The document summarizes the role of various bio-regulators (plant growth regulators) in vegetable production. It discusses the types of natural and synthetic bio-regulators and their major functions. Some key uses of bio-regulators in vegetables include enhancing seed germination and breaking dormancy, inducing flowering and fruit set, altering sex expression, stimulating parthenocarpy and hybrid seed production, and inducing fruit ripening and boosting yields. For example, treatments with auxins like IAA and IBA or gibberellins like GA3 have been shown to improve seed germination and yield in crops like okra, tomato and bell pepper.
Seed quality enhancement techniques and biofortification in rice siddusingadi
Introduction
General scenario of rice
Invigoration techniques
Seed Hardening
Seed bio-priming
Seed coating treatments
Factors affecting priming
Biofotification
Gaps in seed priming research
Future areas to be researched
Conclusion
Seed quality enhancement techniques and biofortification in rice siddusingadi
Introduction
General scenario of rice
Invigoration techniques
Seed Hardening
Seed bio-priming
Seed coating treatments
Factors affecting priming
Biofotification
Gaps in seed priming research
Future areas to be researched
Conclusion
The stage of maturity is utmost important for the harvesting of any crop. and for horticultural and plantation crops, its like the very life of those crops
Grafting is a method employed to improve crop production. Grafting of vegetable seedlings is a unique horticultural technology practiced for many years in East Asia to overcome issues associated with intensive cultivation using limited arable land.The first grafted vegetable seedlings used were for Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) plants grafted onto Lagenaria siceraria L. rootstock to overcome Fusarium wilt. Since then, the use of grafted solanaceous and cucurbitaceous seedlings has spread, with the practice mainly used in Asia, Europe, and North America. The expansion of grafting is likely due to its ability to provide tolerance to biotic stress, such as soilborne pathogens, and to abiotic stresses, such as cold, salinity, drought, and heavy metal toxicity, due to the resistance found in the rootstock. Many aspects related to rootstock/scion interactions are poorly understood, which can cause loss of fruit quality, reduced production, shorter postharvest time, and, most commonly, incompatibility between rootstock and scion. The rootstock and scion cultivars must be chosen with care to avoid loss.
The stage of maturity is utmost important for the harvesting of any crop. and for horticultural and plantation crops, its like the very life of those crops
Grafting is a method employed to improve crop production. Grafting of vegetable seedlings is a unique horticultural technology practiced for many years in East Asia to overcome issues associated with intensive cultivation using limited arable land.The first grafted vegetable seedlings used were for Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) plants grafted onto Lagenaria siceraria L. rootstock to overcome Fusarium wilt. Since then, the use of grafted solanaceous and cucurbitaceous seedlings has spread, with the practice mainly used in Asia, Europe, and North America. The expansion of grafting is likely due to its ability to provide tolerance to biotic stress, such as soilborne pathogens, and to abiotic stresses, such as cold, salinity, drought, and heavy metal toxicity, due to the resistance found in the rootstock. Many aspects related to rootstock/scion interactions are poorly understood, which can cause loss of fruit quality, reduced production, shorter postharvest time, and, most commonly, incompatibility between rootstock and scion. The rootstock and scion cultivars must be chosen with care to avoid loss.
The first free on-line Journal for Cactus and Succulent Enthusiasts. Number 16, published on June 2016.
New In this edition:
-Nopalxochia conzattiana
-Pilosocereus gounellei
-High Altitude Cacti
-(Steno)Cereus pseudosonorensis
-A New Taxon of Rebutia
-Copiapoa fusca and Copiapoa corralensis
-Travel with the Cactus Expert
-Duchesne County, Utah (USA).
The first free on-line Journal for Cactus and Succulent Enthusiasts. February 2016.
In this edition:
1 Sclerocactus parviflorus
2 Inquisivi, Bolivia
3 Sedum morganianum
2 Inquisivi, Bolivia
4 Gymnocalycium
5 Sulcorebutia
Plant growth regulators (also called plant hormones) are numerous chemical substances that profoundly influence the growth and differentiation of plant cells, tissues and organs.
Role of new generation plant bioregulators in fruitSindhu Reddy
In order meet out the emerging consumer demand and challenges towards fruit production, there is the need to explore new interventions. One among that is use of new generation plant growth regulators in fruit crops. Plant growth regulators (PGR), recently name has been changed to plant bio-regulators (PBR’s) are defined as organic compounds, other than nutrients, that in small concentrations, affect the physiological processes of plants. There are five classical growth hormones which have the specific function in growth and development were already commercially exploited in fruit crops, but use of new generation growth regulators in fruit crops are recent and emerging trend. New generation PBR’s includes brassinosteroids, Jasmonate, salicylic acid, polyamines, karrikins and strigolactones and retardants such as 1-MCP and prohexodione-Ca. These are utilized in fruit crops starting from propagation to improving quality also including biotic and abiotic stress resistant. Hence, new generation plant growth regulators are an effective alternative for future fruit production combating major production challenges.
Use of Growth regulators in propagation, flower induction and retention (Sanj...sanjaychetry2
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- Plant growth regulator is also called as Phytohormone
- Thimann (1948) gave the term Phytohormone
- Organic substances which are produced naturally in plants
- synthesized in one part and usually translocated to other part
- every small quantity influence the growth and other physiological functions of the plants.
Classes of Plant Growth Regulators
Auxins- IAA, NAA, IBA, 2,4-D
Gibberellins- GA3
Cytokinins- Kinetin, Zeatin
Ethylene- Ethrel
Abscisic acid- Dormins, Phaseic Acid
Flowering hormones - Florigin, Anthesin, Vernalin
Synthetic substances - Synthetic Auxins, Synthetic Cytokinins
Growth inhibitors - AMO-1618, Phosphon-D, Cycosel, B-999.
Importance of PGR in fruit production and quality.pdfAbhishek Pratap
This slide focuses on the importance of plant growth regulators in fruit production and quality improvement. As we know very well that the PGR plays an important role in growth and development of plants. Plant growth regulators are chemicals used to modify plant growth such as increasing branching suppressing shoot growth, increasing return bloom,
removing excess fruit, or alternate fruit maturity. The plant hormones are
extremely important agent in the integration of developmental activities.
Environmental factors often exert inductive effects by evoking changes in
hormones in metabolism and distribution within the plant. Apart from it, they also regulate expression of intrinsic genetic potential of plants. Control of genetic expression has been demonstrated for the phytohormones at both transcriptional and translational levels. Also, hormones receptors and binding proteins have been identified on membrane surface that are specific for some hormones. The use of growth regulators has become an important component of agro-technical procedures for most of the cultivated plants and especially for fruit plants. So far in fruit crops, excessive fruit drop can be controlled by the exogenous application of plant growth regulators. The auxin and gibberellins are widely used to control
the fruit drop and to improve the quality of fruit. Ontogenic development from fruit set to fruit ripening and final reach to customer, several agents are responsible for elimination of some fruits from fruit set to final maturity. In this seminar, I will focus on the major functions of plant growth regulators in fruit production.
Its about how fruit ripening occurs and how we can manipulate ripening process by using biotechnology to delay ripening and to reduce postharvest losses
Effect of Biofertilizers and their Consortium on Horticultural CropsSourabhMohite
The presentation includes detailed information about the mode of action of different biofertilizers including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. By the use of different biofertilizers, we can minimize the quantity of chemical fertilizers and other agrochemicals. use of biofertilizers enhances plant growth with increased yield and quality sustainably. it also includes some case studies which confirm the beneficial use of biofertilizers and PGPR.
Use of growth regulators in seed production of Vegetable SimranJagirdar
WHAT ARE GROWTH REGULATORS?
A growth regulator is
An organic compound,
Can be natural or synthetic,
It modifies or controls one or more specific physiological processes within a plant but the sites of action and production are different.
If the compound is produced within the plant, it is called a plant hormone.
Both internal plant hormones and lab-created hormones are called plant growth regulators
The ‘Plant Hormones’ are natural and ‘Plant Growth Regulators’ are synthetic in nature.
To conserve endangered medicinal plant species, Exacum bicolor Roxb.
(Gentianaceae), an efficient micropropagation protocol was developed by using nodal
segments for axillary shoot proliferation. Higher multiplication rate was achieved with 78% on MS medium supplemented with growth hormones, IBA and GA3 at 1.5 mg/l and 0.5 mg/l respectively. Rooting was more effective with 75% of the node derived in
vitro shoots in MS basal medium with the auxins, IBA and NAA at 1.0 mg/l and 0.5 mg/ l respectively. Using the hardening medium containing garden soil, sand and vermiculate in the ratio of 1:1:1 by volume, regenerated plantlets could be
successfully acclimatized at a rate of 80 % survivability.
To conserve endangered medicinal plant species, Exacum bicolor Roxb. (Gentianaceae), an efficient micropropagation protocol was developed by using nodal segments for axillary shoot proliferation. Higher multiplication rate was achieved with 78% on MS medium supplemented with growth hormones, IBA and GA3 at 1.5 mg/l and 0.5 mg/l respectively. Rooting was more effective with 75% of the node derived in vitro shoots in MS basal medium with the auxins, IBA and NAA at 1.0 mg/l and 0.5 mg/l respectively. Using the hardening medium containing garden soil, sand and vermiculate in the ratio of 1:1:1 by volume, regenerated plantlets could be successfully acclimatized at a rate of 80 % survivability.
Role of amino acid, fulvic acid and humic acid in fruit cropsaniketdsahu
Organic or Non-nutrient containing compounds derived from natural products which can stimulate plant growth and development without causing known harm to the environment.” Such products consist of humic acids, marine algae (sea weed) extracts, non-hormonal plant metabolites and vitamins”
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) Seminar Series on May 24, 2016 at RDMIC Bldg., cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City
Effect of different growth regulators on the growth and yield of oyster mushroomSamar Biswas
The Greek word “Mykes” and Latin word “Fungus” mean mushroom. In a broad sense, mushrooms are fungi, but 6 all fungi are not necessarily considered as mushrooms. The mushroom is simply a fleshy, spore bearing organ of the fungi, and it belongs to either the class Ascomycetes or Basidiomycetes. The vegetative parts of the mushrooms mainly consist of thread like long thin mycelium which under suitable condition forms fruiting bodies or sporocarps. This sporocarp is called mushroom. They are very unlike green plants because they lack chlorophyll and therefore depend on the preformed food for their nutrition (Song, 2004).
Mushrooms production in Bangladesh started in 1979 at Sobhanbag Horticulture Centre, Savar, Dhaka with the technical assistance of Japan and one spawn laboratory and training facility was established to promote mushroom production at that time. Initially paddy straw mushroom was successfully grown. This variety could not be established due to low yield and short shelf life and was shortly replaced by Oyster mushroom.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2. Role of Bio-regulators in
Vegetable Production
Course title : Master’s seminar
Course No. : APV-600
Speaker : Sajal Debbarma
Id.No: 48052
3. INTRODUCTION
Bio-regulators are endogenous or synthetically produced substances
that can control one or more specific biochemical and physiological
functions of many species probably by their influence on gene and
enzyme interactions (Olaiya, 2013).
Other terms used for Bio–regulator are Plant growth regulator (PGR)
or Growth hormone.
Account for 5-10% of the world agrichemical sales. (Mori, 2011)
11. Functions of Cytokinins
1. Cell division :The most important biological effect
of kinetin on plants is to induce cell division especially
in carrot root tissue, pea callus etc.
2. Cell enlargement : Like auxins and gibberellins, the
kinetin may also induces cell enlargement in the leaves
of Phaseolus vulgaris, pumpkin cotyledons etc.
3. Flower induction: Cytokinins can be employed
successfully to induce flowering in short day plants.
4. Dormancy of seeds: Like gibberellins, the dormancy
of certain light sensitive seeds such as lettuce can also
be broken by kinetin treatment.
5. It delays leaf senescence.
Fig : Kinetin
12. Functions of Abscisic acid
Growth Inhibiters: ABA inhibits shoot growth but has
less effect on root growth.
Induces bud dormancy and seed dormancy.
Induces tuberisation.
Induces senescence of leaves , abscission of leaves, flowers
and fruits.
Stomatal closing.
15. Seed Germination
Pre-sowing treatment of seed with growth regulators has been reported to
enhance seed emergence.
In tomato, pre sowing seed treatment with 100 ppm IAA, IBA and
NAA enhanced the seed germination ( Olaiya et al.,2009).
Pre-sowing treatment of seed with GA3 and KNO3 @ 50 ppm
enhanced the germination of endive and chicory, respectively
(Tzortzakis, 2009).
In muskmelon, soaking of seeds in ethephon at 480 mg/liter of
water for 24 hours improves germination in muskmelon at low
temperature (Meena, 2015).
16. Effect of plant bioregulators on seed yield,
germination and vigour in okra [ Abelmoschus
esculentus (L.) Moench ]
SL. NO. TREATMENTS GERMINATION
%
SEEDLING
LENGH
( cm)
1 Control 79.50 29.05
2 NAA @ 50 ppm 85.00 28.39
3 NAA @ 100 ppm 94.67 27.39
4 NAA @ 150 ppm 89.83 27.07
5 GA3 @ 50 ppm 87.50 27.63
6 GA3@ 100 ppm 87.50 26.34
7 GA3 @ 150 ppm 84.83 25.41
CD at 5% 5.02 3.67
Source : Khan et al., 2013
17. Seed dormancy
Seed dormancy is main problem in potato and Lettuce.
Chemicals which have been reported to break the rest period are GA,
Ethylene chlorhydrin and Thiourea.
Soak the tubers in 1% aqueous solution of thiourea for 1 hour or solution
containing 5-10 ppm GA3 for 10- 20 minutes can be used to break the
dormancy of potato ( Byran , 1989)
Lettuce is another vegetable in which treatment with GA3 or Cytokinin has
been reported to break seed dormancy induced by high temperature.
18. Flowering
Induction of flowering which otherwise fails to flower has also been
reported with the use of various growth regulators.
NAA 50 ppm has been reported to induce early flowering in paprika
( Kannan et al., 2009)
Plants sprayed with 300 ppm GA3 were earliest to flower and
recorded highest number of fruits and yield per plant in
tomato ( Sharma et al.,1992)
19. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Yield Contributing
Characters and Yield of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annum) Varieties
VARIETIES TREATMENTS Days to 1st
flowering
No. of flowers
/plant
Days to 1st harvest
BARI Misti morich-1
Control 57.33 29.67 122.33
GA3 at 100 ppm 53.67 30.33 113.67
4-CPA at 2000 ppm 49.67 32.67 101.67
Litosen at 1000
ppm
50.33 31.33 109.67
Lamuyo
Control 52.67 31.67 119.33
GA3 at 100 ppm 51.67 32.67 109.33
4-CPA at 2000 ppm 48.67 33.33 103.67
Litosen at 1000
ppm
50.00 32.67 107.00
CD at 5% 2.623 1.838 0.896 9.976
Source: Das et al.,2015Source: Das et al.,2015
20. Sex expression
The treatment with growth regulators has been found to change sex expression
in cucurbits, okra and pepper.
Female inducing hormones are Auxin and Ethylene whereas male inducing
hormone is Gibberellic acid.
Application of ethephon at two true leaf stage to both bush and trailing forms
of Cucurbita maxima and C. pepo caused suppression of male flowers, earlier
production and increase in numbers of female flowers. Thus gave rise to an
increase in the ratio of female to male flowers per plant (Hume et al., 1983)
21. Altered sex expression by plant growth regulators:
An overview in medicinal vegetable bitter gourd
(Momordica charantia L.)
(Source : Mia et al.,2014)
Treatments Days to flower Node no. of first
flower
Flowers per plant Sex ratio
male:
femaleMale Female Male Female Male Female
Control 38 53 10.50 12.20 310 27.42 11.31
GA3@ 50
ppm
35 49 9.55 11.80 383 29.42 13.02
NAA@ 50
ppm
37 41 8.45 7.00 250 35.14 7.48
NAA@100
ppm
36 46 10.75 8.90 285 33.43 8.11
CEPA@100
ppm
40 42 8.50 6.50 210 38.33 5.48
CEPA@300
ppm
33 43 6.25 9.70 342 31.43 10.88
CD at 5% 0.95 0.75 0.35 0.85 12.45 1.65 0.55
22. Parthenocarpy
Plant growth regulators helps to stimulate the fruit development
without fertilization ( Parthenocarpy).
2,4-D at 50 ppm when applied at anthesis showed better
performance over other in parthenocarpic fruit development in
kakrol ( Chowdhury et al ,2007).
Seed treatment with 2,4-D @ 2-5ppm gives early fruit set and
leads to parthenocarpy in tomato. ( Meena, 2015)
At G.B.P.U.A.&T. Pantnagar, staminate flowers were induced in
parthenocarpic line of cucumber through use of plant growth
regulator GA3@1500 ppm and silver nitrate @200-300ppm by four
sprays at 4 days interval (Singh and Ram, 2004)
25. Fruit Set and Yield Enhancement in Tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum Mill.) Using Gibberellic Acid and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy
Acetic Acid Spray
(Source
Treatments Fruit set (%) Total no. of
fruits /plant
Fruit weight
(g)
Fruit yield
/plant (g)
GA3@ 0 ppm 39.8 10.9 47.3 434.7
GA3@ 5 ppm 53.4 14.2 47.6 497.7
GA3@ 10 ppm 54.0 14.7 47.6 506.2
GA3@15 ppm 53.8 14.2 50.9 574.3
2,4-D@ 0 ppm 43.7 12.2 45.6 436.2
2,4-D@ 5 ppm 55.0 17.2 51.4 587.9
2,4-D@10 ppm 52.1 14.8 53.2 515.6
26. Contd….
fruit set in unsprayed (control) plant fruit setting in tomato after the
spray of 2,4 D @ 5ppm
(Source : Luitel et al., 2015)
27. Hybrid seed production
Bioregulators have also been used for maintenance of gynoecious
lines in cucurbits.
Growth regulator like GA3 (1,500-2000ppm) and chemical like silver
nitrate (200-300ppm) induces the male flowers on gynoecious
cucumber (Meena, 2015).
Exogenous application of silver thiosulphate (300-400ppm) induces
the male flower in gynoecious muskmelon (Meena, 2015).
28. Gametocides
Some PGR’s posseses gametocidal action to produce male sterility which can
be used for F1 hybrid seed production.
MH at 100 to 500 ppm appeared most effective in inducing a high level of male
sterility in eggplant, okra, peppers and tomato, without detrimental influence on
female fertility (Saimbhi et al., 1978).
A high concentration of gibberellic acid (2%) was found to act as a gametocide
for the common onion (Allium cepa L.), when sprayed in the beginning of the
bolting process (Meer et al., 1973).
29. Gibberellic acid as gametocide for cole crops
Fig : Male sterility in cauliflower as induced by GA4.
Left : Male fertile flowers Right : Male sterile
flowers (Source : Meer and Dam, 1979)(Source : Meer and Dam, 1979)
30. Fruit ripening
Ethephon, an ethylene releasing compound, has been reported to induce
ripening in tomato and pepper.
Application of ethephon at 1000 mg/L at turning stage of earliest fruits
induced early ripening of fruits thus increasing the early fruit yield by 30-
35%.
Post-harvest dip treatment with ethephon at 500-2000 mg/L has also been
reported to induce ripening in mature green tomatoes. (Gould, 1992)
31. Effect of Post harvest Treatments on Shelf Life of Tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum Mill.) Fruits during Storage
Treatments Physiological loss of
weight (%)
Decay (%) Storage life (Days)
T1 (GA3@0.1%) 6.50 8.89 18
T2 (GA3@0.3% 9.87 11.11 15
T3 (GA3@0.5%) 11.85 11.11 14
T4 (Cacl2@0.5%) 8.77 13.33 15
T5 (Cacl2@1%) 6.64 8.87 17
T6 (Cacl2@1.5%) 5.35 8.86 17
T7(SA@0.1mM) 11.56 11.11 13
T8 (SA0@0.2mM) 9.95 13.33 14
T9 (SA@0.4mM) 6.78 8.89 17
T10 (Control) 19.89 24.44 10
CD (5% level) 2.28 9.27
Source: Pila et al.,2010
32. Fruit yield
1. TOMATO
Spraying with 60 ppm GA3 10 days before transplanting increased the yield per ha
of variety Roma ( Naeem et al., 2001)
Foliar sprays of 2,4-D @ 6 ppm gave highest yield of tomato ( Patel et al., 2014).
2. BRINJAL
Foliar sprays of 4 ppm 2,4-D gave the highest yield of brinjal.( Patel et al, 2012)
Seed treatment with 10ppm GA3 or IAA gave the highest yield in brinjal (Sharma
et al, 1992).
3. CHILLI
Foliar sprays of 2 ppm 2,4-D, 40 ppm NAA and 10 ppm GA3 gave 28.75%, 13.61%
and 2.30% higher fruit yield over control, respectively. ( Chaudhoury et al., 2006).
Spraying plants with 10 ppm NAA gave significantly highest fruit yield (277.8
g/plant). ( Sultana et al., 2006)
33. Effect of GA3 and NAA on growth and yield
of tomato
Treatments Percent
fruit
set
No. of
fruits/
plant
Fruit
weight
(g)
Fruit
length
(cm)
Fruit width
(cm)
Rind
thickness
(cm)
Fruit yield
(q/ha)
Control 30.6 13.2 80.5 4.3 4.4 0.40 380.7
GA3 20 ppm 35.4 18.7 85.1 4.8 4.92 0.45 396.2
GA3 40 ppm 40.2 22.7 120.2 5.06 5.21 0.48 418.6
GA3 60 ppm 47.3 26.2 125.7 5.92 6.20 0.52 446.5
GA3 80 ppm 51.6 30.2 130.8 6.46 6.86 0.56 483.6
NAA 25
ppm
32.1 18.5 84.1 4.6 4.72 0.44 390.5
NAA 50
ppm
37.7 21.7 118.2 4.82 4.90 0.45 402.7
NAA 75
ppm
44.5 23.4 121.8 5.78 6.11 0.50 433.6
NAA 100
ppm
49.1 24.7 128.6 6.08 6.38 0.55 474.2
CD (0.05) 3.42 9.50 6.48 1.01 NS 1.23 12.6
Source : Singh et al., 2013
35. Effect of GA3 and kinetin on growth, yield and quality of broccoli
(Brassica oleracea var. italica)
Treatments Plant height
(cm)
No. of
leaves
Days to
central
head
formation
Days to
secondary
head
formation
Head size
(cm3)
Total
yield /ha
(q)
GA3 20 ppm 60.73 13.73 61.40 70.93 1306.65 169.80
GA3 40 ppm 63.07 13.47 61.53 71.33 1369.48 175.29
GA3 60 ppm 60.93 14.53 57.86 66.20 1496.47 176.11
kinetin 20 ppm 55.40 14.80 59.86 69.60 1356.81 163.88
kinetin 40 ppm 61.47 15.67 59.87 69.93 1412.67 174.94
kinetin 60 ppm 60.80 14.53 60.40 71.60 1509.20 185.16
GA3 10 ppm +
kinetin 10 ppm
59.67 15.33 58.86 69.60 1272.16 170.58
GA3 20 ppm +
kinetin 20 ppm
57.843 15.20 61.13 71.53 1518.83 187.05
GA3 30 ppm +
kinetin 30 ppm
63.77 16.00 60.73 70.06 1542.66 189.67
control 58.27 13.33 63.60 74.53 884.64 145.15
C.D at 5% 5.09 2.01 2.62 2.94 481.70 42.24
Singh et al., 2010
36. Effect of bio-regulators on performance of tomato under naturally
ventilated polyhouse during off- season
Treatments
Plant height
(cm)
Days to 50%
flowering
Days to 50%
fruiting
Fruit setting (%)
July August July August July August July August
GA310 ppm 120.19 108.38 46.50 49.50 53.00 54.50 65.72 58.70
GA325 ppm 127.25 120.13 47.25 50.00 51.00 52.40 69.80 60.26
PCPA 50
ppm
113.50 80.38 41.75 44.50 48.25 49.30 61.74 54.87
NAA 10
ppm+ 1ppm
Boron
107.50 74.13 37.67 39.40 55.75 57.75 50.34 47.25
Control 70.67 54.13 35.65 37.60 68.40 70.20 29.24 20.92
CD (5%) 2.90 3.16 1.91 1.74 3.62 3.13 3.94 3.66
Source :Phukan et al.,
37. Contd….
Treatments
Number of
fruits per plant
Average fruit
weight
(g)
Fruit yield
(g/plant)
Fruit yield
(kg/m2)
July August July August July August July August
GA310 ppm 21.50 18.50 58.00 49.82 1247.09 679.66 4.61 2.51
GA325 ppm 23.00 21.00 68.00 62.27 1563.23 1307.36 5.79 4.84
PCPA 50
ppm
23.67 20.72 60.00 57.48 1421.64 1191.49 5.26 4.41
NAA 10
ppm+ 1ppm
Boron
20.54 16.00 51.00 43.96 1045.98 703.17 3.87 2.60
Control 11.25 10.00 45.00 39.72 507.57 397.32 1.88 1.47
CD (5%) 2.32 2.65 3.70 2.61 152.74 292.34 0.56 1.08
38. Effect of bio-regulators on Quality of
Vegetables
Growth
Regulators
Concentration
(ppm)
Method of
Application
Crops Effect on Quality
GA3 15 Foliar spray Muskmelon Improve rind
thickness
GA3 5-15 Foliar spray Cauliflower,
cabbage
Increases head or
curd size
GA3 50 Foliar spray Lettuce and
Chinese
cabbage
Increases dry
matter, protein and
ascorbic
acid content
PCPA 50 Foliar spray Tomato Increases sugar
and vitamin-C, but
reduces acidity
39. Contd….
CCC 250 Foliar spray Potato Increases TSS and
vitamin-C content in
tuber
MENA
(vapour) +
CIPA
5000 Post-harvest dip Potato Reduces sprouting
and rooting of tuber
in
storage
Cytozyme 1% Foliar spray Garden pea Increases vitamin-C,
reducing sugars and
total sugars
Ethephon 250 Foliar spray Tomato Increases TSS
NAA 50-70 Seed treatment Chilli Increases amino acid
and vitamin-C content
in fruits
Mixtallol 1-2 Foliar spray Potato Increases starch,
reducing sugars, non-
reducing
sugars, total sugars,
and protein
Bahadur and Singh, 2014
40. BIOREGULATORS FAVOURABLY AFFECT THE LEVELS
OF VITAMINS AND SUGARS IN TOMATO FRUIT TISSUES
Genotypes
Ascorbic acid (mg/100 g)
Control 100 ppm IAA 100 ppm IBA 100 ppm NAA Mean
NHLy 11 12.87 14.77 16.78 11.97 14.09
NHLy 12 20.06 20.16 20.23 19.67 20.08
NHLy 13 15.36 17.28 16.87 19.88 17.34
NHLy 15 16.67 18.23 19.61 17.97 18.12
NHLy 16 18.97 20.36 19.68 20.14 19.78
Mean 16.76 18.16 18.63 17.92
Source: Olaiya, 2011Source: Olaiya, 2011
41. Contd…..
Genotypes
Total sugar (g/100 ml juice)
Control 100 ppm IAA 100 ppm IBA 100
ppm
NAA
Mean
NHLy 11 3.02 3.11 3.26 2.67 3.01
NHLy 12 3.06 2.47 3.23 3.11 2.96
NHLy 13 2.27 2.46 2.30 2.22 2.31
NHLy 15 2.51 2.47 3.13 3.01 2.78
NHLy 16 2.61 2.81 3.22 2.76 2.85
Mean 2.69 2.66 3.02 2.75
45. EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON SUMMER
TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
Treatments Days to
first set of
fruit
Percentag
e of fruit
set
Days to
first
harvest
Weight
of fruit
(g)
No. of
fruits per
plant
TSS
(%)
Ascorbic
acid
(mg/100 g
of fruit)
GA3@10 ppm 39.89 56.84 59.66 35.26 41.05 13.07 25.20
GA3@ 25
ppm
38.00 51.87 57.55 33.40 42.91 13.29 26.22
2,4-D @ 1
ppm
41.44 54.35 62.55 35.20 43.99 12.56 17.27
2,4-D @ 5
ppm
40.67 65.05 61.44 44.15 51.32 13.20 17.58
NAA @ 0.1
ppm
42.89 58.38 63.67 36.37 44.67 10.78 29.17
NAA @ 0.2
ppm
42.00 60.21 62.55 37.54 46.32 10.46 30.21
Control 42.89 50.18 63.67 32.52 35.67 11.99 22.67
CD at 5% 0.590 1.68 0.612 1.045 0.846 0.811 0.482
Source : Mehta ,1973
46. Constraints in the Use of Growth Regulators
• The cost of developing new PGR is very high due to which they are very
much costly.
Screening for PGR activities entails high costs and much difficult.
Some synthetic plant growth regulators causes human health hazards.
It is difficult in identification of proper stage of crop at which the growth
regulators should be applied.
Lack of support from agricultural researchers in public and private
sectors.
Lack of basic knowledge of toxicity and mechanism of action.
47. Precautions in Bio- regulator Application
Growth regulators should be sprayed preferably in the afternoon.
Avoid spraying in windy hours.
Spray should be uniform and wet both the surface of leaf.
Add surfactant or adhesive materials like Teepol with growth regulators @ 0.5-
1.0 ml/l solution.
Use growth substances at an appropriate stage of plant growth.
Chemical should be completely dissolved before use.
Use always fresh solution of plant growth regulators.
Solution should be always being prepared in distilled water only..
Wash the machine or pump after each spraying.
Repeat the spray within 7-8 hours, if chemical is washed out due to rain.
48. Conclusion
Bio-regulators has an immense potential in vegetable production to increase
the yield and quality of vegetables to better meet the requirements of food
supply in general. But more research is needed to develop simple,
economical and technical viable production system of bio-regulator.
Bioregulators must be toxicologically and environmentally safe.