This document discusses boiler operation procedures including taking over a shift, start-up procedures, maintenance procedures, shutdown procedures, inspections, tests, and troubleshooting. It provides steps for routine tasks like blowdowns, testing equipment, starting the boiler for the first time, and maintaining proper boiler water levels and pressures. It also addresses inspecting internal boiler parts, removing covers for access, cleaning surfaces, and using logs and manufacturer guides to identify and correct problems.
This document discusses various operational aspects and emergencies that can occur in an atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) boiler. It outlines important parameters to monitor such as bed height, air pressures, temperatures, and fuel sizes. It then describes several emergency conditions that can happen including low or high drum levels, high furnace pressure, high or low bed/furnace temperatures, tube failures, and flame failures. For each condition, it discusses potential causes, effects on the boiler, and recommended actions to address the problem.
The document discusses the function and design of an air pre-heater. The air pre-heater uses waste heat from flue gases to increase the temperature of air entering a furnace. It is placed after an economizer so that flue gases first pass through the economizer and then the air pre-heater. Pre-heated air accelerates combustion and allows lower grade coals to burn efficiently.
This document provides steps for starting up a urea production plant using the Saipem process. It describes conducting sealing tests, purging sections with nitrogen, heating equipment, charging ammonia, and feeding ammonia and carbon dioxide into the reactor while monitoring pressures and temperatures. The goal is to reach stable operating conditions for urea production. Diagrams are included to illustrate the reactor, separators, decomposers, and other key equipment involved in the startup process.
This document provides information about the boiler drum and its functions:
1. The boiler drum separates steam and water mixtures, stores water, and reduces dissolved solids in steam through blowdown. It contains internals like turbo separators and screen dryers for separation.
2. The drum connects to downcomers, risers, feed lines, and superheater lines. Auxiliary lines include blowdown, chemical dosing, and instrumentation.
3. Proper fitting and alignment of internals is important for efficient steam separation and prevention of impurity carryover into steam.
This document discusses boiler efficiency, including types of efficiency measurements like combustion efficiency, thermal efficiency, and seasonal efficiency. It explains what makes a boiler condensing and how condensing boilers can achieve higher efficiencies up to 98%. The document also covers relationships between flue temperature, condensing, and efficiency as well as considerations for applying condensing boilers.
The presentation is for the engineers of HIRA POWER PLANT,. The complete calculations for calculation of boiler efficiency are described in the presentation
This document discusses a project on studying the steam economy of a multiple effect evaporator plant that produces sodium sulfate. It is a report submitted by 4 students to fulfill their Bachelor of Engineering degree requirements. The project aims to determine why steam utility increases over time in the plant's multiple effect evaporator for sodium sulfate production and find a suitable solution to reduce it. It will also involve simulating the multiple effect evaporator process using Excel. The document provides background on evaporators, multiple effect evaporators, sodium sulfate and its applications.
This document discusses various operational aspects and emergencies that can occur in an atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) boiler. It outlines important parameters to monitor such as bed height, air pressures, temperatures, and fuel sizes. It then describes several emergency conditions that can happen including low or high drum levels, high furnace pressure, high or low bed/furnace temperatures, tube failures, and flame failures. For each condition, it discusses potential causes, effects on the boiler, and recommended actions to address the problem.
The document discusses the function and design of an air pre-heater. The air pre-heater uses waste heat from flue gases to increase the temperature of air entering a furnace. It is placed after an economizer so that flue gases first pass through the economizer and then the air pre-heater. Pre-heated air accelerates combustion and allows lower grade coals to burn efficiently.
This document provides steps for starting up a urea production plant using the Saipem process. It describes conducting sealing tests, purging sections with nitrogen, heating equipment, charging ammonia, and feeding ammonia and carbon dioxide into the reactor while monitoring pressures and temperatures. The goal is to reach stable operating conditions for urea production. Diagrams are included to illustrate the reactor, separators, decomposers, and other key equipment involved in the startup process.
This document provides information about the boiler drum and its functions:
1. The boiler drum separates steam and water mixtures, stores water, and reduces dissolved solids in steam through blowdown. It contains internals like turbo separators and screen dryers for separation.
2. The drum connects to downcomers, risers, feed lines, and superheater lines. Auxiliary lines include blowdown, chemical dosing, and instrumentation.
3. Proper fitting and alignment of internals is important for efficient steam separation and prevention of impurity carryover into steam.
This document discusses boiler efficiency, including types of efficiency measurements like combustion efficiency, thermal efficiency, and seasonal efficiency. It explains what makes a boiler condensing and how condensing boilers can achieve higher efficiencies up to 98%. The document also covers relationships between flue temperature, condensing, and efficiency as well as considerations for applying condensing boilers.
The presentation is for the engineers of HIRA POWER PLANT,. The complete calculations for calculation of boiler efficiency are described in the presentation
This document discusses a project on studying the steam economy of a multiple effect evaporator plant that produces sodium sulfate. It is a report submitted by 4 students to fulfill their Bachelor of Engineering degree requirements. The project aims to determine why steam utility increases over time in the plant's multiple effect evaporator for sodium sulfate production and find a suitable solution to reduce it. It will also involve simulating the multiple effect evaporator process using Excel. The document provides background on evaporators, multiple effect evaporators, sodium sulfate and its applications.
The document discusses reciprocating air compressors. It describes how reciprocating compressors work by using pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress incoming air. The air is compressed from a low pressure to a higher pressure and delivered for storage. Compression requires work input from a prime mover like an engine. Reciprocating compressors are classified as single-acting or double-acting depending on the number of sides of the piston in operation during each cycle. The document provides equations to calculate the work done during compression and defines important concepts like clearance volume, swept volume, and volumetric efficiency.
This document provides an overview of the 2*800 MW Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station under construction in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. The key points are:
- It will have a total installed capacity of 1600 MW once both 800 MW units are operational. The project cost is 8432 crores.
- Coal from Talcher, Orissa will be the primary fuel. It will be pulverized and fed into the furnace using hot air and secondary air for complete combustion.
- Fly ash will be collected by electrostatic precipitators and silos, and used for cement, concrete and agricultural purposes. Water treatment plants will produce demineralized water.
The document discusses thermal power cycles. It begins by explaining that a thermal power plant involves heating water to create steam that spins a turbine and generates electricity.
The basic energy flow in a thermal power plant is: chemical energy is converted to mechanical energy by the steam turbine, which is then converted to electrical energy. Various fuel sources can be used.
It then discusses the key power cycles used in thermal plants like the Carnot, Rankine, Diesel, Otto, and Brayton cycles. It also covers the laws of thermodynamics and important thermodynamic processes.
The Rankine cycle most closely models actual steam power plants. It involves pumping water, boiling it to create steam, expanding the steam
Effect of Coal Quality and Performance of Coal pulverisers / MillsManohar Tatwawadi
The presentation discusses about the change in performance parameters of a pulveriser due to change in coal quality and the measurement of performance and troubleshooting of coal firing system as a whole.
Thermal Power plant familarisation & its AuxillariesVaibhav Paydelwar
PPT in Relation to Power Plant familarisation, Coal to Electricity Basics,Power Plant cycles, Concepts of Supercritical Technology Boiler, Concepts Of BTG Package as well as Balance of Plant
This document provides instructions for starting up a steam turbine. It outlines the sequence of operations that must be followed, including: opening drains, charging the steam line, starting the cooling water system, operating the condensate system, starting the oil system, putting the turbine on barring, building vacuum, charging gland steam, rolling the turbine, and synchronizing once full speed is reached. Special attention is given to ensuring auxiliary systems are operational and parameters are within limits at each stage to safely start the turbine.
The maximum flame height in millimeters at which kerosene will burn without smoking, tested under standard conditions; used as a measure of the burning cleanliness of jet fuel and kerosene.
The document provides information on the commissioning process for a boiler. It involves several key steps: air leakage and hydro testing, ensuring boiler auxiliaries are ready, gas distribution testing, light up of the boiler, alkali boil-out and passivation to clean the boiler, steam blowing of piping, safety valve testing, and finally coal firing. The commissioning aims to make the boiler and its systems available for safe, smooth, and reliable operation after erection is completed.
The Presentation discusses the Air-Heater Performance Indices and the Boiler Performance calculation. One can Calculate the air ingress in the air-heater and the boiler and losses incurred thereby. The presentation also describes in details about the boiler efficiency and its calculation.
Pressure relieving valves like safety valves and safety relief valves are used in thermal power plants to prevent overpressure in pressurized systems. There are different types including safety valves, safety relief valves, and power operated relief valves. Safety valves open fully at a set pressure while safety relief valves can open proportionally. Standards like ASME Section I provide requirements for safety valve installation, capacity, materials, and settings to ensure systems are properly protected from overpressure. Safety valves are part of defense-in-depth protection schemes used in power plants to prevent accidents.
Burner Design, Operation and Maintenance on Ammonia PlantsGerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses burner design, operation, and maintenance on ammonia plants. It covers reformer burner types and designs, including premix and staged burners. It also addresses combustion characteristics like excess air and fuel viscosity effects. Maintenance best practices like checking burner pressures and atomizing steam temperatures are emphasized. Low NOx equipment uses techniques like staged air, fuel, and flue gas recirculation to reduce emissions. Good combustion requires attention to design, operation, maintenance, and partnership among related roles.
The presentation discusses the various factors which affect the performance of Power Boilers including the quality of coal, airheater performance, air ingress etc.
A boiler trip command stops all fuel inputs and closes all heavy oil nozzle valves. There are two separate boiler trip commands that must both be reset before a furnace purge can begin. A boiler trip establishes a master fuel trip memory signal, indicated by red and green lights, and triggers various safety events like tripping pulverizers and fans. Boiler explosions can occur if unburned fuel accumulates in the furnace, while implosions result from rapid decreases in furnace pressure. Preventive measures include maintaining minimum air flows and slowly reducing fuel and fan speeds after a trip.
GE Frame 9E Gas Turbine Nandipur Power ProjectZohaib Asif
The document provides details about the GE gas turbine model PG9171E. It has a single shaft and produces 170,000 horsepower. The turbine works on the Brayton cycle, which involves compressing air, combusting fuel, expanding the combustion gases, and exhausting the gases. It has an axial flow compressor with 17 stages and reverse flow type combustion chambers. The fuel system can use HSD, HSFO, or natural gas and includes forwarding, filtering, and control components to supply fuel to the combustion chambers and regulate turbine speed and temperature.
The document provides information on assessing the energy performance of boilers through testing. It discusses how boiler efficiency and evaporation ratio can decrease over time due to various factors like poor combustion, fouling, and deteriorating fuel/water quality. The purpose of performance testing is to determine the actual efficiency and compare it to design values in order to identify areas for improvement. Both direct and indirect testing methods are described as well as the necessary measurements, instruments, standards, and considerations involved in conducting the tests. Formulas are also provided for calculating efficiency using the indirect method by establishing heat losses from the boiler.
The document discusses regenerative Rankine cycles with feedwater heaters. It introduces open feedwater heaters (OFWH) and closed feedwater heaters (CFWH), explaining their basic principles and differences. OFWH directly mix extracted steam with condensate, always requiring an additional pump. CFWH use a heat exchanger to heat condensate with extracted steam, and may or may not require an additional pump depending on the design.
The bowl mill uses a motor and gear system to rotate a bowl at 40-65 rpm, grinding coal into a fine powder. Hot air enters to dry the coal while heavier debris falls out of the bowl. A grinding roller assembly applies pressure and can be adjusted, while vanes inside separate finer particles from coarser ones that are returned for further grinding. Discharge valves on top can isolate the mill from the boiler for maintenance.
This document summarizes different processes for removing carbon dioxide from ammonia plant streams. It discusses why CO2 removal is important, and describes common processes like MEA and MDEA absorption. The Benfield process uses hot potassium carbonate solution promoted by diethanolamine to physically absorb CO2. Issues with the Benfield process include foaming, corrosion, and vanadation problems. Retrofitting with a new amine promoter called LRS 10 can improve CO2 removal efficiency and reduce energy costs for the Benfield process.
The presentation details about the Boiler Operation specifically while lightup of boiler and loading of boiler. the course participants discuss in details about the operations carried in their respective power stations
This document summarizes parameters that must be maintained for efficient operation of AFBC boilers, including bed height, air pressures, temperatures, fuel size, bed material specifications, and air-to-fuel ratios. It also describes boiler emergencies such as low drum level, high furnace draft, tube failures, and flame failure; their causes and effects; and recommended actions to address them. The document aims to provide guidance on efficient and safe operation of boilers to prevent boiler explosions.
This document provides information on maintaining solid fuel and oil fired boilers. It discusses the importance of proper maintenance for safety, availability, efficiency and cost effectiveness. Key aspects covered include feedwater and boiler water quality control, fuel quality monitoring, combustion optimization, and regular safety checks. Recommended maintenance activities are outlined for daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, half-yearly and yearly timeframes.
The document discusses reciprocating air compressors. It describes how reciprocating compressors work by using pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress incoming air. The air is compressed from a low pressure to a higher pressure and delivered for storage. Compression requires work input from a prime mover like an engine. Reciprocating compressors are classified as single-acting or double-acting depending on the number of sides of the piston in operation during each cycle. The document provides equations to calculate the work done during compression and defines important concepts like clearance volume, swept volume, and volumetric efficiency.
This document provides an overview of the 2*800 MW Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station under construction in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. The key points are:
- It will have a total installed capacity of 1600 MW once both 800 MW units are operational. The project cost is 8432 crores.
- Coal from Talcher, Orissa will be the primary fuel. It will be pulverized and fed into the furnace using hot air and secondary air for complete combustion.
- Fly ash will be collected by electrostatic precipitators and silos, and used for cement, concrete and agricultural purposes. Water treatment plants will produce demineralized water.
The document discusses thermal power cycles. It begins by explaining that a thermal power plant involves heating water to create steam that spins a turbine and generates electricity.
The basic energy flow in a thermal power plant is: chemical energy is converted to mechanical energy by the steam turbine, which is then converted to electrical energy. Various fuel sources can be used.
It then discusses the key power cycles used in thermal plants like the Carnot, Rankine, Diesel, Otto, and Brayton cycles. It also covers the laws of thermodynamics and important thermodynamic processes.
The Rankine cycle most closely models actual steam power plants. It involves pumping water, boiling it to create steam, expanding the steam
Effect of Coal Quality and Performance of Coal pulverisers / MillsManohar Tatwawadi
The presentation discusses about the change in performance parameters of a pulveriser due to change in coal quality and the measurement of performance and troubleshooting of coal firing system as a whole.
Thermal Power plant familarisation & its AuxillariesVaibhav Paydelwar
PPT in Relation to Power Plant familarisation, Coal to Electricity Basics,Power Plant cycles, Concepts of Supercritical Technology Boiler, Concepts Of BTG Package as well as Balance of Plant
This document provides instructions for starting up a steam turbine. It outlines the sequence of operations that must be followed, including: opening drains, charging the steam line, starting the cooling water system, operating the condensate system, starting the oil system, putting the turbine on barring, building vacuum, charging gland steam, rolling the turbine, and synchronizing once full speed is reached. Special attention is given to ensuring auxiliary systems are operational and parameters are within limits at each stage to safely start the turbine.
The maximum flame height in millimeters at which kerosene will burn without smoking, tested under standard conditions; used as a measure of the burning cleanliness of jet fuel and kerosene.
The document provides information on the commissioning process for a boiler. It involves several key steps: air leakage and hydro testing, ensuring boiler auxiliaries are ready, gas distribution testing, light up of the boiler, alkali boil-out and passivation to clean the boiler, steam blowing of piping, safety valve testing, and finally coal firing. The commissioning aims to make the boiler and its systems available for safe, smooth, and reliable operation after erection is completed.
The Presentation discusses the Air-Heater Performance Indices and the Boiler Performance calculation. One can Calculate the air ingress in the air-heater and the boiler and losses incurred thereby. The presentation also describes in details about the boiler efficiency and its calculation.
Pressure relieving valves like safety valves and safety relief valves are used in thermal power plants to prevent overpressure in pressurized systems. There are different types including safety valves, safety relief valves, and power operated relief valves. Safety valves open fully at a set pressure while safety relief valves can open proportionally. Standards like ASME Section I provide requirements for safety valve installation, capacity, materials, and settings to ensure systems are properly protected from overpressure. Safety valves are part of defense-in-depth protection schemes used in power plants to prevent accidents.
Burner Design, Operation and Maintenance on Ammonia PlantsGerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses burner design, operation, and maintenance on ammonia plants. It covers reformer burner types and designs, including premix and staged burners. It also addresses combustion characteristics like excess air and fuel viscosity effects. Maintenance best practices like checking burner pressures and atomizing steam temperatures are emphasized. Low NOx equipment uses techniques like staged air, fuel, and flue gas recirculation to reduce emissions. Good combustion requires attention to design, operation, maintenance, and partnership among related roles.
The presentation discusses the various factors which affect the performance of Power Boilers including the quality of coal, airheater performance, air ingress etc.
A boiler trip command stops all fuel inputs and closes all heavy oil nozzle valves. There are two separate boiler trip commands that must both be reset before a furnace purge can begin. A boiler trip establishes a master fuel trip memory signal, indicated by red and green lights, and triggers various safety events like tripping pulverizers and fans. Boiler explosions can occur if unburned fuel accumulates in the furnace, while implosions result from rapid decreases in furnace pressure. Preventive measures include maintaining minimum air flows and slowly reducing fuel and fan speeds after a trip.
GE Frame 9E Gas Turbine Nandipur Power ProjectZohaib Asif
The document provides details about the GE gas turbine model PG9171E. It has a single shaft and produces 170,000 horsepower. The turbine works on the Brayton cycle, which involves compressing air, combusting fuel, expanding the combustion gases, and exhausting the gases. It has an axial flow compressor with 17 stages and reverse flow type combustion chambers. The fuel system can use HSD, HSFO, or natural gas and includes forwarding, filtering, and control components to supply fuel to the combustion chambers and regulate turbine speed and temperature.
The document provides information on assessing the energy performance of boilers through testing. It discusses how boiler efficiency and evaporation ratio can decrease over time due to various factors like poor combustion, fouling, and deteriorating fuel/water quality. The purpose of performance testing is to determine the actual efficiency and compare it to design values in order to identify areas for improvement. Both direct and indirect testing methods are described as well as the necessary measurements, instruments, standards, and considerations involved in conducting the tests. Formulas are also provided for calculating efficiency using the indirect method by establishing heat losses from the boiler.
The document discusses regenerative Rankine cycles with feedwater heaters. It introduces open feedwater heaters (OFWH) and closed feedwater heaters (CFWH), explaining their basic principles and differences. OFWH directly mix extracted steam with condensate, always requiring an additional pump. CFWH use a heat exchanger to heat condensate with extracted steam, and may or may not require an additional pump depending on the design.
The bowl mill uses a motor and gear system to rotate a bowl at 40-65 rpm, grinding coal into a fine powder. Hot air enters to dry the coal while heavier debris falls out of the bowl. A grinding roller assembly applies pressure and can be adjusted, while vanes inside separate finer particles from coarser ones that are returned for further grinding. Discharge valves on top can isolate the mill from the boiler for maintenance.
This document summarizes different processes for removing carbon dioxide from ammonia plant streams. It discusses why CO2 removal is important, and describes common processes like MEA and MDEA absorption. The Benfield process uses hot potassium carbonate solution promoted by diethanolamine to physically absorb CO2. Issues with the Benfield process include foaming, corrosion, and vanadation problems. Retrofitting with a new amine promoter called LRS 10 can improve CO2 removal efficiency and reduce energy costs for the Benfield process.
The presentation details about the Boiler Operation specifically while lightup of boiler and loading of boiler. the course participants discuss in details about the operations carried in their respective power stations
This document summarizes parameters that must be maintained for efficient operation of AFBC boilers, including bed height, air pressures, temperatures, fuel size, bed material specifications, and air-to-fuel ratios. It also describes boiler emergencies such as low drum level, high furnace draft, tube failures, and flame failure; their causes and effects; and recommended actions to address them. The document aims to provide guidance on efficient and safe operation of boilers to prevent boiler explosions.
This document provides information on maintaining solid fuel and oil fired boilers. It discusses the importance of proper maintenance for safety, availability, efficiency and cost effectiveness. Key aspects covered include feedwater and boiler water quality control, fuel quality monitoring, combustion optimization, and regular safety checks. Recommended maintenance activities are outlined for daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, half-yearly and yearly timeframes.
The document discusses efficient operation and maintenance of boilers at NTPC Simhadri. It provides an overview of NTPC's journey and capacity, describes the types of boilers used, and outlines best practices adopted to reduce boiler tube leakages. These include improved startup procedures, monitoring of chemical parameters, thorough inspections and testing, and implementation of new technologies like acoustic leak detectors and process instrumentation systems. The presentation aims to share experiences in achieving zero boiler tube failures through preventative maintenance practices.
An explosion occurred at a utility boiler, injuring three personnel who were attempting to restart it. The investigation found they had used an unauthorized temporary bypass method for lighting the boiler that involved opening bypass valves without first closing block valves downstream, allowing LPG to enter the furnace. Non-compliance with safety procedures on management of change and control of equipment defects contributed to the accident. Lessons included following safe operating procedures, obtaining authorization for changes, and ensuring all personnel are properly trained.
This document provides guidance on diagnosing poor condenser vacuum in thermal power plants. It explains that a slight increase in condenser pressure can result in significant energy losses. It describes the key components and function of a surface condenser, and explains how lower condenser pressure allows more steam turbine exhaust energy to be converted. Diagnosing the root cause of higher pressure involves comparing to expected design pressures and evaluating potential issues like low cooling water flow, tube fouling, incondensable gases in the condenser shell, or excessive heat duty. Definitions of relevant temperature terms are also provided.
A boiler is a device that generates steam by transferring heat from burning fuel to water. There are two main types: fire-tube boilers where hot gases pass through tubes surrounded by water, and water-tube boilers where water passes through tubes surrounded by hot gases. Boilers have many applications including power generation, heating, and industrial processes. Key factors in boiler selection include required steam properties, size, cost, and fuel/water availability. Boilers are also classified based on design features such as tube layout, firing method, pressure, and circulation.
The document provides standard operating procedures for a boiler and steam turbine in a waste heat recovery unit. For the boiler, it describes startup and shutdown procedures, monitoring parameters, maintenance schedules, and safety precautions. For the steam turbine, it outlines startup steps including gradually increasing rpm over time, monitoring key parameters like oil pressure and temperature, and checks to perform before startup. The overall purpose is to safely and efficiently operate the boiler and turbine system to recover heat from waste gases.
Factory owners must ensure boilers are properly maintained and operated safely. Key responsibilities include registering the boiler, ensuring regular inspections by an appointed examiner, having a competent person supervise the boiler whenever it is steaming, and maintaining the boiler in safe working order. The document provides guidance on safe boiler operation, maintenance, and emergency procedures to prevent accidents. It emphasizes the importance of proper training and compliance with regulations.
Some potential causes for fluctuating boiler water level even when the feed water control valve is fully open:
- Issues with the feed water pump - it may not be operating properly or consistently providing the required flow rate. Need to check the pump.
- Air in the feed water system - presence of air can cause inconsistent flow. Need to bleed air from the system.
- Restriction in the feed water line - build up of scale or debris inside the line can restrict flow. Need to inspect and clean the line if required.
- Incorrect setting of water level controllers - level controllers may be set too sensitively causing them to hunt. Need to adjust settings.
- Blowdown valve partially open -
Boilers produce steam using thermal energy released from fuel combustion. A boiler has a furnace that burns fuel to heat water and convert it to high-pressure steam. This steam is then used to power engines or turbines, heat buildings, and enable various industrial processes. Boilers are classified based on whether water or hot gases flow through tubes within the boiler. Fire-tube boilers have hot gases flowing inside tubes surrounded by water outside. Cochran boilers are compact fire-tube boilers suitable for small steam needs. They use a variety of fuels and have efficiencies around 70-75%. Key components include a safety valve, pressure gauge, steam stop valve, and blow-off cock to remove impurities from the boiler water
Boiler maintenance is important to ensure safe, available, and efficient operation. It involves checking water levels, pressures, and water chemistry daily and cleaning components weekly. Monthly maintenance includes inspecting refractories and safety valves. Quarterly, filters and tanks should be cleaned. Semiannually, valves and pumps are inspected. Yearly, the smoke side and combustion chamber are cleaned and mountings inspected. Proper maintenance prevents downtime and costly repairs.
Final Presentation Mehedei ID-13207016.pptxmehede1
This document provides an overview of Mohammad Mehedi Hasan's final presentation on the operation and maintenance of a fire tube steam boiler at Shine Textiles Ltd. The presentation covers the company overview, components and workings of a fire tube boiler, boiler draught types, boiler mountings and accessories, and the operation and maintenance processes. The objectives are to study the boiler components, understand the operation process, and learn about maintenance. Limitations included a lack of sufficient records and unavailability of machine catalogues due to a fire accident.
The document discusses Lancashire boilers, including their construction, operation, and mountings. A Lancashire boiler is a horizontal, internally fired, natural circulation boiler. It has multiple fire tubes that make multiple turns to pass hot gases through the boiler. Safety devices fitted on Lancashire boilers include a water level indicator, pressure gauge, safety valves, stop valve, feed check valve, and blow off valve. These mountings are used to safely control the steam generation process.
This document is a presentation on boiler mountings and safety measures. It contains information on various boiler mountings like the water level indicator, pressure gauge, safety valves, fusible plug, and blow-off cock. It also discusses boiler safety locations. Furthermore, the document details boiler safety measures that should be followed like following manufacturer's instructions, wearing proper safety equipment, training operators, and performing regular inspections and maintenance.
The document defines an autoclave as a piece of equipment used to sterilize medical instruments and equipment through the use of steam under pressure. It explains the principles of how steam penetrates and kills microorganisms. The major parts of an autoclave are identified and proper use, care, and troubleshooting are described. Testing procedures to verify the autoclave is functioning properly include the use of biological indicators.
This document provides an overview of steam heating systems from an energy efficiency perspective. It discusses the components of boilers, including burners, controls, and maintenance. It describes the combustion process for oil and gas firing. It also outlines different types of steam heating piping arrangements like one pipe, two pipe, and systems using condensate pumps or vacuum pumps. Key components like steam traps, controls, sensors and pressuretrols are explained. Maintenance topics like tuning the boiler and combustion testing are covered.
The document describes the Loeffler boiler, a high pressure water tube boiler. It uses forced circulation and evaporates feed water solely using superheated steam from a superheater. Key features include preventing water flow into boiler tubes to avoid scale buildup, and evaporating water in a drum using superheated steam. The document also discusses features of subcritical and supercritical boilers generally.
The document provides instructions for operating a steam turbine. It discusses startup procedures like charging the steam line, operating cooling water and lube oil systems, building vacuum in the condenser, and rolling the turbine to full speed. It also describes shutdown procedures and checklists. Potential emergency situations for the turbine like overspeed, lube oil failure, high vibration, and fires are reviewed. The document is an operating manual for a Siemens SST300 C-160 steam turbine with technical specifications provided.
This document provides information about steam boilers, including:
- Steam boilers generate steam by transferring heat from fuel combustion to water. They are closed vessels made of steel.
- Boilers are classified based on factors like the position of the furnace, number of tubes, circulation method, and intended use. Common types include fire-tube, water-tube, internally-fired, and externally-fired boilers.
- Key components include the boiler shell, furnace, tubes, safety valves, water level indicators, and accessories like economizers, superheaters, and feed pumps. Proper selection depends on factors like steam needs, fuel availability, and costs.
How to Maintain Your Temperature Calibration Equipment WebinarTranscat
In this informative webinar with Fluke Calibration you will learn tips for keeping your calibration baths and temperature calibrators operating at their peak.
You’ve invested a lot of money in your temperature calibration lab. Preventative maintenance is critical to keeping your calibration baths and temperature calibrators running at their best. A few minutes spent now in maintaining your equipment can also save you costly repairs and downtime later.
This document provides information on boiler mountings and accessories presented by Ankit Bihola. It discusses the seven main boiler mountings - water level indicator, main steam stop valve, pressure gauge, feed check valve, fusible plug, blow down valve, and safety valve. It then describes the functions and workings of specific mountings like the blow-off cock, fusible plug, feed check valve, and water level indicator. The document also covers boiler accessories such as feed pumps, injectors, economizers, air preheaters, superheaters, steam separators, and steam traps.
This document provides tips for conserving energy in industries. It lists strategies for improving the efficiency of boilers, steam systems, furnaces, insulation, waste heat recovery, electrical distribution systems, motors, drives, fans, pumps, compressors, compressed air systems, chillers, and HVAC systems. Some key recommendations include preheating combustion air, recovering waste heat, fixing steam and air leaks, properly sizing and maintaining equipment, installing variable speed drives, and establishing maintenance programs to optimize efficiency on a continuous basis.
This document provides an overview of boilers, including:
- Boilers produce steam from water through combustion of fuel in a closed vessel.
- They are classified based on the position of hot gases and water, such as fire tube or water tube boilers.
- Boilers have mountings for safety like pressure gauges, safety valves, and accessories to increase efficiency.
- Factors like fuel type, emissions regulations, and thermal/electrical load ratios determine the optimal boiler and cogeneration system for a given application.
This document discusses the key mountings and accessories of boilers. It describes 7 important boiler mountings: the water level indicator, pressure gauge, safety valve, fusible plug, blow off cock, feed check valve, and steam stop valve. It also explains 5 common boiler accessories: the economizer, superheater, air preheater, feed water pump, and steam injector. The document provides details on the purpose and functioning of each mounting and accessory to the boiler system.
Similar to Low Pressure Boiler Start-up Procedure (20)
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
2. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
Boiler operation information is communicated to the
boiler operator starting the shift to specify any special
procedures required.
3. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
When blowing down the
gauge glass, water should
enter the gauge glass quickly
when the gauge glass
blowdown valve is closed.
4. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
During a bottom
blowdown, the boiler
should be under
light load and the
water level should
be at the NOWL.
5. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
The blowdown valve is
opened to evacuate the
low water fuel cutoff
chamber with the burner
firing during blowdown.
6. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
When testing the
flame scanner, the
flame scanner sensor
is covered to simulate
a flame failure.
7. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
Before starting the
boiler for the first time,
the boiler should have
a minimum water level
of approximately 2″
above the bottom of the
gauge glass.
8. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
The burner is started in
low fire according to
procedures specified
by the manufacturer.
9. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
The boiler vent is closed
when pressure in the
boiler reaches 10 psi to
15 psi.
10. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
The main steam stop
valve is opened slowly to
allow the pressure to
equalize when the boiler
is a few pounds below
the header pressure.
11. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
A broken or discolored
gauge glass is replaced
using standard
procedures for maximum
safety.
12. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
The low water fuel cutoff
controls must be installed
vertically for proper
performance.
13. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
The burner is maintained and tested to ensure proper
operation and maximum efficiency.
14. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
Feedwater pumps
should be checked
periodically to ensure
proper bearing
temperatures and
checked for any
unusual vibration.
15. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
Safety valves are
routinely tested to ensure
proper operation and
must be serviced by an
authorized manufacturer
representative.
16. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
Steam traps are checked
for proper operation
when determining the
cause of a steambound
feedwater pump.
17. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
When inspecting a
boiler, inspect tube
sheets, tubes, and
other internal parts for
corrosion, overheating,
and/or other damage.
18. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
Handhole covers are
removed to provide
access to boiler parts
during a boiler
inspection.
19. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
All internal surfaces
are exposed and
cleaned prior to the
boiler inspection.
20. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
Troubleshooting steps
from the manufacturer
provide a guide to
correcting a boiler
operation problem.
21. Chapter 8 — Boiler Operation Procedures
The boiler room log lists
boiler operation data that
can be used to increase
boiler efficiency and
identify a potential
malfunction.
Editor's Notes
After performing initial safety checks, the boiler operator should have a duty checklist listing routine duties. A duty checklist helps to ensure quality and consistency in performing various tasks. The duty check-list is devel-oped in conjunction with the boiler room log to ensure that critical duties such as safety valve testing are performed. When taking over a shift, any extraordinary concerns are communicated by the boiler operator ending the shift to the boiler operator starting the shift. This alerts the boiler operator of special procedures that may be required during the shift. See Figure 8-1. Procedures commonly completed during a shift include water column and gauge glass blowdown, bottom blowdown, low water fuel cutoff testing, and flame scanner testing.
When blowing down the water column and gauge glass, the operator should carefully monitor the action of the water in the gauge glass. See Figure 8-2. Water should enter the gauge glass quickly when the gauge glass blowdown valve is closed, indicating that the lines are free of sludge, sediment, or scale buildup. If the water returns sluggishly to its normal level, there may be an obstruction partially blocking the flow of water. If the apparent obstruction cannot be removed by blowing down, then the boiler should be shut down and allowed to cool. If the gauge glass is integrated with the low water fuel cutoff, the float (or probe) chamber should be opened and inspected. Mud, scale, or sediment deposits should be removed completely. Linkage should also be examined to ensure proper working order. All connecting piping should be inspected for any obstructions.
The quick-opening valve is opened first when a quick-opening and slow-opening valve are used. See Figure 8-3. The slow-opening valve is opened slowly to the full open position. The slow-opening valve takes the wear and tear of blowdown.
The low water fuel cutoff is tested by blowing down the low water fuel cutoff or by an evaporation test. The low water fuel cutoff is blown down with the burner firing. The blowdown valve is opened on the low water fuel cutoff. See Figure 8-4. Water and steam leaving the chamber helps to clean out any sludge and allows the float to fall. This shuts off the fuel valve as if there were a low water condition in the boiler. The low water fuel cutoff should be blown down every shift or daily, depending on plant operations.
The flame scanner is tested with the burner firing to simulate a flame failure. See Figure 8-5. A flame failure can result in a furnace explosion from the ignition of accumulated fuel in the burner. The flame scanner is removed and the scanner sensor is covered. After a short delay, the main fuel valve must close and the flame failure alarm sounds. The flame scanner is cleaned as required and replaced. The programmer is reset by pressing the reset button and the burner is monitored through a complete firing cycle.
First-time boiler start-up procedures should be followed as specified by the boiler manufacturer. Check the condition of all accessory equipment and interlocks used to start and operate the boiler, such as pressure controls, fuel train, and feedwater supply pumps. Standard procedures include the following:
1.When the boiler is closed, check and close the blow-down valves, water column and gauge glass drains, and try cocks mounted on the water column.
2.Open the boiler vent valves and gauge glass valves.
3.Fill the boiler with water above 69°F to a minimum level of approximately 2″ above the bottom of the gauge glass or enough to close the low water cutoff contact in the burner control circuit. See Figure 8-6. Fill slowly and vent properly to prevent any pressure buildup from flashing of warm water.
See complete procedural list on pages 208-210.
…Continued from page 210.
6.Start the burner in low fire according to procedures specified by the manufacturer. See Figure 8-7.
7.The boiler should be warmed up and boiler metal temperature allowed to equalize. As the boiler begins to warm up, it should be closely monitored for leaks and signs of expansion.
See complete procedural list on pages 208-210.
…Continued from page 210.
8.When pressure in the boiler reaches 10 psi to 15 psi, close the boiler vent. See Figure 8-8. Open drains in the steam headers to warm as required.
9.Test safety valve(s), check all combustion controls, and blow down the boiler.
See complete procedural list on pages 208-210.
…Continued from page 211.
6.When the steam pressure gauge records pressure on the boiler, blow down the gauge glass, water column, and low water fuel cutoff. Close the boiler vent when the pressure in the boiler reaches about 10 psi to 15 psi.
7.Test the flame scanner.
8.In a battery of boilers, when the boiler is a few pounds below the header pressure, slowly open the main steam stop valve and allow the pressure to equalize. The main steam stop valve is opened slowly until it is wide open. See Figure 8-9.
See complete procedural list on page 211.
Checking the gauge glass is the quickest way to determine water level in the boiler. The gauge glass must provide an accurate indication of boiler water level. A broken or discolored gauge glass must be replaced immediately. For maximum safety, the boiler should be OFF and cool when the gauge glass is replaced. A broken gauge glass on a boiler under pressure is replaced using standard procedures. See Figure 8-10.
The internal mechanism of the low water fuel cutoff should be removed from the bowl at the recommended intervals to check and clean the float ball, the internal moving parts, and the bowl or water column of the boiler. Never polish the float ball to a shine. Polishing removes material and will eventually cause a leak. At the same time, the pipe plugs from the boiler tees or crosses should be removed to ensure that the cross connecting piping is clean and free of obstructions. Low water fuel cutoff controls must be vertically aligned for proper performance throughout the life of the equipment. See Figure 8-11.
Maintenance of the burner and controls is crucial to maintain boiler efficiency. See Figure 8-12. Spare burner parts should be kept clean and ready to be changed as necessary. Check burner linkage, jack-shafts, drive units, cams, etc. Make sure all linkages, linkage arms, and connections are tight. Lubricate or grease as required. If the burner and control parts cannot be repaired when the boiler is in operation, it should be noted in the boiler room log so repairs can be made when the boiler is taken out of service.
Feedwater pumps require little maintenance during normal operation. Periodic checks should be made to ensure proper bearing temperatures and check for any unusual vibration. See Figure 8-13. Lubrication should follow manufacturer recommendations. Feedwater pump service should coincide with other scheduled main-tenance to minimize effects on plant operations. During service, the bearings should be checked for wear and lubricant replaced or added. Flexible couplings should be opened and checked for wear and alignment. The coupling should be washed thoroughly and reassembled with new lubricant. The pump seals should also be inspected and, if necessary, replaced. If boiler room log entries indicate feedwater pump performance has sig-nificantly decreased, an overhaul of the pump may be required according to manu-facturer specifications.
There is no routine maintenance on a safety valve. However, safety valves are routinely tested to ensure proper operation. Safety valves are commonly tested by lifting the safety valve try lever. See Figure 8-14. With the boiler pressure at a minimum of 5 psi, the safety valve try lever is lifted to wide open position. Steam is discharged for 5 sec to 10 sec. The try lever is released, and the disk should snap to the closed position against the valve seat. Malfunctioning safety valves must be replaced as soon as possible. Replacement safety valves must comply with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and all design specifications of the boiler. Any adjustments or repairs to a safety valve must be performed by the manufacturer or an authorized manu-facturer representative.
Feedwater pumps are designed to pump liquids, not steam. Water vaporizes when the temperature becomes too high or the pressure becomes too low. A steambound feedwater pump is a pump where the entering feedwater turns to steam and causes the pump to quit pumping. To correct a steambound feedwater pump, water fed to the feedwater pump must be cooled. Water that is drawn from a condensate return tank may be cooled by adding water from the makeup system. Cool water can be carefully poured directly on the feedwater pump without spilling water on the motor if the problem persists. Steam traps on the condensate return line should also be tested for proper operation. See Figure 8-15.
A boiler inspection is performed as a part of plant procedures and/or requirements by the inspection agency. The boiler inspector thoroughly examines the boiler and related equipment for corrosion, overheating, and/or other possible damage. See Figure 8-16. De-pending on boiler inspection requirements, a written report is filed and a new boiler certificate is issued after boiler inspection requirements are met. An inspection date appointment is made to minimize plant downtime. The boiler operator must be present during the boiler inspection. Before inspection, the boiler must be taken off-line. Close, lock out, and tag out the main steam stop valve. Open the boiler vent or try cock to prevent vacuum buildup in the boiler. Close, lock out, and tag out the feedwater line valve to the boiler. If applicable, the makeup water valve is also closed.
As soon as the boiler has been dumped, open the handholes, remove the manhole cover, and thoroughly flush and wash out the water side. See Figure 8-17. Do not dump a boiler unless it can be flushed immediately. If a boiler is dumped and not flushed right away, the sludge and sediment air-dry on the heating surfaces, making it extremely difficult to clean.
Frequently, the boiler inspector requires all of the plugs removed at the water column and the low water fuel cutoff controls opened so the inside float chamber can be inspected. Fusible plugs must be replaced. After both the fire side and water side of the boiler have been cleaned, notify the inspector that the boiler is ready for inspection. See Figure 8-18.
Boiler troubleshooting must identify the problem and restore steam to all loads as soon as possible. Standard troubleshooting steps provided by the manufacturer are followed to isolate and remedy the problem. See Figure 8-19.
A boiler room log is used to record information regarding operation of the boiler during a given period of time. See Figure 8-20. The number and frequency of the checks to be performed depend on the plant. Some plants maintain a log for every 8-hour period. Other plants maintain a log for a 24-hour period. Maintaining a boiler room log allows the operator to evaluate the past performance of the boiler. In addition, boiler room log information can be useful in determining the cause of a malfunction and/or predicting a possible problem.