Analyze rhetorical context, like audience and time
Make sure you have evidence and examples to prove the thesis
A summary to make sure the audience knows what you are talking
Thesis: talk about point of the paper, the point of the paper in your analisis, analyzing the rhetorical strategies (ethos, pathos, logos)
Analyze the argument (dis the author support their claims)
HOW TO SET UP THE PAPER
-hook
-Introduction (short summary – more detailed about the paper) Thesis
-Longer summary-more detail about) / background information / Ted talk 2014
- evidence /examples
- conclusion
http://www.ted.com/talks/mark_pagel_how_language_transformed_humanity?language=en#t-351943
Each of you possesses the most powerful, dangerous and subversive trait that natural selection has ever devised. It's a piece of neural audio technology for rewiring other people's minds. I'm talking about your language, of course, because it allows you to implant a thought from your mind directly into someone else's mind, and they can attempt to do the same to you, without either of you having to perform surgery. Instead, when you speak,you're actually using a form of telemetry not so different from the remote control device for your television. It's just that, whereas that device relies on pulses of infrared light, your language relies on pulses, discrete pulses, of sound.
0:55And just as you use the remote control device to alter the internal settings of your televisionto suit your mood, you use your language to alter the settings inside someone else's brain to suit your interests. Languages are genes talking, getting things that they want. And just imagine the sense of wonder in a baby when it first discovers that, merely by uttering a sound, it can get objects to move across a room as if by magic, and maybe even into its mouth.
1:25Now language's subversive power has been recognized throughout the ages in censorship, in books you can't read, phrases you can't use and words you can't say. In fact, the Tower of Babel story in the Bible is a fable and warning about the power of language. According to that story, early humans developed the conceit that, by using their language to work together, they could build a tower that would take them all the way to heaven. Now God, angered at this attempt to usurp his power, destroyed the tower, and then to ensure that it would never be rebuilt, he scattered the people by giving them different languages --confused them by giving them different languages. And this leads to the wonderful irony that our languages exist to prevent us from communicating. Even today, we know that there are words we cannot use, phrases we cannot say, because if we do so, we might be accosted, jailed, or even killed. And all of this from a puff of air emanating from our mouths.
2:29Now all this fuss about a single one of our traits tells us there's something worth explaining.And that is how and why did this remarkable trait evolve, and why did it evolve only in .
Collective learning sets humans apart from all other species, and language magnifies the impact of that learning.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Before we can begin to consider the evolution of consciousness, we have to ask when consciousness first arose. Are human beings alone conscious, or are other creatures also conscious? Is an animal such as a dog, for example, conscious?
Dogs may not be aware of many of the things we are aware of. They are not conscious of much beyond their immediate world, the world defined by the span of their senses. They know nothing of lands beyond the oceans, or the space beyond the earth. Nor can dogs be aware of much beyond the present time. They know nothing of the course of history, or where it might be headed. They are not aware of their inevitable death in the same way that we are. They do not think to themselves in words, and they probably do not reason as we do. And they do not seem to have the self-awareness that we do; they certainly do not get caught up in concern for their own self-image, with all the strange behaviors that engenders. But this does not mean that dogs have no awareness at all.
When, how, and why did people become speakers and listeners Spokedaniatrappit
When, how, and why did people become speakers and listeners? Spoken words do not leave traces in the earth or in stone, or lasting impressions in the air. There are no fossils, no natural history, for the spoken uses of language. Consequently, we must reconstruct the early story of speaking and listening by using our imaginations and drawing upon what scientists can tell us about prehistoric humanity. Through the time machine of informed imagination, we can rush back through the blur of thousands of years until we come onto a scene that must have been typical.
It is night on the savannas of Africa, and huddled around a campfire that provides warmth and protection against the darkness beyond are some forty creatures who have human form. The campfire may have been the original site of civilization. It provided a time for conversation, an exercise period for the new and dawning power of speech. Through speech these early persons could exchange and build ideas, interpret the experiences of the day and learn from them, and plan for the experiences of the morrow. They also could settle disputes, and tell stories that would remind them of heroic accomplishments. In other words, around these ancient campfires humans would first practice forms of public conversation that the Greeks later identified as basic types of public speaking:
forensic speech, which deals with judgments of past behavior in search of justice;
deliberative speech, which debates plans for future action; and
ceremonial speech, which celebrates the actions, traditions, and values of group life.
Before we leave this ancient scene, let us toss another log on the blaze and consider a few more features of our communication nature, as revealed in the faces that huddle close together around the protective fire. We have evolved as social beings, dependent for our survival and well-being on the quality of words that pass among us in public speech. The key to our social nature is our eyes. Did you ever consider the way our eyes are placed in our heads? If we were intended to be entirely self-sufficient, the placement of our eyes would hardly make sense. In that case, we would have a band of vision that extends around our heads, providing us information from every direction. What we have developed instead is telescopic vision, that offers us only partial access to our environment, just that part in front of us. Within that narrow range telescopic vision does make it possible for us to focus with great precision and intensity on whatever objects interest or concern us. But the price of this precise but partial focus is that behind us and to the sides of us, we are blind, ignorant, and vulnerable.
How could humankind ever have survived with such an uneven capability of vision in such a threatening and uncertain world? The answer is obvious: humans could survive only by coexisting in groups, in which different individuals could focus simultane ...
Collective learning sets humans apart from all other species, and language magnifies the impact of that learning.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Before we can begin to consider the evolution of consciousness, we have to ask when consciousness first arose. Are human beings alone conscious, or are other creatures also conscious? Is an animal such as a dog, for example, conscious?
Dogs may not be aware of many of the things we are aware of. They are not conscious of much beyond their immediate world, the world defined by the span of their senses. They know nothing of lands beyond the oceans, or the space beyond the earth. Nor can dogs be aware of much beyond the present time. They know nothing of the course of history, or where it might be headed. They are not aware of their inevitable death in the same way that we are. They do not think to themselves in words, and they probably do not reason as we do. And they do not seem to have the self-awareness that we do; they certainly do not get caught up in concern for their own self-image, with all the strange behaviors that engenders. But this does not mean that dogs have no awareness at all.
When, how, and why did people become speakers and listeners Spokedaniatrappit
When, how, and why did people become speakers and listeners? Spoken words do not leave traces in the earth or in stone, or lasting impressions in the air. There are no fossils, no natural history, for the spoken uses of language. Consequently, we must reconstruct the early story of speaking and listening by using our imaginations and drawing upon what scientists can tell us about prehistoric humanity. Through the time machine of informed imagination, we can rush back through the blur of thousands of years until we come onto a scene that must have been typical.
It is night on the savannas of Africa, and huddled around a campfire that provides warmth and protection against the darkness beyond are some forty creatures who have human form. The campfire may have been the original site of civilization. It provided a time for conversation, an exercise period for the new and dawning power of speech. Through speech these early persons could exchange and build ideas, interpret the experiences of the day and learn from them, and plan for the experiences of the morrow. They also could settle disputes, and tell stories that would remind them of heroic accomplishments. In other words, around these ancient campfires humans would first practice forms of public conversation that the Greeks later identified as basic types of public speaking:
forensic speech, which deals with judgments of past behavior in search of justice;
deliberative speech, which debates plans for future action; and
ceremonial speech, which celebrates the actions, traditions, and values of group life.
Before we leave this ancient scene, let us toss another log on the blaze and consider a few more features of our communication nature, as revealed in the faces that huddle close together around the protective fire. We have evolved as social beings, dependent for our survival and well-being on the quality of words that pass among us in public speech. The key to our social nature is our eyes. Did you ever consider the way our eyes are placed in our heads? If we were intended to be entirely self-sufficient, the placement of our eyes would hardly make sense. In that case, we would have a band of vision that extends around our heads, providing us information from every direction. What we have developed instead is telescopic vision, that offers us only partial access to our environment, just that part in front of us. Within that narrow range telescopic vision does make it possible for us to focus with great precision and intensity on whatever objects interest or concern us. But the price of this precise but partial focus is that behind us and to the sides of us, we are blind, ignorant, and vulnerable.
How could humankind ever have survived with such an uneven capability of vision in such a threatening and uncertain world? The answer is obvious: humans could survive only by coexisting in groups, in which different individuals could focus simultane ...
A presentation on Evolutionary Psychology used at University of Derby during their Festival of Science Open Day.
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the individual Simon Bignell and not University of Derby.
On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense (1873)Friedrich Nietzsche.docxhopeaustin33688
On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense (1873)
Friedrich Nietzsche
1
Once upon a time, in some out of the way corner of that universe which is dispersed into numberless twinkling solar systems, there was a star upon which clever beasts invented knowing. That was the most arrogant and mendacious minute of "world history," but nevertheless, it was only a minute. After nature had drawn a few breaths, the star cooled and congealed, and the clever beasts had to die. One might invent such a fable, and yet he still would not have adequately illustrated how miserable, how shadowy and transient, how aimless and arbitrary the human intellect looks within nature. There were eternities during which it did not exist. And when it is all over with the human intellect, nothing will have happened. For this intellect has no additional mission which would lead it beyond human life. Rather, it is human, and only its possessor and begetter takes it so solemnly-as though the world's axis turned within it. But if we could communicate with the gnat, we would learn that he likewise flies through the air with the same solemnity, that he feels the flying centre of the universe within himself. There is nothing so reprehensible and unimportant in nature that it would not immediately swell up like a balloon at the slightest puff of this power of knowing. And just as every porter wants to have an admirer, so even the proudest of men, the philosopher, supposes that he sees on all sides the eyes of the universe telescopically focused upon his action and thought.
It is remarkable that this was brought about by the intellect, which was certainly allotted to these most unfortunate, delicate, and ephemeral beings merely as a device for detaining them a minute within existence. For without this addition they would have every reason to flee this existence as quickly as Lessing's son. The pride connected with knowing and sensing lies like a blinding fog over the eyes and senses of men, thus deceiving them concerning the value of existence. For this pride contains within itself the most flattering estimation of the value of knowing. Deception is the most general effect of such pride, but even its most particular effects contain within themselves something of the same deceitful character.
As a means for the preserving of the individual, the intellect unfolds its principle powers in dissimulation, which is the means by which weaker, less robust individuals preserve themselves-since they have been denied the chance to wage the battle for existence with horns or with the sharp teeth of beasts of prey, This art of dissimulation reaches its peak in man. Deception, flattering, lying, deluding, talking behind the back, putting up a false front, living in borrowed splendor, wearing a mask, hiding behind convention, playing a role for others and for oneself-in short, a continuous fluttering around the solitary flame of vanity-is so much the rule and the law among men that there is almost not.
Abstract: Corporations and companies today generate a juggernaut of information, much more than they can process or put to use. The accepted response to running out of shelf space is to invest in more capacious IT and storage systems, with intranets serving as interfaces to ensure this stockpile of information remains accessible and usable. This whitepaper posits a less technical but more evolved response, one that has worked for centuries and enabled the very survival of our species. It recommends overlaying on our intranets the principles of oral-based information systems where a premium is placed on the processing, validation and sculpting of information before its eventual storage for future reference. The paper explores in detail how to put these principles to work within the challenging context of a modern corporate environment. It also implements its own recommendations, preferring to lead by example.
As a human resources manager, you need to advise top leadership (CEO.docxrossskuddershamus
As a human resources manager, you need to advise top leadership (CEO, Vice Presidents, and Senior Managers) information on the importance of leadership style in creating a culture that embraces diversity. Create a PowerPoint presentation to compare and contrast how the different styles of CEO leadership can affect team building, so that cultural diversity can be used to a competitive advantage in the workplace. Provide ideas for how to effectively build a team that supports and embraces cultural diversity, and recommend the leadership styles that encourages the creation of a culture of diversity.
Incorporate appropriate animations, transitions, and graphics as well as “speaker notes” for each slide. The speaker notes may be comprised of brief paragraphs or bulleted lists. Support your presentation with at least five (5) scholarly resources. In addition to these specified resources, other appropriate scholarly resources may be included. Be sure to include citations for quotations and paraphrases with references in APA format and style where appropriate.
Length: 12-15 slides (with a separate reference slide).
Notes Length: 100-150 words for each slide.
.
As a homeowner, you have become more concerned about the energy is.docxrossskuddershamus
As a homeowner, you have become more concerned about the energy issue facing our communities. You want to see your neighbors become more involved in energy conservation efforts, but your attempts to gain support on your own have failed. You have decided to propose an Energy Resource Plan to your HOA for approval at the next meeting. Your goal is to convince the HOA to support and endorse your Energy Resource Plan.
Review
the following Energy Resource Plan outline
:
·
Introduction
o
Provide information about why conserving energy is important.
·
Renewable versus nonrenewable
o
Briefly distinguish between these types of energy.
·
Methods to conserve and help the environment
o
What may each member do, personally, to conserve energy and help the environment at the same time?
o
Provide at least three methods.
·
Government efforts
o
How may the government be involved in conservation efforts?
·
Conclusion
o
Wrap up the meeting with a brief summary of your main points.
o
Provide some motivation for conserving energy with a memorable slogan, statement, or song, for example.
Write
a 350- to 700-word paper that includes all elements of the outline.
Post
your paper as an attachment.
.
As a healthcare professional, you will be working closely with o.docxrossskuddershamus
As a healthcare professional, you will be working closely with other health care professionals. The best way to create a positive patient experience is to be able to understand the role that each healthcare professional plays in the care of a patient. For this assignment, select two of the following allied health professions (physician, dentist, pharmacist, nurses, advance practice nurse, or health services administrator) and take a deeper look into their specific functions and contributions to health care.
In a paper of 750-1,000 words please discuss the following:
What is their function/medical training?
In what type of setting can each profession be found traditionally? Is this changing today?
Discuss how the expanding roles of allied health in health care delivery have affected each profession.
How has the health care workforce shortage affected each profession?
Provide a minimum of two references.
.
As a future teacher exposed to the rising trend of blogs and adv.docxrossskuddershamus
As a future teacher exposed to the rising trend of blogs and advocacy pages on the Internet, it is important to identify credible, scholarly resources as the basis of best practices in the classroom.
To sample what information is available, locate one source (NAEYC, First Things First, Zero to Three, etc.) to support developmentally appropriate practices that you can share with families. For your selected source:
Describe how the resource can be used to support your selected issue.
Include a description of why that source would benefit your future classroom.
Describe what types of information is available at that source.
Use APA format to cite resources.
.
As a fresh research intern, you are a part of the hypothetical.docxrossskuddershamus
As a fresh research intern, you are a part of the hypothetical National Anthrax Eradication Program. Your first task is to present a detailed summary on this lethal disease.
Using the the Internet, research, acquire, compile the primary data and respond to the following:
What organism produces this disease and how?
What are the four different locations where an anthrax infection can occur? Describe each of these locations. What are the reasons why these locations allow the infection to occur?
What are the different scientific methods that have been tried, tested, and implemented towards Anthrax prevention and cure in the past decade?
Why is Anthrax such a potent weapon of bioterrorism? What are its characteristics that make it so?
.
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A presentation on Evolutionary Psychology used at University of Derby during their Festival of Science Open Day.
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the individual Simon Bignell and not University of Derby.
On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense (1873)Friedrich Nietzsche.docxhopeaustin33688
On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense (1873)
Friedrich Nietzsche
1
Once upon a time, in some out of the way corner of that universe which is dispersed into numberless twinkling solar systems, there was a star upon which clever beasts invented knowing. That was the most arrogant and mendacious minute of "world history," but nevertheless, it was only a minute. After nature had drawn a few breaths, the star cooled and congealed, and the clever beasts had to die. One might invent such a fable, and yet he still would not have adequately illustrated how miserable, how shadowy and transient, how aimless and arbitrary the human intellect looks within nature. There were eternities during which it did not exist. And when it is all over with the human intellect, nothing will have happened. For this intellect has no additional mission which would lead it beyond human life. Rather, it is human, and only its possessor and begetter takes it so solemnly-as though the world's axis turned within it. But if we could communicate with the gnat, we would learn that he likewise flies through the air with the same solemnity, that he feels the flying centre of the universe within himself. There is nothing so reprehensible and unimportant in nature that it would not immediately swell up like a balloon at the slightest puff of this power of knowing. And just as every porter wants to have an admirer, so even the proudest of men, the philosopher, supposes that he sees on all sides the eyes of the universe telescopically focused upon his action and thought.
It is remarkable that this was brought about by the intellect, which was certainly allotted to these most unfortunate, delicate, and ephemeral beings merely as a device for detaining them a minute within existence. For without this addition they would have every reason to flee this existence as quickly as Lessing's son. The pride connected with knowing and sensing lies like a blinding fog over the eyes and senses of men, thus deceiving them concerning the value of existence. For this pride contains within itself the most flattering estimation of the value of knowing. Deception is the most general effect of such pride, but even its most particular effects contain within themselves something of the same deceitful character.
As a means for the preserving of the individual, the intellect unfolds its principle powers in dissimulation, which is the means by which weaker, less robust individuals preserve themselves-since they have been denied the chance to wage the battle for existence with horns or with the sharp teeth of beasts of prey, This art of dissimulation reaches its peak in man. Deception, flattering, lying, deluding, talking behind the back, putting up a false front, living in borrowed splendor, wearing a mask, hiding behind convention, playing a role for others and for oneself-in short, a continuous fluttering around the solitary flame of vanity-is so much the rule and the law among men that there is almost not.
Abstract: Corporations and companies today generate a juggernaut of information, much more than they can process or put to use. The accepted response to running out of shelf space is to invest in more capacious IT and storage systems, with intranets serving as interfaces to ensure this stockpile of information remains accessible and usable. This whitepaper posits a less technical but more evolved response, one that has worked for centuries and enabled the very survival of our species. It recommends overlaying on our intranets the principles of oral-based information systems where a premium is placed on the processing, validation and sculpting of information before its eventual storage for future reference. The paper explores in detail how to put these principles to work within the challenging context of a modern corporate environment. It also implements its own recommendations, preferring to lead by example.
As a human resources manager, you need to advise top leadership (CEO.docxrossskuddershamus
As a human resources manager, you need to advise top leadership (CEO, Vice Presidents, and Senior Managers) information on the importance of leadership style in creating a culture that embraces diversity. Create a PowerPoint presentation to compare and contrast how the different styles of CEO leadership can affect team building, so that cultural diversity can be used to a competitive advantage in the workplace. Provide ideas for how to effectively build a team that supports and embraces cultural diversity, and recommend the leadership styles that encourages the creation of a culture of diversity.
Incorporate appropriate animations, transitions, and graphics as well as “speaker notes” for each slide. The speaker notes may be comprised of brief paragraphs or bulleted lists. Support your presentation with at least five (5) scholarly resources. In addition to these specified resources, other appropriate scholarly resources may be included. Be sure to include citations for quotations and paraphrases with references in APA format and style where appropriate.
Length: 12-15 slides (with a separate reference slide).
Notes Length: 100-150 words for each slide.
.
As a homeowner, you have become more concerned about the energy is.docxrossskuddershamus
As a homeowner, you have become more concerned about the energy issue facing our communities. You want to see your neighbors become more involved in energy conservation efforts, but your attempts to gain support on your own have failed. You have decided to propose an Energy Resource Plan to your HOA for approval at the next meeting. Your goal is to convince the HOA to support and endorse your Energy Resource Plan.
Review
the following Energy Resource Plan outline
:
·
Introduction
o
Provide information about why conserving energy is important.
·
Renewable versus nonrenewable
o
Briefly distinguish between these types of energy.
·
Methods to conserve and help the environment
o
What may each member do, personally, to conserve energy and help the environment at the same time?
o
Provide at least three methods.
·
Government efforts
o
How may the government be involved in conservation efforts?
·
Conclusion
o
Wrap up the meeting with a brief summary of your main points.
o
Provide some motivation for conserving energy with a memorable slogan, statement, or song, for example.
Write
a 350- to 700-word paper that includes all elements of the outline.
Post
your paper as an attachment.
.
As a healthcare professional, you will be working closely with o.docxrossskuddershamus
As a healthcare professional, you will be working closely with other health care professionals. The best way to create a positive patient experience is to be able to understand the role that each healthcare professional plays in the care of a patient. For this assignment, select two of the following allied health professions (physician, dentist, pharmacist, nurses, advance practice nurse, or health services administrator) and take a deeper look into their specific functions and contributions to health care.
In a paper of 750-1,000 words please discuss the following:
What is their function/medical training?
In what type of setting can each profession be found traditionally? Is this changing today?
Discuss how the expanding roles of allied health in health care delivery have affected each profession.
How has the health care workforce shortage affected each profession?
Provide a minimum of two references.
.
As a future teacher exposed to the rising trend of blogs and adv.docxrossskuddershamus
As a future teacher exposed to the rising trend of blogs and advocacy pages on the Internet, it is important to identify credible, scholarly resources as the basis of best practices in the classroom.
To sample what information is available, locate one source (NAEYC, First Things First, Zero to Three, etc.) to support developmentally appropriate practices that you can share with families. For your selected source:
Describe how the resource can be used to support your selected issue.
Include a description of why that source would benefit your future classroom.
Describe what types of information is available at that source.
Use APA format to cite resources.
.
As a fresh research intern, you are a part of the hypothetical.docxrossskuddershamus
As a fresh research intern, you are a part of the hypothetical National Anthrax Eradication Program. Your first task is to present a detailed summary on this lethal disease.
Using the the Internet, research, acquire, compile the primary data and respond to the following:
What organism produces this disease and how?
What are the four different locations where an anthrax infection can occur? Describe each of these locations. What are the reasons why these locations allow the infection to occur?
What are the different scientific methods that have been tried, tested, and implemented towards Anthrax prevention and cure in the past decade?
Why is Anthrax such a potent weapon of bioterrorism? What are its characteristics that make it so?
.
As a fresh research intern, you are a part of the hypothetical Nat.docxrossskuddershamus
As a fresh research intern, you are a part of the hypothetical National Anthrax Eradication Program. Your first task is to present a detailed summary of this lethal disease.
Using
the Internet, research, acquire, compile the primary data, and respond to the following:
1. What organism produces this disease and how?
2. What are the four different locations where an anthrax infection can occur? Describe each of these locations. What are the reasons why these locations allow the infection to occur?
3.What are the different scientific methods that have been tried, tested, and implemented towards Anthrax prevention and cure in the past decade?
4.Why is Anthrax such a potent weapon of bioterrorism? What are the characteristics that make it so?
cite your sources in your work and provide references for the citations in APA format.
.
As a former emergency department Registered Nurse for over seven.docxrossskuddershamus
As a former emergency department Registered Nurse for over seven years, I recall the most significant complaints were our long wait times. For some patients, the wait time could be substantial. Since emergency departments aren't on a first-come, first-serve basis, wait times were often unpredictable and lengthy. Patients are triaged based on their level of acuity. Long Emergency Department (ED) Length of stay (EDLOS) is associated with poor patient outcomes, which has led to the implementation of time targets designed to keep EDLOS below a specific limit. (Andersson et al., 2020, p. 2)
The method conducted for the concept analysis on EDLOS was the Walker and Avant approach. They were able to research a way of measuring the concept empirically by identifying all concepts used. (Andersson et al., 2020) Nurses can use the Walker and Avant approach when there are limited concepts available to a nurse to explain a problem area. The process of concept analysis for nurses first transpired in 1986. (McEwen & Wills, 2019) Walker and Avant specifically designed an approach to concept analysis to help graduate nurses explain methods to examine phenomena that interests them. (McEwen & Wills, 2019) The basic concept analysis approach by Walker and Avant is as follows; 1. Select a concept 2. Determine the aims or purposes of the analysis. 3. Identify all the concept possible uses possible. 4. Determine the defining attributes. 5. Identify the model case. 6. Identify any borderline, related contrary, invent, and illegitimate cases. 7. Identify the antecedents and consequences. 8. Define the empirical referents. (McEwen & Wills, 2019, Tables 3-2)
Authors Aim and Purpose
As a former Emergency Department Nurse, I find it fascinating how the author chose to do the concept analysis on this topic. According to the author, when patients are forced to stay for extended lengths of time in the emergency department, this leads to poor patient outcomes, overcrowding, and an overall inefficient organization. (Andersson et al., 2020) I recall when a febrile child was left in the Emergency Department for a long time. The child became so agitated their respiratory status worsened. The authors aim to clarify the meaning of long EDLOS and identify the root causes of an emergency department length of stay of more than six hours. (Andersson et al., 2020)
Defining Attributes on the Concept Examined
In the emergency department, length of stay (LOS) is a widely used measurement. Emergency department length of stay (EDLOS) is defined as the time interval between a patient's arrival to the ED to the time the patient physically leaves the ED. The defining attributes discovered that waiting in a crowded emergency department was just that, waiting. Waiting was the most acknowledged attribute associated with EDLOS. (Andersson et al., 2020) If the patients didn't have to wait, they wouldn't be a problem/complaint and had no time targets.
Another attrib.
As a doctorally prepared nurse, you are writing a Continuous Qua.docxrossskuddershamus
As a doctorally prepared nurse, you are writing a Continuous Quality Improvement project plan on
Reducing readmission/hospitalization rates for patients with Heart Failure
;
1.
Describe how the Quality program is measured, data is collected, monitored, and analyzed.
2.
Determine performance measures, and develop indicators to measure performance, core measures, etc.
3.
Discuss a data collection plan including data collection methods such as chart review, etc. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) policies must be followed.
4.
Consider following structure, process, outcomes, and patients’ experience measures. You must use nationally recognized and standardized measures if possible. See the
HCQA Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) measures
a tool which lists inpatient and ambulatory performance measures in health care.
Document this assignment in 6 pages document and include 5 References.
.
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As a consumer of information, do you generally look for objectivity in news reporting or do you also want opinions? Why?
During the past election, did you follow a political story or candidate on the Internet? Did you follow similar stories on candidates through television or in your local paper? What were are differences between Internet reporting and television and newspaper reporting? From your observations, what do you think are the general effects of the Internet on politics?
200 words
.
As a center of intellectual life and learning, Timbuktua. had ver.docxrossskuddershamus
As a center of intellectual life and learning, Timbuktu
a. had very little intellectual life.
b. was a major point of congregation, bringing together knowledge from around the Muslim world. Correct
c. grew to be strong in spite of opposition from Malian kings.
d. was second only to Mogadishu in the number of universities.
.
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ary Assignment
Certified medical administrative assistants (CMAAs) need to be aware of the many medical options that are available in their community.
For this assignment, develop a document that contains the community resources for breast cancer patients.
Discuss the steps that will be taken to gather and present the information.
Include a procedure to update the information on a regular basis.
.
As (or after) you read The Declaration of Independence, identify.docxrossskuddershamus
As (or after) you read
The Declaration of Independence
, identify three examples of each of the three elements in Aristotle's Triad: ethos, pathos, and logos. That means you need to provide a total of
nine
examples in the form of direct quotes from
The Declaration of Independence. Also, be sure to clearly label which element (ethos, pathos, or logos)
.
ARTWORK Markus Linnenbrink HOWTOSURVIVE, 2012, epoxy resin .docxrossskuddershamus
ARTWORK Markus Linnenbrink
HOWTOSURVIVE, 2012, epoxy resin
on wood, 13" x 17"
Spotlight
64 Harvard Business Review July–August 2014
SPOTLIGHT ON THE NEW MARKETING ORGANIZATION
Aditya Joshi is a partner at
Bain & Company, a leader in
the Customer Strategy and
Marketing practice, and the
head of the firm’s Marketing
Excellence area.
Eduardo Giménez is a
partner at Bain and a
member of the firm’s
Consumer Goods practice
in Europe, with a focus on
marketing organizations.
Decision-Driven
Marketing
Good decision processes break down silos
and improve performance. by Aditya Joshi
and Eduardo Giménez
Marketers have always had to build brands, create demand, promote sales, and help their companies earn custom-ers’ loyalty. But today’s turbulent environment means they must play critical new roles: They must be strate-gists, allocating scarce resources to support company priorities and increasing return on investment. They must be technologists, tracking and capitalizing on the most useful of the sophisticated technologies that are flooding their field. And they must be scientists, because the future of their business may not look much like the
HBR.ORG
July–August 2014 Harvard Business Review 65
requires a new mind-set for all the parties concerned
and a shared commitment to rethinking how deci-
sions are made and work is done. To be sure, some
companies will find that they need to consider orga-
nizational changes as well. But the decision perspec-
tive helps them establish a firmer foundation for any
restructuring and drives progress in the interim.
Typically, three categories of marketing-related
decisions cross organizational seams:
Strategy and planning decisions involve aligning
marketing goals with business and customer strat-
egies and aligning the priorities of marketing and
sales. These decisions typically address questions
such as:
• On which customer segments and product lines
should we focus marketing support?
• What is the optimal level of spending, and what
is the right allocation among vehicles and channels?
• What is the testing and learning plan?
Execution decisions, the marketer’s traditional
purview, are more challenging than they used to
be. A proliferation of marketing vehicles and digital
technologies has vastly increased the complexity of
creating and delivering messages and offers in an en-
vironment where ever-faster execution and relent-
less budget pressure are the norm. These decisions
include issues such as:
• Which product features should we highlight in
our marketing efforts?
• What incentives should we give customers to
get them to try or buy our offerings?
• What is the right mix of traditional and digital
marketing vehicles?
Operations and infrastructure decisions cover
all the new capabilities that are increasingly impor-
tant to marketing’s success. They address questions
such as:
• How will new marketing technologies and tools
be evaluated, boug.
arugumentative essay on article given belowIn Parents Keep Chil.docxrossskuddershamus
arugumentative essay on article given below
In “Parents Keep Child’s Gender Secret”, Jayme Poisson writes an article about the true story of a Canadian couple raising their child without ever revealing the child’s gender (keeping it secret from anyone not in their immediate family). This has incited many strong reactions from readers and locals alike. Poisson’s piece allows us to form our own opinions about this subject and forces us to examine why we consider gender so important to the development of a child.
Kenji Yoshino writes about the term covering. ‘Covering’, as Yoshino uses it, means to ‘tone down a disfavored identity to fit into the mainstream’ (552), and Yoshino argues that though Americans value the idea of the melting pot as a model for our culture, that ideal can have unintended negative consequences. Despite our avowed appreciation for multiculturalism, the unstated public expectation is still for people of all genders, sexual orientations and races to conform to rigid expectations.
Prompt:
Yoshino discusses the pressures we face to “cover”. Apply this concept and cross-reference Poisson’s piece and the decision Storm’s parents have made to keep their child’s gender a secret. In what ways is it a strategy to resist covering? Is it an effective one? Is some measure of covering necessary in our society? Make an argument about how cultural expectations and individual (or parental) choices should affect or does affect gender identity.
Essay Guidelines:
Quote the assigned readings to support your answer. Do not do additional research. Be sure to demonstrate your comprehension of the pieces by quoting and discussing relevant passages to support your thesis. Essays that draw support solely upon personal experience will not receive a passing grade. Additionally, make sure that you are not merely summarizing the readings
.
artsArticleCircling Round Vitruvius, Linear Perspectiv.docxrossskuddershamus
arts
Article
Circling Round Vitruvius, Linear Perspective, and the
Design of Roman Wall Painting
Jocelyn Penny Small †
Department of Art History, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; [email protected]
† Mail: 890 West End Avenue, Apartment 4C, New York, NY 10025-3520, USA.
Received: 1 April 2019; Accepted: 2 September 2019; Published: 14 September 2019
����������
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Abstract: Many scholars believe that linear perspective existed in classical antiquity, but a fresh
examination of two key texts in Vitruvius shows that 1.2.2 is about modularity and symmetria,
while 7.Pr.11 describes shading (skiagraphia). Moreover, these new interpretations are firmly based on
the classical understanding of optics and the history of painting (e.g., Pliny the Elder). A third text
(Philostratus, Imagines 1.4.2) suggests that the design of Roman wall painting depends on concentric
circles. Philostratus’ system is then used to successfully make facsimiles of five walls, representing
Styles II, III, and IV of Roman wall painting. Hence, linear perspective and its relatives, such as
Panofsky’s vanishing vertical axis, should not be imposed retrospectively where they never existed.
Keywords: linear perspective; skenographia; skiagraphia; Greek and Roman painting; Roman fresco;
Vitruvius; Philostratus
Two systems for designing Pompeian wall paintings have dominated modern scholarship: a
one- or center-point perspective and a vanishing vertical axis.1 Neither method works for all the
variations seen on the walls of Styles II–IV. The vanishing vertical axis is considered a precursor of
linear perspective, whereas center-point construction is a form of linear perspective. Many scholars
believe that linear perspective was invented by the Greeks, only to be forgotten during the Middle
Ages and “reinvented” in the Renaissance.2 In contrast, I propose that linear perspective was not
known in any form in antiquity but, rather, was an invention of the Renaissance, which also created its
putative ancient pedigree.
1. Background
1.1. Definitions
First, it is important to define four key terms.
“Perspective” applies loosely to a wide range of systems that convert a three-dimensional scene
to two dimensions. Most scholars, however, mean “linear perspective” when they use the unqualified
term “perspective”. No standard definition exists for linear perspective, but only linear perspective
obeys the rules of projective geometry. Formal definitions refer to “station points” (the point or
place for the “eye” of the “viewer” and/or “artist”), vanishing points, horizon lines, and picture
planes, among other aspects. Horizontal lines converge to the “center point” or, in the case of
1 This topic is remarkably complex with a massive bibliography. Small (2013) provides a reasonable summary of the
scholarship to its date of publication. Since then, I have realized that the standard interpretations of key texts and objects
needs to be totally rethought. This artic.
ARTS & NATURE MARKETING PROJECT OF SHEFFIELDYang yux.docxrossskuddershamus
ARTS & NATURE
MARKETING PROJECT OF SHEFFIELD
Yang yuxuan(b8047004) Li zedong(b8035381)
Hu xujia(b8047009) Yan Qihan(b8047013) Liang yaoztu(b8047027)
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ibaotu.com
1
Microsoft Office 用户 (Office) -
Our company is a professional marketing agency with a lot successful experience in different marketing area. The company was found in 1998 and since then we are always be the first choice of many big company.
About our company
Company
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ibaotu.com
Our company is a professional marketing agency with a lot of successful experience in different marketing area. The company was founded in 1998 and since then we are always the first choice of many big companies.
2
Control & budget of objects.
Baker
The design of the marketing objects
William
The idea of the hook
Jason
Collection of data and information
Frank
The design of the marketing objects
Allen
01
02
03
04
05
Members
Thanks these members for their contributions
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ibaotu.com
There are 5 people in our team: Baker, he is responsible for the control & budget of our objects. Frank, he is responsible for the collection of data and information that we can use. William and Allen are responsible for the design of the marketing objects. And then Jason, he is responsible for the idea of the “hook” .
3
Introduction
Situation Analysis
Marketing Communication Objectives
Marketing Communication Strategy
CONTENTS
Marketing Communication Tactics
Action
Control
Reference
2
1
3
7
5
8
4
6
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ibaotu.com
for this presentation, we will introduce our awesome ideas to make Sheffield a more popular place. Here is the content, we will talk about the situation of Sheffield, marketing communication objectives, marketing communication steategy and tactics. And the last part is action and control.
4
02
Situation Analysis
This part will complete situation analysis of Sheffield.
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ibaotu.com
5
W
T
O
S
Lesser culture connotation
WEAKNESSES
1. Development of economy
2. Change in ideology of society
OPPORTUNITIES
Strong tourism competitors around Sheffield, for example Nottingham and Leeds
THREATS
1. Good geographic position.
2. Strong art atmosphere
STRENGTHES
SWOT
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In this part I will complete Situation Analysis of Sheffield by mainly using SWOT analysi
6
As a tourism city, one recent survey placed Sheffield 26th in a table of the best UK tourist city.
Tourism City
Sheffield lies in the most southerly part of Yorkshire, it is the meeting point of .
A
R
TI
G
O
O
R
IG
IN
A
L
Revista Científica da Ordem dos Médicos www.actamedicaportuguesa.com 31
RESUMO
Introdução: A violência no local de trabalho é um dos principais fatores de risco no mundo do trabalho. Os trabalhadores da saúde
apresentam um risco superior. O nosso estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a violência física e verbal num hospital público e definir
estratégias de prevenção e vigilância em saúde ocupacional.
Material e Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal monocêntrico, conduzido num hospital público em Lisboa com trabalhadores
da saúde. Foi realizado um inquérito qualitativo com entrevistas em profundidade a seis trabalhadores e um inquérito quantitativo
com questionários a 32 trabalhadores. Aceitou-se um nível de significância de 5% na avaliação das diferenças estatísticas. O teste de
Mann-Whitney e o teste exato de Fisher foram usados para calcular os valores de p.
Resultados: Os principais resultados são: (1) 41 episódios reportados na fase quantitativa; (2) 5/21 [23,81%] vítimas notificaram o in-
cidente; (3) 18/21 [85.71%] vítimas reportaram estados de hipervigilância permanente; (4) 22/28 [78,57%] participantes não conheciam
ou conheciam mal os procedimentos de notificação; (5) 24/28 [85,71%] consideravam possível minimizar o problema.
Discussão: A violência é favorecida pelo acesso livre às zonas de trabalho, ausência de agentes de segurança e polícia ou falta da
respetiva intervenção. A baixa notificação contribui para a ausência de medidas organizacionais. O estado de hipervigilância relatado
reflete o efeito prejudicial da exposição a fontes de stress e ameaça.
Conclusão: A violência no local de trabalho é um fator de risco relevante, com impacto negativo na saúde dos trabalhadores e merece
uma abordagem individualizada no âmbito da saúde ocupacional, cujas áreas e estratégias prioritárias foram definidas neste estudo.
Palavras-chave: Fatores de Risco Profissionais; Prevenção; Saúde Ocupacional; Trabalhadores da Saúde; Violência no Local de
Trabalho
Workplace Violence in Healthcare: A Single-Center Study
on Causes, Consequences and Prevention Strategies
A Violência no Local de Trabalho em Instituições
de Saúde: Um Estudo Monocêntrico sobre Causas,
Consequências e Estratégias de Prevenção
1. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública. Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. Lisboa. Portugal.
2. Emergency Department. Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando da Fonseca. Amadora. Portugal.
3. CISP - Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública. CHRC - Comprehensive Health Research Center. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública. Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. Lisboa.
Portugal.
4. Occupational Health Department. Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central. Lisboa. Portugal.
Autor correspondente: Helena Sofia Antão. [email protected]
Recebido: 22 de outubro de 2018 - Aceite: 10 de julho de 2019 | Cop.
Artist Analysis Project – Due Week 61)Powerpoint project at le.docxrossskuddershamus
Artist Analysis Project – Due Week 6
1)
Powerpoint project at least 10 slides.
2)
3 or more cited references from journals, magazines, newspapers, not all websites, not Wikipedia
3)
An analysis is a scholarly review of a famous artist and his or her work, not just whether we liked it or not.
4)
Use vocabulary and terms you learned in this class and apply them to your art choice.
5)
Try focusing your topic on one aspect of the art, i.e.
a.
Pick an artist/movie director/dancer/singer/novelist/actor etc. and research that person. Read reviews and critiques of their work, read or watch biographies (YouTube), you might choose to compare two of their works, or compare and contract two artists in the same field, learn about the art technique and why it is used, what it represents, what it tells us about our humanity, etc.
I need this back by 3:00 p.m. today and will check copyscape.
.
Artist Research Paper RequirementsYou are to write a 3 page double.docxrossskuddershamus
Artist Research Paper Requirements
You are to write a 3 page double spaced paper in 12 point font using Microsoft word.
You are to choose 3 digital artists who’s work is available to view on the internet.
Do not use any of the old masters like Picasso, Rembrandt, etc….. this needs to be a modern artist working in the digital arts and design field.
At least one of the artists must be from a country other than the United States.
You are to cover the following areas for each artist:
Biography who they are and where they studied,
Things that influenced their work and inspired them,
The artists philosophy on their work,
Artistic genres, or movements that their work fits into or is associated with.
You are to write about their work – provide url links to images of their work on line. Write about what you see in their work, how it impacts and influences your own design artistic ideas.
Write about the composition, color, scale, and other aesthetics of their art.
.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Analyze rhetorical context, like audience and timeMake sure you .docx
1. Analyze rhetorical context, like audience and time
Make sure you have evidence and examples to prove the thesis
A summary to make sure the audience knows what you are
talking
Thesis: talk about point of the paper, the point of the paper in
your analisis, analyzing the rhetorical strategies (ethos, pathos,
logos)
Analyze the argument (dis the author support their claims)
HOW TO SET UP THE PAPER
-hook
-Introduction (short summary – more detailed about the paper)
Thesis
-Longer summary-more detail about) / background information /
Ted talk 2014
- evidence /examples
- conclusion
http://www.ted.com/talks/mark_pagel_how_language_transform
ed_humanity?language=en#t-351943
Each of you possesses the most powerful, dangerous and
subversive trait that natural selection has ever devised. It's a
piece of neural audio technology for rewiring other people's
minds. I'm talking about your language, of course, because it
allows you to implant a thought from your mind directly into
someone else's mind, and they can attempt to do the same to
you, without either of you having to perform surgery. Instead,
when you speak,you're actually using a form of telemetry not so
different from the remote control device for your television. It's
just that, whereas that device relies on pulses of infrared
light, your language relies on pulses, discrete pulses, of sound.
0:55And just as you use the remote control device to alter the
internal settings of your televisionto suit your mood, you use
2. your language to alter the settings inside someone else's brain to
suit your interests. Languages are genes talking, getting things
that they want. And just imagine the sense of wonder in a
baby when it first discovers that, merely by uttering a sound, it
can get objects to move across a room as if by magic, and
maybe even into its mouth.
1:25Now language's subversive power has been recognized
throughout the ages in censorship, in books you can't
read, phrases you can't use and words you can't say. In fact, the
Tower of Babel story in the Bible is a fable and warning about
the power of language. According to that story, early humans
developed the conceit that, by using their language to work
together, they could build a tower that would take them all the
way to heaven. Now God, angered at this attempt to usurp his
power, destroyed the tower, and then to ensure that it would
never be rebuilt, he scattered the people by giving them
different languages --confused them by giving them different
languages. And this leads to the wonderful irony that our
languages exist to prevent us from communicating. Even
today, we know that there are words we cannot use, phrases we
cannot say, because if we do so, we might be accosted,
jailed, or even killed. And all of this from a puff of
air emanating from our mouths.
2:29Now all this fuss about a single one of our traits tells us
there's something worth explaining.And that is how and why did
this remarkable trait evolve, and why did it evolve only in our
species? Now it's a little bit of a surprise that to get an answer
to that question, we have to go to tool use in the
chimpanzees. Now these chimpanzees are using tools, and we
take that as a sign of their intelligence. But if they really were
intelligent, why would they use a stick to extract termites from
the ground rather than a shovel? And if they really were
intelligent, why would they crack open nuts with a rock? Why
wouldn't they just go to a shop and buy a bag of nuts that
somebody else had already cracked open for them? Why not? I
mean, that's what we do.
3. 3:15Now the reason the chimpanzees don't do that is that they
lack what psychologists and anthropologists call social
learning. They seem to lack the ability to learn from others by
copying or imitating or simply watching. As a result, they can't
improve on others' ideas or learn from others' mistakes --
benefit from others' wisdom. And so they just do the same
thing over and over and over again. In fact, we could go away
for a million years and come back and these chimpanzees would
be doing the same thing with the same sticks for the
termites and the same rocks to crack open the nuts.
3:54Now this may sound arrogant, or even full of hubris. How
do we know this? Because this is exactly what our ancestors,
the Homo erectus, did. These upright apes evolved on the
African savanna about two million years ago, and they made
these splendid hand axes that fit wonderfully into your
hands. But if we look at the fossil record, we see that they made
the same hand axe over and over and over again for one million
years. You can follow it through the fossil record. Now if we
make some guesses about how long Homo erectus lived, what
their generation time was, that's about 40,000 generations of
parents to offspring, and other individuals watching, in which
that hand axe didn't change. It's not even clear that our very
close genetic relatives, the Neanderthals, had social
learning. Sure enough, their tools were more complicated than
those of Homo erectus, but they too showed very little
change over the 300,000 years or so that those species, the
Neanderthals, lived in Eurasia.
4:55Okay, so what this tells us is that, contrary to the old
adage, "monkey see, monkey do," the surprise really is that all
of the other animals really cannot do that -- at least not very
much.And even this picture has the suspicious taint of being
rigged about it -- something from a Barnum & Bailey circus.
5:17But by comparison, we can learn. We can learn by watching
other people and copying or imitating what they can do. We can
then choose, from among a range of options, the best one. We
can benefit from others' ideas. We can build on their
4. wisdom. And as a result, our ideas do accumulate, and our
technology progresses. And this cumulative cultural
adaptation, as anthropologists call this accumulation of ideas, is
responsible for everything around you in your bustling and
teeming everyday lives. I mean the world has changed out of all
proportion to what we would recognize even 1,000 or 2,000
years ago. And all of this because of cumulative cultural
adaptation. The chairs you're sitting in, the lights in this
auditorium, my microphone, the iPads and iPods that you carry
around with you -- all are a result of cumulative cultural
adaptation.
6:16Now to many commentators, cumulative cultural
adaptation, or social learning, is job done, end of story. Our
species can make stuff, therefore we prospered in a way that no
other species has. In fact, we can even make the "stuff of life" -
- as I just said, all the stuff around us. But in fact, it turns
out that some time around 200,000 years ago, when our species
first arose and acquired social learning, that this was really the
beginning of our story, not the end of our story. Because our
acquisition of social learning would create a social and
evolutionary dilemma, the resolution of which, it's fair to
say, would determine not only the future course of our
psychology, but the future course of the entire world. And most
importantly for this, it'll tell us why we have language.
7:11And the reason that dilemma arose is, it turns out, that
social learning is visual theft. If I can learn by watching you, I
can steal your best ideas, and I can benefit from your
efforts,without having to put in the time and energy that you
did into developing them. If I can watch which lure you use to
catch a fish, or I can watch how you flake your hand axe to
make it better, or if I follow you secretly to your mushroom
patch, I can benefit from your knowledge and wisdom and
skills, and maybe even catch that fish before you do. Social
learning really is visual theft. And in any species that acquired
it, it would behoove you to hide your best ideas, lest somebody
steal them from you.
5. 7:58And so some time around 200,000 years ago, our species
confronted this crisis. And we really had only two options for
dealing with the conflicts that visual theft would bring. One of
those options was that we could have retreated into small family
groups. Because then the benefits of our ideas and
knowledge would flow just to our relatives. Had we chosen this
option, sometime around 200,000 years ago, we would probably
still be living like the Neanderthals were when we first entered
Europe 40,000 years ago. And this is because in small
groups there are fewer ideas, there are fewer innovations. And
small groups are more prone to accidents and bad luck. So if
we'd chosen that path, our evolutionary path would have led
into the forest -- and been a short one indeed.
8:49The other option we could choose was to develop the
systems of communication that would allow us to share
ideas and to cooperate amongst others. Choosing this option
would mean that a vastly greater fund of accumulated
knowledge and wisdom would become available to any one
individual than would ever arise from within an individual
family or an individual person on their own. Well, we chose the
second option, and language is the result.
9:20Language evolved to solve the crisis of visual
theft. Language is a piece of social technologyfor enhancing the
benefits of cooperation -- for reaching agreements, for striking
deals and for coordinating our activities. And you can see that,
in a developing society that was beginning to acquire
language, not having language would be a like a bird without
wings.Just as wings open up this sphere of air for birds to
exploit, language opened up the sphere of cooperation for
humans to exploit. And we take this utterly for granted, because
we're a species that is so at home with language,
9:59but you have to realize that even the simplest acts of
exchange that we engage in are utterly dependent upon
language. And to see why, consider two scenarios from early in
our evolution. Let's imagine that you are really good at making
arrowheads, but you're hopeless at making the wooden
6. shafts with the flight feathers attached. Two other people you
know are very good at making the wooden shafts, but they're
hopeless at making the arrowheads.So what you do is -- one of
those people has not really acquired language yet. And let's
pretend the other one is good at language skills.
10:34So what you do one day is you take a pile of
arrowheads, and you walk up to the one that can't speak very
well, and you put the arrowheads down in front of him, hoping
that he'll get the idea that you want to trade your arrowheads for
finished arrows. But he looks at the pile of arrowheads, thinks
they're a gift, picks them up, smiles and walks off. Now you
pursue this guy, gesticulating. A scuffle ensues and you get
stabbed with one of your own arrowheads. Okay, now replay
this scene now, and you're approaching the one who has
language. You put down your arrowheads and say, "I'd like to
trade these arrowheads for finished arrows. I'll split you
50/50." The other one says, "Fine. Looks good to me. We'll do
that." Now the job is done.
11:14Once we have language, we can put our ideas together and
cooperate to have a prosperitythat we couldn't have before we
acquired it. And this is why our species has prospered around
the world while the rest of the animals sit behind bars in zoos,
languishing. That's why we build space shuttles and
cathedrals while the rest of the world sticks sticks into the
ground to extract termites. All right, if this view of
language and its value in solving the crisis of visual theft is
true, any species that acquires it should show an explosion of
creativity and prosperity. And this is exactly what the
archeological record shows.
11:55If you look at our ancestors, the Neanderthals and the
Homo erectus, our immediate ancestors, they're confined to
small regions of the world. But when our species arose about
200,000 years ago, sometime after that we quickly walked out
of Africa and spread around the entire world, occupying nearly
every habitat on Earth. Now whereas other species are
confined to places that their genes adapt them to, with social
7. learning and language, we could transform the environment to
suit our needs. And so we prospered in a way that no other
animal has. Language really is the most potent trait that has
ever evolved. It is the most valuable trait we have for
converting new lands and resources into more people and their
genes that natural selection has ever devised.
12:49Language really is the voice of our genes. Now having
evolved language, though, we did something peculiar, even
bizarre. As we spread out around the world, we developed
thousands of different languages. Currently, there are about
seven or 8,000 different languages spoken on Earth. Now you
might say, well, this is just natural. As we diverge, our
languages are naturally going to diverge. But the real puzzle
and irony is that the greatest density of different languages on
Earth is found where people are most tightly packed together.
13:23If we go to the island of Papua New Guinea, we can find
about 800 to 1,000 distinct human languages, different human
languages, spoken on that island alone. There are places on that
island where you can encounter a new language every two or
three miles. Now, incredible as this sounds, I once met a Papuan
man, and I asked him if this could possibly be true. And he said
to me, "Oh no. They're far closer together than that." And it's
true; there are places on that island where you can encounter a
new language in under a mile.And this is also true of some
remote oceanic islands.
13:59And so it seems that we use our language, not just to
cooperate, but to draw rings around our cooperative groups and
to establish identities, and perhaps to protect our knowledge and
wisdom and skills from eavesdropping from outside. And we
know this because when we study different language groups and
associate them with their cultures, we see that different
languages slow the flow of ideas between groups. They slow the
flow of technologies. And they even slow the flow of
genes. Now I can't speak for you, but it seems to be the
case that we don't have sex with people we can't talk
to. (Laughter) Now we have to counter that, though, against the
8. evidence we've heard that we might have had some rather
distasteful genetic dalliances with the Neanderthals and the
Denisovans.
14:50(Laughter)
14:52Okay, this tendency we have, this seemingly natural
tendency we have, towards isolation, towards keeping to
ourselves, crashes head first into our modern world. This
remarkable image is not a map of the world. In fact, it's a map
of Facebook friendship links. And when you plot those
friendship links by their latitude and longitude, it literally
draws a map of the world. Our modern world is
communicating with itself and with each other more than it
hasat any time in its past. And that communication, that
connectivity around the world, that globalization now raises a
burden. Because these different languages impose a barrier, as
we've just seen, to the transfer of goods and ideas and
technologies and wisdom. And they impose a barrier to
cooperation.
15:44And nowhere do we see that more clearly than in the
European Union, whose 27 member countries speak 23 official
languages. The European Union is now spending over one
billion euros annually translating among their 23 official
languages. That's something on the orderof 1.45 billion U.S.
dollars on translation costs alone. Now think of the absurdity of
this situation. If 27 individuals from those 27 member states sat
around table, speaking their 23 languages, some very simple
mathematics will tell you that you need an army of 253
translators to anticipate all the pairwise possibilities. The
European Union employs a permanent staff of about 2,500
translators. And in 2007 alone -- and I'm sure there are more
recent figures -- something on the order of 1.3 million
pages were translated into English alone.
16:45And so if language really is the solution to the crisis of
visual theft, if language really is the conduit of our
cooperation, the technology that our species derived to promote
the free flow and exchange of ideas, in our modern world, we
9. confront a question. And that question is whether in this
modern, globalized world we can really afford to have all these
different languages.
17:13To put it this way, nature knows no other circumstance in
which functionally equivalent traits coexist. One of them always
drives the other extinct. And we see this in the inexorable
march towards standardization. There are lots and lots of ways
of measuring things --weighing them and measuring their length
-- but the metric system is winning. There are lots and lots of
ways of measuring time, but a really bizarre base 60
system known as hours and minutes and seconds is nearly
universal around the world. There are many, many ways of
imprinting CDs or DVDs, but those are all being standardized as
well. And you can probably think of many, many more in your
own everyday lives.
17:58And so our modern world now is confronting us with a
dilemma. And it's the dilemma that this Chinese man
faces, who's language is spoken by more people in the
world than any other single language, and yet he is sitting at his
blackboard, converting Chinese phrasesinto English language
phrases. And what this does is it raises the possibility to us that
in a world in which we want to promote cooperation and
exchange, and in a world that might be dependent more than
ever before on cooperation to maintain and enhance our levels
of prosperity, his actions suggest to us it might be
inevitable that we have to confront the ideathat our destiny is to
be one world with one language.
18:47Thank you.
18:49(Applause)
18:57Matt Ridley: Mark, one question. Svante found that the
FOXP2 gene, which seems to be associated with language, was
also shared in the same form in Neanderthals as us. Do we have
any idea how we could have defeated Neanderthals if they also
had language?
19:14Mark Pagel: This is a very good question. So many of you
will be familiar with the idea that there's this gene called
10. FOXP2 that seems to be implicated in some ways in the fine
motor control that's associated with language. The reason why I
don't believe that tells us that the Neanderthals had language is
-- here's a simple analogy: Ferraris are cars that have
engines. My car has an engine, but it's not a Ferrari. Now the
simple answer then is that genes alone don't, all by
themselves, determine the outcome of very complicated things
like language. What we know about this FOXP2 and
Neanderthals is that they may have had fine motor control of
their mouths -- who knows. But that doesn't tell us they
necessarily had language.
19:55MR: Thank you very much indeed.
19:57(Applause)
Assignment 2
XE452 Global Issue in ICT, 2nd SEMESTER (142)
2014 – 15 Academic Year
Student ID
Student Name
12. 80 -89%
(Level 3)
90-100%
(Level 4)
Communication Skills- (CS3)
Effective use of the studied concept
Ability to show the differences with passable effectiveness
Ability to show the differences with moderate effectiveness
Ability to show the differences with considerable effectiveness
Ability to show the differences with high degree of
effectiveness
Communication Skills- (CS3)
Effective use of the studied concept
Ability to give decision based on the conducted analysis with
passable effectiveness
Ability to give decision based on the conducted analysis with
moderate effectiveness
Ability to give decision based on the conducted analysis with
considerable effectiveness
Ability to give decision based on the conducted analysis with
high degree of effectiveness
Information Technology
(IT 3)
Use MS Word to write the answer clearly and organized
Messy and disorganized
Satisfactory in organizing
Fairly systematic and orderly
Systematic and orderly
REPORT INSTRUCTION:
OVERALL MARK
Report: 25 Marks
13. PROJECT FORMAT
The cover page should carry the following: –
· Name of the University College
· Program title
· Subject code and title
· Name of lecturer
· Name and ID of every member of your group
· Date of submission
Note: Refer to the last page
The assignment must be: –
· Type written
· Include all Headings
· Edited for typo and grammatical errors
· Left and right alignment of 2 cm
· 1.5 spacing
· Font size - 11
· Lettering – Times New Roman
14. · Paragraphing – 2 spaces
Description:
CENTREPOINT would like to expand their business globally.
The owner of the company believes that to have global business
long-life software is needed. The owner of the company is
thinking to have a website that enables the customer to register
on the website and the data of the customer will be recorded for
future login and contact. The website should also update the
information such as adding new product, changing the product
price. The website should also have various integrated payment
systems in order to make it easy for the customer to pay using
different methods. Security is the main requirement in this
website. The website should update the information such as the
price of the products and also tell the customer whether the
product is available or out of stock. The owner of the company
is looking for expert programmers who are able to improve their
skills in term of integrating any new technology with what will
be developed.
Working in group of 2 to 3 students, conduct a detailed analysis
base on the choosing programming language criteria and discuss
any addition factor needed in order to compare the different
programming languages and give final decision that could help
the owner of the company to take decision.
Write comparison between at least two programming languages,
for example: C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Python,
Ruby, SQL.
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