthe basin of the tower
and/or piping and causeand/or piping and cause
leaks.leaks.

 SRBSRB -- Sulfate ReducingSulfate Reducing
BacteriaBacteria are usually foundare usually found
in low flow areas of thein low flow areas of the
tower system, like in thetower system, like in the
tower basin.tower basin.
 Nodules are formedNodules are formed underunder
dirt or otherdirt or other aerobicaerobic
bacteria debris. Thesebacteria debris. These
nodules start a reactionnodules start a reaction
that leads to pitting.that leads to pitting.

 These are activeThese are active SRBSRB nodules in the coolingnodules in the cooling
tower basin.tower basin.

 IRBIRB -- Iron ReducingIron Reducing
BacteriaBacteria are aerobic ( needare aerobic ( need
oxygen) class of bacteriaoxygen) class of bacteria
which feed on iron.which feed on iron.
 IRBIRB removes iron from theremoves iron from the
water and/or the pipingwater and/or the piping
and deposits it into stickyand deposits it into sticky
secretions.secretions.
 IRBIRB can cause pitting andcan cause pitting and
plugging. IRB can formplugging. IRB can form
tubercules inside pipingtubercules inside piping
reducing water flow.reducing water flow.

 ErosionErosion
 Sometimes in the tower, corrosion of the metal isSometimes in the tower, corrosion of the metal is
caused bycaused by erosionerosion. If sand or dirt particles are. If sand or dirt particles are
present in the air around the tower, thepresent in the air around the tower, the
movement of air thru the tower can scratch themovement of air thru the tower can scratch the
surface metal, removing the protectivesurface metal, removing the protective
galvanizing thus opening up the underlyinggalvanizing thus opening up the underlying
steel/iron for rapid corrosion.steel/iron for rapid corrosion.
 Please note the corrosion inhibitor can only workPlease note the corrosion inhibitor can only work
on fully wetted surfaces. In the tower theon fully wetted surfaces. In the tower the
corrosion inhibitor can not protect any metalcorrosion inhibitor can not protect any metal
aboveabove the water line.the water line.

 It should be obvious thatIt should be obvious that erosionerosion corrosioncorrosion
occurring in the tower cannot be prevented byoccurring in the tower cannot be prevented by
chemicals. Unfortunately the addition of thechemicals. Unfortunately the addition of the
proper chemicals and good control of theproper chemicals and good control of the
chemistry will not prevent some types ofchemistry will not prevent some types of
corrosion.corrosion.
 Don’t fall into the “Flag Pole Syndrome”…Don’t fall into the “Flag Pole Syndrome”…
If the flag pole in front of the building fallsIf the flag pole in front of the building falls
down, call the water treater cause it must bedown, call the water treater cause it must be
his fault :)his fault :)

 Galvanic attackGalvanic attack is type of corrosion which canis type of corrosion which can
occur in cooling tower piping systems.occur in cooling tower piping systems.
 If two dissimilar metals are connected in theIf two dissimilar metals are connected in the
presence of an electrolyte (water), they act as apresence of an electrolyte (water), they act as a
short circuited galvanic cell and corrosion willshort circuited galvanic cell and corrosion will
occur.occur.
 The farther apart the metals are on theThe farther apart the metals are on the
galvanic series the greater potential forgalvanic series the greater potential for
corrosion.corrosion.

 TheThe anodeanode (negative)(negative)
metal is giving upmetal is giving up
ions to theions to the cathodecathode
(positive)(positive) metal.metal.
 The results isThe results is
corrosion and pittingcorrosion and pitting
in the anode metal.in the anode metal.

The higher the dissolved solids level in theThe higher the dissolved solids level in the
water, the higher the potential for corrosionwater, the higher the potential for corrosion

 Corrosion starts when two dissimilar metals such as galvanizedCorrosion starts when two dissimilar metals such as galvanized
pipe (anode) is joined to a metal like copper (cathode) in anpipe (anode) is joined to a metal like copper (cathode) in an
electrolyte (water).electrolyte (water).
 Corrosion can occur at the anode metal causing pitting.Corrosion can occur at the anode metal causing pitting.

 On the galvanic series,On the galvanic series,
copper is on the cathodiccopper is on the cathodic
end of the range andend of the range and
zinc (galvanized) iszinc (galvanized) is
close to the top of theclose to the top of the
anodic range.anodic range.
 When these two metalsWhen these two metals
are joined together, thereare joined together, there
exists a high potentialexists a high potential
forfor galvanic corrosiongalvanic corrosion..

 These photos showThese photos show
galvanic corrosiongalvanic corrosion whenwhen
a galvanized pipe isa galvanized pipe is
attached to a copperattached to a copper
pipe.pipe.
 If a small section ofIf a small section of
galvanized pipe isgalvanized pipe is
connected to a largeconnected to a large
section of copper pipe,section of copper pipe,
then the cathodic areathen the cathodic area
will begin to corrode.will begin to corrode.

 Galvanic corrosionGalvanic corrosion cancan notnot be prevented bybe prevented by
chemical treatment.chemical treatment.
 Mechanical measures need implementing toMechanical measures need implementing to
prevent galvanic attack.prevent galvanic attack.
 Avoid installing dissimilar metalsAvoid installing dissimilar metals
 Insert di-electric couplings between metalsInsert di-electric couplings between metals
 Reduce conductivity of the electrolyteReduce conductivity of the electrolyte
 Pure water will poorly conduct an electrical current

Problems with Tower WaterProblems with Tower Water
 CavitationCavitation is another type of corrosion whichis another type of corrosion which
can occur in cooling tower water pipingcan occur in cooling tower water piping
systems.systems.
 Cavitation occurs when gas bubbles trapped inCavitation occurs when gas bubbles trapped in
the circulating water enter an elbow or make athe circulating water enter an elbow or make a
turn and the pressure in the water changesturn and the pressure in the water changes
rapidly. The gas bubbles can expand makingrapidly. The gas bubbles can expand making
microscopic gouges in the metal.microscopic gouges in the metal.
 Over time these gouges, erode away the metal.Over time these gouges, erode away the metal.
 This is calledThis is called Cavitation-ErosionCavitation-Erosion..

 The drawing showsThe drawing shows
the turbulence of thethe turbulence of the
gas bubblesgas bubbles
expanding & makingexpanding & making
gouges in the metal.gouges in the metal.

 These two photos showThese two photos show
thethe cavitation-erosioncavitation-erosion oror
impingement in theimpingement in the
elbow of pipes.elbow of pipes.
The damage is done afterThe damage is done after
the elbow in the areathe elbow in the area
where the gas expandswhere the gas expands
rapidly after making therapidly after making the
curve.curve.
 This type of corrosion canThis type of corrosion can
only be prevented byonly be prevented by
mechanical means andmechanical means and
not by chemicals.not by chemicals.

 Cavitation-erosionCavitation-erosion cancan
occur inside chiller tubesoccur inside chiller tubes
where baffle supportswhere baffle supports
hold the tubes.hold the tubes.
 If support pinches theIf support pinches the
tubes, gas bubbles intubes, gas bubbles in
water can expand towater can expand to
create turbulence andcreate turbulence and
gouge metal insidegouge metal inside
chiller tubes.chiller tubes.

 VibrationVibration at theat the
baffle support areabaffle support area
can also lead to metalcan also lead to metal
fatigue and corrosionfatigue and corrosion
resulting in leaks inresulting in leaks in
the chiller tubes.the chiller tubes.
 Not all types ofNot all types of
corrosion can becorrosion can be
prevented byprevented by
chemicals.chemicals.

 Corrosion Section SummaryCorrosion Section Summary
 We have reviewed some of the more commonWe have reviewed some of the more common
corrosion problems to occur in coolingcorrosion problems to occur in cooling
systems.systems.
 However, be aware there are other types ofHowever, be aware there are other types of
corrosion which can occur. Time does notcorrosion which can occur. Time does not
permit us to mention them all.permit us to mention them all.
 When corrosion does occur, the relative dataWhen corrosion does occur, the relative data
needs to be collected, studied and analyzedneeds to be collected, studied and analyzed
before causes and cures can be assigned.before causes and cures can be assigned.

 TheThe third problemthird problem in tower water is:in tower water is:
FoulingFouling

 Fouling is caused by dirt and otherFouling is caused by dirt and other
suspended solidssuspended solids in the cooling towerin the cooling tower
water accumulating in the tower basinwater accumulating in the tower basin
and migrating to the chiller tubes.and migrating to the chiller tubes.

 This photo shows theThis photo shows the
accumulation of sludgeaccumulation of sludge
buildup in the towerbuildup in the tower
basin.basin.
 This dirt/mud/siltThis dirt/mud/silt
buildup is calledbuildup is called
foulingfouling and has severaland has several
sources.sources.

 Sources of Fouling are:Sources of Fouling are:
 Suspended solids (dirt) in tower water makeupSuspended solids (dirt) in tower water makeup. Sometimes, the. Sometimes, the
makeup water ( especially after a heavy rain) comes with a highmakeup water ( especially after a heavy rain) comes with a high
amount of suspended solids ( dirt).amount of suspended solids ( dirt).
 Air borne dirtAir borne dirt entering the tower. Cooling towers act like airentering the tower. Cooling towers act like air
washers; any dirt in the air gets sucked into the tower and canwashers; any dirt in the air gets sucked into the tower and can
settle out in the basin of the tower. Some of this dirt can travel tosettle out in the basin of the tower. Some of this dirt can travel to
the chiller causing fouling inside condenser tubes.the chiller causing fouling inside condenser tubes.
 Accumulations ofAccumulations of dead algae & bacteriadead algae & bacteria in tower basin and piping.in tower basin and piping.

 Suspended SolidsSuspended Solids are different thanare different than dissolved solidsdissolved solids. The dissolved. The dissolved
solids in tower water which concern us are the scale forming mineralssolids in tower water which concern us are the scale forming minerals
like calcium.like calcium. Dissolved solidsDissolved solids are at the molecular level and must beare at the molecular level and must be
treated with chemicals.treated with chemicals.
 Suspended solidsSuspended solids are the dirt and silt in the tower water you can seeare the dirt and silt in the tower water you can see
with your eye. Suspended solids are many thousands of time largerwith your eye. Suspended solids are many thousands of time larger
than dissolved solids.than dissolved solids.
 Some success can be achieved using chemicals like anionicSome success can be achieved using chemicals like anionic
dispersants to remove suspended solids from the tower water system.dispersants to remove suspended solids from the tower water system.
At times it is necessary to remove the suspended solids from theAt times it is necessary to remove the suspended solids from the
tower water by mechanical means, by filtering the water via atower water by mechanical means, by filtering the water via a sandsand
filterfilter. Sand filters will be discussed in the “Equipment Overview”. Sand filters will be discussed in the “Equipment Overview”
section later in this presentation.section later in this presentation.

 TheThe fourth problemfourth problem in tower water is:in tower water is:
Microbiological FoulingMicrobiological Fouling

 Microbiological foulingMicrobiological fouling refers to foulingrefers to fouling
that occurs when algae, bacteria andthat occurs when algae, bacteria and
fungus grows out of control in coolingfungus grows out of control in cooling
tower systems.tower systems.
 This type of fouling can plug strainers,This type of fouling can plug strainers,
which reduces water flow to chillers.which reduces water flow to chillers.

 AlgaeAlgae && bacteriabacteria cancan
grow unchecked ingrow unchecked in
tower water and causetower water and cause
foulingfouling in the towerin the tower
basin and inside thebasin and inside the
condenser tubes.condenser tubes.
 Fouled tubes increasesFouled tubes increases
energy consumption &energy consumption &
can cause unscheduledcan cause unscheduled
shutdowns.shutdowns.

Problems with Tower WaterProblems with Tower Water
 To preventTo prevent
microbiologicalmicrobiological foulingfouling ofof
the tower and chillerthe tower and chiller
tubes a good dualtubes a good dual biocidebiocide
feedfeed program must beprogram must be
used at all times.used at all times.
 Tower should be visuallyTower should be visually
inspected weekly andinspected weekly and
bacteria dip slides run tobacteria dip slides run to
insure bacteria counts areinsure bacteria counts are
under control.under control.

Discussion of BiocidesDiscussion of Biocides::
 Biocides are the chemicals that kill and controlBiocides are the chemicals that kill and control
the growth ofthe growth of algaealgae,, bacteriabacteria andand fungusfungus in openin open
cooling tower water systems.cooling tower water systems.
 Biocides are usually slug fed to the tower.Biocides are usually slug fed to the tower.
 There are different classes of biocides. Some areThere are different classes of biocides. Some are
oxiziders, like chlorine, and are slightlyoxiziders, like chlorine, and are slightly
corrosive to use. While others are non-oxiziderscorrosive to use. While others are non-oxiziders
and are non-corrosive.and are non-corrosive.

Discussion of Biocides continuedDiscussion of Biocides continued::
 Different biocides have different mechanismsDifferent biocides have different mechanisms
or ways to kill the organisms.or ways to kill the organisms.
 Oxidizing biocidesOxidizing biocides strip or burn thorough thestrip or burn thorough the
cell wall thuscell wall thus exploding the bacteriaexploding the bacteria..
 Non-oxidizing biocidesNon-oxidizing biocides control organic growthcontrol organic growth
by preventing the bacteria fromby preventing the bacteria from absorbing foodabsorbing food
or reproducingor reproducing..

 Some biocides, due to the way they work, areSome biocides, due to the way they work, are
excellent at killing algae but only average inexcellent at killing algae but only average in
killing bacteria.killing bacteria.
 Conversely, other biocides are great at killingConversely, other biocides are great at killing
bacteria but only average to poor at killingbacteria but only average to poor at killing
algae.algae.
 Some biocides do not work well in highSome biocides do not work well in high
hardness or high alkaline waters.hardness or high alkaline waters.

 The proper selection of biocides will depend onThe proper selection of biocides will depend on
several factors such as what type of organismseveral factors such as what type of organism
you are trying to kill and control and what is theyou are trying to kill and control and what is the
chemical qualities of the tower water you arechemical qualities of the tower water you are
treating.treating.
 It is important to use dual alternating biocidesIt is important to use dual alternating biocides
to insure no organism develops an immunity toto insure no organism develops an immunity to
a single biocide used constantly.a single biocide used constantly.

 Improper water treatmentImproper water treatment
and/or lack of control willand/or lack of control will
result in fouled chiller tubesresult in fouled chiller tubes
and dirty towers costingand dirty towers costing
thousands of dollars inthousands of dollars in
excess energy and clean outexcess energy and clean out
expenses.expenses.
 A good, well controlled,A good, well controlled,
water treatment programwater treatment program
will prevent these problemswill prevent these problems
from occurring.from occurring.

Chemical Equipment OverviewChemical Equipment Overview
 Chemical Equipment ReviewChemical Equipment Review
1. Cooling1. Cooling Tower ControllersTower Controllers
2. Chemical Feed Pumps2. Chemical Feed Pumps
3. Water Softeners3. Water Softeners
4. Sand Filters4. Sand Filters

 Photo shows a typicalPhoto shows a typical
chemical equipmentchemical equipment
installation.installation.
 It consists of:It consists of:
 tower bleed controllertower bleed controller
& solenoid valve for& solenoid valve for
bleed offbleed off
 one scale inhibitorone scale inhibitor
pumppump
 two biocide pumps fortwo biocide pumps for
dual biocide feeddual biocide feed

QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Schematic of Chemical Equipment Installation

 The main purpose of theThe main purpose of the
bleed controllerbleed controller is tois to
monitor via a electronicmonitor via a electronic
sensor, the conductivity ofsensor, the conductivity of
the tower water.the tower water.
 Once theOnce the conductivity setconductivity set
pointpoint has been reached, thehas been reached, the
controller sends a signal tocontroller sends a signal to
the bleed solenoid valve tothe bleed solenoid valve to
open.open.
 Tower water is bled to drainTower water is bled to drain
replaced with fresh makeupreplaced with fresh makeup
water.water.

 TheThe tower controllertower controller alsoalso
controls the operation of thecontrols the operation of the
three chemical pumps.three chemical pumps.
 TheThe scale inhibitor pumpscale inhibitor pump isis
programmed to come onprogrammed to come on
once every 30 minutes for aonce every 30 minutes for a
few minutes to inject thefew minutes to inject the
scale inhibitor chemical.scale inhibitor chemical.
 EachEach biocide pumpbiocide pump onlyonly
comes on once a week for acomes on once a week for a
preset time to slug feed apreset time to slug feed a
dose of biocide to the tower.dose of biocide to the tower.

 All settings on the controllerAll settings on the controller
are programmed by theare programmed by the
Chemtex technician.Chemtex technician.
 All functions workAll functions work
automatically without theautomatically without the
need for the plant’sneed for the plant’s
personnel to do anything.personnel to do anything.
 However, from time to timeHowever, from time to time
the controller may lose somethe controller may lose some
calibration on thecalibration on the
conductivity reading. If &conductivity reading. If &
when this happens, thewhen this happens, the
Chemtex technician will re-Chemtex technician will re-
calibrate the controller.calibrate the controller.

 Water SoftenerWater Softener..
 The purpose of theThe purpose of the
softener is to removesoftener is to remove
the calcium &the calcium &
magnesium hardnessmagnesium hardness
from the towerfrom the tower
makeup water.makeup water.

 A water softener consistsA water softener consists
of aof a mineral tankmineral tank thatthat
holds theholds the resinresin and aand a brinebrine
tanktank that stores thethat stores the saltsalt..
 It also has a control valveIt also has a control valve
and a timer that initiatesand a timer that initiates
and controls regeneration.and controls regeneration.
 Once the resin bed isOnce the resin bed is
exhausted, theexhausted, the
regeneration cycle starts.regeneration cycle starts.

 When softener tank isWhen softener tank is
online, hard wateronline, hard water
enters the softener andenters the softener and
passes down throughpasses down through
the resin bed.the resin bed.
 Ion exchange takesIon exchange takes
place with theplace with the calciumcalcium
& magnesium ions& magnesium ions
sticking to the resinsticking to the resin
and releasingand releasing sodiumsodium
ionsions in their place.in their place.

 Calcium & magnesium areCalcium & magnesium are scale formingscale forming ions.ions.
 The sodium ion isThe sodium ion is non scalingnon scaling.. Sodium will staySodium will stay
in solution hundreds of times more than calcium.in solution hundreds of times more than calcium.
 Replacing the calcium and magnesium ions forReplacing the calcium and magnesium ions for
sodium makes the watersodium makes the water soft ( non scaling).soft ( non scaling).

 The softener ionThe softener ion
exchangeexchange resinresin lookslooks
like tiny beads.like tiny beads.
 Once all the resinOnce all the resin
beads are saturatedbeads are saturated
with calcium, thewith calcium, the
resin bed must beresin bed must be
recharged with saltrecharged with salt
 Salt isSalt is NaClNaCl ((sodiumsodium
chloride).chloride).

 Recharging the resin bed with salt is calledRecharging the resin bed with salt is called
regenerationregeneration..
 During regeneration the control valve passes theDuring regeneration the control valve passes the
softener through 4 stages.softener through 4 stages.
 During regeneration, salt (During regeneration, salt ( sodiumsodium) is passed) is passed
across the resin. Ion exchange takes place again.across the resin. Ion exchange takes place again.
 Now theNow the sodiumsodium sticks to the resin and thesticks to the resin and the
calciumcalcium && magnesiummagnesium are released and flushedare released and flushed
to the drainto the drain..

The four stages of regeneration are:The four stages of regeneration are:
1.1. BackwashBackwash
2. Brine Draw2. Brine Draw
3. Slow Rinse3. Slow Rinse
4. Fast Rinse4. Fast Rinse

 Before regeneration startsBefore regeneration starts
the softener is in thethe softener is in the
normalnormal serviceservice mode.mode.
 TheThe hard waterhard water entersenters
from the top passes downfrom the top passes down
through the resin.through the resin.
 Ion exchange takes place.Ion exchange takes place.
 Soft waterSoft water exits softenerexits softener
and goes out toand goes out to serviceservice..

 During theDuring the first stagefirst stage ofof
regeneration the softenerregeneration the softener
enters theenters the backwashbackwash
mode.mode.
 The water enters from theThe water enters from the
bottom passesbottom passes upup throughthrough
the resin then out tothe resin then out to draindrain..
 Backwash removes theBackwash removes the
dirt from the resin.dirt from the resin.

 During theDuring the second stagesecond stage ofof
regeneration the softenerregeneration the softener
enters theenters the brine drawbrine draw
mode.mode.
 The salt water enters fromThe salt water enters from
the brine tank and passesthe brine tank and passes
down through the resindown through the resin
then out tothen out to draindrain..
 Brine draw releases theBrine draw releases the
calciumcalcium && magnesiummagnesium
from the resin andfrom the resin and flushesflushes
it to drain.it to drain.

 In theIn the third stagethird stage ofof
regeneration, once theregeneration, once the
brine tank is empty, thebrine tank is empty, the
softener goes into thesoftener goes into the
slow rinseslow rinse mode.mode.
 During slow rinse theDuring slow rinse the
excess salt water isexcess salt water is
slowly rinsed or purgedslowly rinsed or purged
from the mineral tankfrom the mineral tank
and flushed to theand flushed to the draindrain..

 In theIn the fourth stagefourth stage ofof
regeneration, the softenerregeneration, the softener
goes into thegoes into the fast rinsefast rinse
mode.mode.
 During fast rinse water isDuring fast rinse water is
rapidly passed across therapidly passed across the
resin to remove any last saltresin to remove any last salt
left in mineral tank fromleft in mineral tank from
the brine draw.the brine draw.
 After fast rinse, the softenerAfter fast rinse, the softener
is returned to service oris returned to service or
placed in standby ( if a twinplaced in standby ( if a twin
unit).unit).

 In aIn a twin alternating water softener systems,twin alternating water softener systems, one tank isone tank is
in service and one tank is on standby. When the unitin service and one tank is on standby. When the unit
online goes into regeneration, it goes offline and theonline goes into regeneration, it goes offline and the
standby unit goes into service.standby unit goes into service. Thus soft water alwaysThus soft water always
goes out to the systemgoes out to the system..
 In aIn a single tank unitsingle tank unit, when the mineral tank goes into, when the mineral tank goes into
regeneration there are two options:regeneration there are two options:
 Hard Water BypassHard Water Bypass- While the unit is in regeneration,- While the unit is in regeneration, hardhard
waterwater by-passes the softener and goes out to the system.by-passes the softener and goes out to the system.
 NO Hard Water BypassNO Hard Water Bypass- While the softener is in regeneration,- While the softener is in regeneration,
NO water goes out to the system.NO water goes out to the system.

 Sand FilterSand Filter
 While the sand filter is not a piece of chemicalWhile the sand filter is not a piece of chemical
treatment equipment, it does help us achieve thetreatment equipment, it does help us achieve the
goals of the water treatment program.goals of the water treatment program.
 Sand filters by eliminating the sludge buildup inSand filters by eliminating the sludge buildup in
the tower basin,the tower basin, prevents foulingprevents fouling..

 When a sand filter is installed on a tower there is little orWhen a sand filter is installed on a tower there is little or
no buildup of dirt in the tower basin. This makes theno buildup of dirt in the tower basin. This makes the
biocide/ chemical program more efficient.biocide/ chemical program more efficient.
 Less biocide/ chemicals are usedLess biocide/ chemicals are used. When a tower is. When a tower is
fouled with sludge deposits, this layer of dirt gives afouled with sludge deposits, this layer of dirt gives a
place for the bacteria to hide and prevents the biocide/place for the bacteria to hide and prevents the biocide/
chemicals from penetrating down through the dirt andchemicals from penetrating down through the dirt and
completing killing all the algae and bacteria. Thecompleting killing all the algae and bacteria. The
remaining bacteria quickly re-infect the tower waterremaining bacteria quickly re-infect the tower water
system.system.

ChemicalChemical EquipmentEquipment OverviewOverview
These are photos of typical sand filters installedThese are photos of typical sand filters installed
on cooling towerson cooling towers

This is a cut away view of the sand filter. TheThis is a cut away view of the sand filter. The
sand only fills up 2/3 of the vessel.sand only fills up 2/3 of the vessel.

 When in service mode, the water in a sand filterWhen in service mode, the water in a sand filter
flows from theflows from the top to the bottomtop to the bottom. The space. The space
between the sand is only 5 microns. The dirt getsbetween the sand is only 5 microns. The dirt gets
trapped between the sand particles. As the sandtrapped between the sand particles. As the sand
filter becomes dirty it actually filters better andfilter becomes dirty it actually filters better and
better but the outlet flow starts to diminish.better but the outlet flow starts to diminish.
 When flow is reduced, the filters’ back pressureWhen flow is reduced, the filters’ back pressure
goes up. The pressure sensor on the filter sensesgoes up. The pressure sensor on the filter senses
this and automatically puts the filter into thethis and automatically puts the filter into the
backwash mode for 2 to 3 minutes.backwash mode for 2 to 3 minutes.

 In backwashIn backwash, the flow is reversed from the, the flow is reversed from the
bottom to the top of the filterbottom to the top of the filter. The sand bed is. The sand bed is
uplifted. Because the dirt trapped between theuplifted. Because the dirt trapped between the
sand is lighter than the sand, the dirt is shakensand is lighter than the sand, the dirt is shaken
loose and flows up and away to the drain.loose and flows up and away to the drain.
 The water flow up through filter in the backwashThe water flow up through filter in the backwash
mode is controlled so that the sand media ismode is controlled so that the sand media is
slightly uplifted but not enough to wash the sandslightly uplifted but not enough to wash the sand
up and over to the drain.up and over to the drain.
 After 2 minutes of backwash, the sand filter isAfter 2 minutes of backwash, the sand filter is
then again put back into the service mode.then again put back into the service mode.

The sweeper piping installation in the tower basin improvesThe sweeper piping installation in the tower basin improves
operating efficiency of the sand filter. Sweeper jets push theoperating efficiency of the sand filter. Sweeper jets push the
dirt to center of the tower towards suction piping of the filter.dirt to center of the tower towards suction piping of the filter.

Sand filters come in different sizes, from small, medium and large

Safety GuidelinesSafety Guidelines
 The next section of our presentation isThe next section of our presentation is
called:called:

What is aWhat is a MSDSMSDS ??
 MSDS stands forMSDS stands for Material Saftey Data Sheets.Material Saftey Data Sheets.
 MSDS give the following types of information:MSDS give the following types of information:
 Identifies the chemical and lists hazard ingredientsIdentifies the chemical and lists hazard ingredients
 Lists the health hazards to personnel who handle any specificLists the health hazards to personnel who handle any specific
chemical productchemical product
 List protective equipment personnel should use while handlingList protective equipment personnel should use while handling
the chemicalthe chemical
 Lists the First Aid measures to give in case of accidentLists the First Aid measures to give in case of accident
 Gives instructions on preventive measures in case of a spill orGives instructions on preventive measures in case of a spill or
leakleak

 In your handouts are copies ofIn your handouts are copies of MSDSMSDS on allon all
chemical products Int’l Chemtex supplies to thischemical products Int’l Chemtex supplies to this
site.site.
 While Chemtex employees usually handle andWhile Chemtex employees usually handle and
place all chemicals online and refill drums, if youplace all chemicals online and refill drums, if you
handle any of these chemicals or if there ever is ahandle any of these chemicals or if there ever is a
leak or spill,please refer to the appropriate MSDSleak or spill,please refer to the appropriate MSDS
and follow the instructions.and follow the instructions.

The next series of slides are called the:The next series of slides are called the:
10 Commandments of Handling Chemicals10 Commandments of Handling Chemicals
We will discuss each slide as we go along.We will discuss each slide as we go along.

Testing ProceduresTesting Procedures
In this section you will
learn how to run tests to
check for the chemical
residuals in the tower
and chill water systems.

 You will learn how to useYou will learn how to use
thethe conductivity meterconductivity meter..
 The meter is used to checkThe meter is used to check
level oflevel of dissolved solidsdissolved solids inin
the tower & chill water.the tower & chill water.
 Using the meter doubleUsing the meter double
checks the operation ofchecks the operation of
bleed controller & insuresbleed controller & insures
the controller is calibratedthe controller is calibrated
and working correctly.and working correctly.

 You will learn how to useYou will learn how to use
thethe pH meterpH meter..
 The pH meter is used toThe pH meter is used to
check pH level of thecheck pH level of the
tower & chill water.tower & chill water.
 At this site you may alsoAt this site you may also
need to check the pH ofneed to check the pH of
the tower effluent.the tower effluent.
 The pH meter can verify ifThe pH meter can verify if
tower pH controller istower pH controller is
properly calibrated.properly calibrated.

Testing ProcedureTesting Procedure
 The next three tests are done usingThe next three tests are done using
reagents. These tests are:reagents. These tests are:
 Hardness TestHardness Test
 Checks for level of hardness in softener effluentChecks for level of hardness in softener effluent
and in the tower and chill waterand in the tower and chill water
 Organo TestOrgano Test
 Checks for the residual of the scale inhibitorChecks for the residual of the scale inhibitor
chemical present in the cooling tower waterchemical present in the cooling tower water
 Nitrite TestNitrite Test
 Checks for the residual of the corrosion inhibitorChecks for the residual of the corrosion inhibitor
chemical present in the chill waterchemical present in the chill water

 Please refer to yourPlease refer to your
handouts for thehandouts for the
instructions for eachinstructions for each
test.test.

 This ends our waterThis ends our water
treatment seminar.treatment seminar.
 Congratulations !Congratulations ! YouYou
are now graduates of aare now graduates of a
Seminar.Seminar.
 Now put you newNow put you new
knowledge to work.knowledge to work.
 Thank you for yourThank you for your
attention !attention !

SeminarSeminar
The EndThe End
Presented by International Chemtex PR IncPresented by International Chemtex PR Inc

Seminar cooling tower

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