The document discusses psychological self-observation, which involves becoming conscious of oneself and one's inner being through turning inward and observing thoughts and feelings. Self-observation helps in distinguishing impulses, developing self-awareness, and improving self-vision by identifying with the inner being rather than surface personality. It recommends developing a witness attitude to observe without being carried away by thoughts and feelings, and discusses how to distinguish thoughts from feelings and the importance of being aware of different voices and the sense of ego.