Security is the degree of resistance to, or protection from, harm. It applies to any vulnerable and valuable asset, such as a person, dwelling, community, nation, or organization.
As noted by the Institute for Security and Open Methodologies (ISECOM) in the OSSTMM 3, security provides "a form of protection where a separation is created between the assets and the threat." These separations are generically called "controls," and sometimes include changes to the asset or the threat
The document discusses various methods of network security including viruses, worms, system attacks like denial of service, encryption techniques from basic substitution ciphers to public key cryptography. It covers physical security measures, access control, passwords, auditing and the data encryption standard as well as its replacement, the advanced encryption standard.
Intruders and Viruses in Network Security NS9koolkampus
The document provides an overview of intruders, intrusion techniques, password protection, viruses, and antivirus approaches. It discusses different types of intruders and how they try to guess passwords. It also describes techniques for detecting intrusions and protecting against viruses, including how viruses spread and different types of malicious programs. The document recommends combining signature scanning, heuristic analysis, activity monitoring, and emulation to provide effective antivirus protection.
This document discusses various security issues related to computer systems and networks. It covers authentication methods, threats like Trojan horses and viruses, intrusion detection techniques, and encryption standards. It also describes security classifications from the Department of Defense and how Windows NT implements configurable security policies ranging from minimal to discretionary protection.
The document discusses various security threats and protection mechanisms. It covers basics of cryptography including symmetric and public key cryptography. It also discusses digital signatures, user authentication, and threats from intruders both internal and external to a system. Protection mechanisms aim to achieve goals of data confidentiality, integrity, and system availability despite security threats.
The project entitled with “Network Security System” is related to hacking attacks in computer systems over internet. In today’s world many of the computer systems and servers are not secure because of increasing the hacking attacks or hackers with growing information, so information security specialist’s requirement has gone high.
The document discusses various types of security threats and malicious software (malware) that can compromise computer systems. It describes common malware types like viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, ransomware, and backdoors/remote access tools. It also explains different security violations like breaches of confidentiality, integrity, availability, and denial of service attacks. Attack methods like buffer overflows are outlined as well. The document provides details on various malware behaviors, payloads, and infection mechanisms.
This document provides an overview of hacking and computer security. It defines hacking as intruding on someone else's information space for malicious purposes. It then discusses the brief history of hacking from the 1980s to present day. Next, it profiles some famous hackers throughout history and outlines the typical hacker attitude. The document concludes by describing basic hacking skills, the process of hacking, and common hacking tools and techniques such as port scanning and denial of service attacks.
The document discusses various methods of network security including viruses, worms, system attacks like denial of service, encryption techniques from basic substitution ciphers to public key cryptography. It covers physical security measures, access control, passwords, auditing and the data encryption standard as well as its replacement, the advanced encryption standard.
Intruders and Viruses in Network Security NS9koolkampus
The document provides an overview of intruders, intrusion techniques, password protection, viruses, and antivirus approaches. It discusses different types of intruders and how they try to guess passwords. It also describes techniques for detecting intrusions and protecting against viruses, including how viruses spread and different types of malicious programs. The document recommends combining signature scanning, heuristic analysis, activity monitoring, and emulation to provide effective antivirus protection.
This document discusses various security issues related to computer systems and networks. It covers authentication methods, threats like Trojan horses and viruses, intrusion detection techniques, and encryption standards. It also describes security classifications from the Department of Defense and how Windows NT implements configurable security policies ranging from minimal to discretionary protection.
The document discusses various security threats and protection mechanisms. It covers basics of cryptography including symmetric and public key cryptography. It also discusses digital signatures, user authentication, and threats from intruders both internal and external to a system. Protection mechanisms aim to achieve goals of data confidentiality, integrity, and system availability despite security threats.
The project entitled with “Network Security System” is related to hacking attacks in computer systems over internet. In today’s world many of the computer systems and servers are not secure because of increasing the hacking attacks or hackers with growing information, so information security specialist’s requirement has gone high.
The document discusses various types of security threats and malicious software (malware) that can compromise computer systems. It describes common malware types like viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, ransomware, and backdoors/remote access tools. It also explains different security violations like breaches of confidentiality, integrity, availability, and denial of service attacks. Attack methods like buffer overflows are outlined as well. The document provides details on various malware behaviors, payloads, and infection mechanisms.
This document provides an overview of hacking and computer security. It defines hacking as intruding on someone else's information space for malicious purposes. It then discusses the brief history of hacking from the 1980s to present day. Next, it profiles some famous hackers throughout history and outlines the typical hacker attitude. The document concludes by describing basic hacking skills, the process of hacking, and common hacking tools and techniques such as port scanning and denial of service attacks.
This document provides an overview of hacking and computer security. It defines hacking as intruding on someone else's information space for malicious purposes. It then discusses the brief history of hacking from the 1980s to present day. Next, it profiles some famous hackers throughout history and outlines the typical hacker attitude. The document concludes by describing basic hacking skills, the process of hacking, and common hacking tools and techniques such as port scanning and denial of service attacks.
While computer systems today have some of the best security systems ever, they are more vulnerable than ever before.
This vulnerability stems from the world-wide access to computer systems via the Internet.
Computer and network security comes in many forms, including encryption algorithms, access to facilities, digital signatures, and using fingerprints and face scans as passwords.
This document provides an overview of hacking, including definitions, a brief history, famous hackers, the hacker attitude, basic hacking skills, and common hacking methods and attacks. It defines hacking as intruding on someone else's information space for malicious purposes. It discusses port scanning and ICMP scanning techniques used to gather target system information. Common attacks mentioned include denial-of-service attacks, threats from sniffers and key loggers, trojan attacks, and IP spoofing. The document provides details on specific attacks like ping of death and smurf attacks. It also discusses tools used and countermeasures to protect against hacking.
Hacking is a term used to refer to activities aimed at exploiting security flaws to obtain critical information for gaining access to secured networks.
Ethical hacking Chapter 3 - Network and Computer Attacks - Eric VanderburgEric Vanderburg
This chapter discusses various types of network and computer attacks, including malicious software like viruses, worms, and trojans. It also covers denial of service attacks, buffer overflows, and session hijacking on networks. Additionally, the chapter emphasizes the importance of physical security measures to protect against keyloggers and restrict access to computer servers through locks and security cards.
Ethical hacking Chapter 12 - Encryption - Eric VanderburgEric Vanderburg
The document discusses encryption and certificate management. It describes how certificates expire after a validity period, but can be renewed if the keys are still valid. Certificates can also be revoked for reasons like a user leaving a company or a private key being compromised. A Certificate Revocation List tracks revoked certificates. The document also outlines best practices for backing up keys and setting up a Microsoft Root Certificate Authority.
This tutorial is related to Hacking.Key terms: Introduction to Hacking,
History of Hacking,
The Hacker attitude,
Basic Hacking skills,
Hacking Premeasured,
IP Address,
Finding IP Address,
IP Address dangers & Concerns,
Hacking Tutorial
Network Hacking,
General Hacking Methodology,
Port Scanning,
ICMP Scanning,
Security Threats,
Counter-attack strategies,
Host-detection techniques,
Host-detection ping,
Denial of Service attacks, DOS Attacks,
Threat from Sniffing and Key Logging,
Trojan Attacks,
IP Spoofing,
Buffer Overflows,
All other types of Attacks, SMURF attacks, Sniffers, Keylogger, trojans,
Hacking NETBIOS,
Internet application security,
Internet application hacking statistics, Web application hacking reasons,
General Hacking Methods,
Vulnerability,
Hacking techniques,
XPath Injection
For more details visit Tech-Blog: https://msatechnosoft.in/blog/tech-blogs/
Hacking refers to activities aimed at exploiting security flaws to obtain unauthorized access to secured networks and information. Some key points from the document:
- Hacking involves intruding on someone else's information space for malicious purposes. Common hacking techniques include port scanning to find vulnerabilities.
- A brief history of hacking is provided from the 1980s to the present day, including major denial of service attacks and data breaches over time.
- Famous hackers from history are listed, along with an overview of the hacker attitude which values problem solving, sharing information, and avoiding boredom.
- Basic hacking skills discussed include programming, using Unix/Linux, and using the web/HTML. Precautions like hiding
The document discusses network security threats and techniques. It begins by noting the importance of being prepared for attacks. It then describes various network security threats like eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attacks, denial of service attacks, and malware. It also discusses network security requirements and various countermeasures like encryption, firewalls, and intrusion detection. Cryptographic techniques like public key cryptography, digital signatures, and key distribution protocols are explained as ways to provide security services over networks.
This document provides an overview of computer security concepts, including risks, authentication, encryption, public key cryptography, wireless network security, and hacking tools and techniques. It discusses how attackers can sniff network traffic, crack wireless encryption, scan for vulnerabilities, and use social engineering to compromise systems. The document recommends maintaining up-to-date software, using strong passwords, limiting network access, and backing up data to help secure systems from potential threats.
Ethical hacking Chapter 1 - Overview - Eric VanderburgEric Vanderburg
The document discusses ethical hacking and the role of ethical hackers. Ethical hackers are employed by companies to perform penetration tests to find vulnerabilities in a company's network. There are different penetration testing models like white box, black box, and gray box. Security testers can earn certifications from programs like CEH, CISSP, and OPST. Ethical hackers must understand what activities are legally allowed like penetration testing and what are not, such as installing viruses, as laws vary by location. It is important for ethical hackers to have a contract in place when performing security tests for a company.
This PPT consist of What is Network, Active & Passive Threats, Network basics, Network Scanning, Different types of attacks, Firewall Configuration, IDS, DDoS, DoS attacks
This document provides explanations for multiple choice questions related to network scanning, TCP/IP protocols, and cybersecurity concepts like social engineering and denial of service attacks. It defines technical terms like ICMP type codes, default port numbers for protocols like SNMP and LDAP, the three-way handshake process in TCP, and vulnerabilities involving alternate data streams and tailgating. The explanations emphasize accurate port scanning methods, TCP flag functions, covert channels, broadcast MAC addresses, and strategies for preventing social engineering like tailgating.
This document discusses the topic of computer hacking. It begins by defining hacking and discussing the different types of hackers, including white hat, black hat, and gray hat hackers. It then covers hacking techniques such as port scanning, social engineering, and brute force attacks. The document provides an overview of how hackers operate and highlights both advantages and disadvantages of hacking.
The document summarizes the S/KEY one-time password system, which was developed to counter attacks where an intruder obtains login credentials by passively eavesdropping on network connections. The system generates random strings during authentication that are useless to eavesdroppers. It protects passwords against passive attacks by having the client and host independently compute a cryptographic function of a random string, without requiring secret keys or storing sensitive information on the host. The goals of S/KEY are to provide complete protection of login authentication against passive eavesdropping and eliminate the storage of secret information like passwords on the host system.
This document provides an overview of Linux, including:
- A brief history noting its origins from Unix and development by Linus Torvalds and others as an open source alternative.
- An introduction mentioning that Linux is cheap, has a huge community, is open source, and is used in most servers and supercomputers.
- Descriptions of Linux partitions, file systems, and permission structures.
- Explanations of common Linux commands like Bash shell scripting.
Most file systems have methods to assign permissions or access rights to specific users and groups of users.
These system control the ability of the users to view, change, navigate, and execute the contents of the file system.
Permissions on the linux- systems are managed in three distinct scopes or classes. Theses scopes are known as users, groups or others.
This document provides an overview of hacking and computer security. It defines hacking as intruding on someone else's information space for malicious purposes. It then discusses the brief history of hacking from the 1980s to present day. Next, it profiles some famous hackers throughout history and outlines the typical hacker attitude. The document concludes by describing basic hacking skills, the process of hacking, and common hacking tools and techniques such as port scanning and denial of service attacks.
While computer systems today have some of the best security systems ever, they are more vulnerable than ever before.
This vulnerability stems from the world-wide access to computer systems via the Internet.
Computer and network security comes in many forms, including encryption algorithms, access to facilities, digital signatures, and using fingerprints and face scans as passwords.
This document provides an overview of hacking, including definitions, a brief history, famous hackers, the hacker attitude, basic hacking skills, and common hacking methods and attacks. It defines hacking as intruding on someone else's information space for malicious purposes. It discusses port scanning and ICMP scanning techniques used to gather target system information. Common attacks mentioned include denial-of-service attacks, threats from sniffers and key loggers, trojan attacks, and IP spoofing. The document provides details on specific attacks like ping of death and smurf attacks. It also discusses tools used and countermeasures to protect against hacking.
Hacking is a term used to refer to activities aimed at exploiting security flaws to obtain critical information for gaining access to secured networks.
Ethical hacking Chapter 3 - Network and Computer Attacks - Eric VanderburgEric Vanderburg
This chapter discusses various types of network and computer attacks, including malicious software like viruses, worms, and trojans. It also covers denial of service attacks, buffer overflows, and session hijacking on networks. Additionally, the chapter emphasizes the importance of physical security measures to protect against keyloggers and restrict access to computer servers through locks and security cards.
Ethical hacking Chapter 12 - Encryption - Eric VanderburgEric Vanderburg
The document discusses encryption and certificate management. It describes how certificates expire after a validity period, but can be renewed if the keys are still valid. Certificates can also be revoked for reasons like a user leaving a company or a private key being compromised. A Certificate Revocation List tracks revoked certificates. The document also outlines best practices for backing up keys and setting up a Microsoft Root Certificate Authority.
This tutorial is related to Hacking.Key terms: Introduction to Hacking,
History of Hacking,
The Hacker attitude,
Basic Hacking skills,
Hacking Premeasured,
IP Address,
Finding IP Address,
IP Address dangers & Concerns,
Hacking Tutorial
Network Hacking,
General Hacking Methodology,
Port Scanning,
ICMP Scanning,
Security Threats,
Counter-attack strategies,
Host-detection techniques,
Host-detection ping,
Denial of Service attacks, DOS Attacks,
Threat from Sniffing and Key Logging,
Trojan Attacks,
IP Spoofing,
Buffer Overflows,
All other types of Attacks, SMURF attacks, Sniffers, Keylogger, trojans,
Hacking NETBIOS,
Internet application security,
Internet application hacking statistics, Web application hacking reasons,
General Hacking Methods,
Vulnerability,
Hacking techniques,
XPath Injection
For more details visit Tech-Blog: https://msatechnosoft.in/blog/tech-blogs/
Hacking refers to activities aimed at exploiting security flaws to obtain unauthorized access to secured networks and information. Some key points from the document:
- Hacking involves intruding on someone else's information space for malicious purposes. Common hacking techniques include port scanning to find vulnerabilities.
- A brief history of hacking is provided from the 1980s to the present day, including major denial of service attacks and data breaches over time.
- Famous hackers from history are listed, along with an overview of the hacker attitude which values problem solving, sharing information, and avoiding boredom.
- Basic hacking skills discussed include programming, using Unix/Linux, and using the web/HTML. Precautions like hiding
The document discusses network security threats and techniques. It begins by noting the importance of being prepared for attacks. It then describes various network security threats like eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle attacks, denial of service attacks, and malware. It also discusses network security requirements and various countermeasures like encryption, firewalls, and intrusion detection. Cryptographic techniques like public key cryptography, digital signatures, and key distribution protocols are explained as ways to provide security services over networks.
This document provides an overview of computer security concepts, including risks, authentication, encryption, public key cryptography, wireless network security, and hacking tools and techniques. It discusses how attackers can sniff network traffic, crack wireless encryption, scan for vulnerabilities, and use social engineering to compromise systems. The document recommends maintaining up-to-date software, using strong passwords, limiting network access, and backing up data to help secure systems from potential threats.
Ethical hacking Chapter 1 - Overview - Eric VanderburgEric Vanderburg
The document discusses ethical hacking and the role of ethical hackers. Ethical hackers are employed by companies to perform penetration tests to find vulnerabilities in a company's network. There are different penetration testing models like white box, black box, and gray box. Security testers can earn certifications from programs like CEH, CISSP, and OPST. Ethical hackers must understand what activities are legally allowed like penetration testing and what are not, such as installing viruses, as laws vary by location. It is important for ethical hackers to have a contract in place when performing security tests for a company.
This PPT consist of What is Network, Active & Passive Threats, Network basics, Network Scanning, Different types of attacks, Firewall Configuration, IDS, DDoS, DoS attacks
This document provides explanations for multiple choice questions related to network scanning, TCP/IP protocols, and cybersecurity concepts like social engineering and denial of service attacks. It defines technical terms like ICMP type codes, default port numbers for protocols like SNMP and LDAP, the three-way handshake process in TCP, and vulnerabilities involving alternate data streams and tailgating. The explanations emphasize accurate port scanning methods, TCP flag functions, covert channels, broadcast MAC addresses, and strategies for preventing social engineering like tailgating.
This document discusses the topic of computer hacking. It begins by defining hacking and discussing the different types of hackers, including white hat, black hat, and gray hat hackers. It then covers hacking techniques such as port scanning, social engineering, and brute force attacks. The document provides an overview of how hackers operate and highlights both advantages and disadvantages of hacking.
The document summarizes the S/KEY one-time password system, which was developed to counter attacks where an intruder obtains login credentials by passively eavesdropping on network connections. The system generates random strings during authentication that are useless to eavesdroppers. It protects passwords against passive attacks by having the client and host independently compute a cryptographic function of a random string, without requiring secret keys or storing sensitive information on the host. The goals of S/KEY are to provide complete protection of login authentication against passive eavesdropping and eliminate the storage of secret information like passwords on the host system.
This document provides an overview of Linux, including:
- A brief history noting its origins from Unix and development by Linus Torvalds and others as an open source alternative.
- An introduction mentioning that Linux is cheap, has a huge community, is open source, and is used in most servers and supercomputers.
- Descriptions of Linux partitions, file systems, and permission structures.
- Explanations of common Linux commands like Bash shell scripting.
Most file systems have methods to assign permissions or access rights to specific users and groups of users.
These system control the ability of the users to view, change, navigate, and execute the contents of the file system.
Permissions on the linux- systems are managed in three distinct scopes or classes. Theses scopes are known as users, groups or others.
This document discusses Linux file permissions and how they work. It explains the components of a Linux file permission listing using the ls -l command as an example. It then covers the meaning of the different parts of the file permission listing like file type, permission modes for owner/group/other, link count, ownership, size, time stamp, and file name. The document also discusses how to determine permissions, change permission modes using chmod, change ownership with chown/chgrp, special permissions like SUID/SGID, and default file permissions set with umask.
This document discusses basic file permissions in Linux/Unix. It covers the different file attributes seen in the ls -l command output including permissions, owner, group, size and date. It describes the rwx permissions for owner, group and others. It also explains how to modify permissions using chmod with absolute and symbolic modes, and how to change file ownership with chown.
This document discusses Linux file permissions and commands used to modify permissions. It explains the rwx permissions for owner, group, and other using an example ls -l output. It then covers the chmod, chown, and chgrp commands to change file ownership, group, and permissions including recursive (-R) options and using symbolic modes.
This document discusses Linux file permissions. It explains that Linux is a multi-user and multi-tasking system, so permissions can be set for files and directories using the chmod command. The chmod command allows changing permissions for the file owner, group owners, and other users using either symbolic modes like u+rwx or octal notation. It also covers the chown and chgrp commands for changing file ownership and group.
This document provides an overview of the basics of Linux, including its key components and common commands. It describes Linux as an open source, Unix-based operating system developed by the community. The core component is the Linux kernel, which uses a monolithic microkernel design. Common shells for the user interface include BASH, SH, and KSH. Basic commands covered include ls, cd, pwd, echo, cat, cp, mv, mkdir, rm, and tar for archiving and compressing files. The document also discusses file permissions and ownership, represented using octal notation, and crontab for scheduling tasks.
This document discusses various security issues related to computer systems and networks. It covers authentication methods, threats like Trojan horses and viruses, intrusion detection techniques, and encryption standards. It also describes security classifications used by the Department of Defense and security features in Windows NT.
This document discusses various security issues related to computer systems and networks. It covers authentication methods, threats like Trojan horses and viruses, intrusion detection techniques, and encryption standards. It also describes security classifications used by the Department of Defense and security features in Windows NT.
Security involves protecting systems, networks, programs and data from unauthorized access and modification. This is achieved through techniques like cryptography, authentication, firewalls, antivirus software and implementing security policies and defenses. Some common security threats include viruses, worms, hacking, denial of service attacks and password vulnerabilities. Different levels of computer security classification (A, B, C, D) provide increasing levels of protection and access control based on sensitivity of the data and systems.
This document provides an overview of trusted computing concepts including:
- Defining security and how it can be violated through hardware and software flaws
- Explaining key terms like trust, trustworthy, and trusted computing
- Describing major trusted computing components like the endorsement key, sealed storage, remote attestation, and direct anonymous attestation
- Discussing issues around privacy, anonymity, and digital rights management in trusted computing systems
The document discusses various topics related to computer security including cryptography, user authentication, attacks, and protection mechanisms. It covers basics like symmetric and public key cryptography. It discusses authentication using passwords, physical objects, and biometrics. Common attacks include those from inside and outside the system like trojan horses, logic bombs, and buffer overflows. The document also covers network security threats like viruses, their impact, and techniques for antivirus protection. Trusted systems and formal security models are discussed along with multilevel security and covert channels.
The document discusses various topics related to computer security including threats, cryptography, user authentication, attacks, and protection mechanisms. It covers symmetric and public key cryptography, digital signatures, password authentication, and biometrics. It also discusses viruses, intrusions, covert channels, and multilevel security models. The goal is to provide an overview of fundamental concepts in computer and network security.
System hacking is the way hackers get access to individual computers on a network. ... This course explains the main methods of system hacking—password cracking, privilege escalation, spyware installation, and keylogging—and the countermeasures IT security professionals can take to fight these attacks.
The document discusses data security and various threats to data. It provides definitions of key terms like data, security, and data security. It then describes three main objectives of the project: to understand data security threats and their backgrounds, and techniques to defend against these threats. Various threats are outlined, like human threats from hackers, staff, and spies. Technologies for security like cryptography, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems are also summarized. The document provides an overview of the importance of data security.
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The chapters follow a sequence that I consider to be a logical
progression through the subject matter, and in the main, follow
the order of objectives stated in the BTEC unit of Electrical and
Electronic Principles. The major exception to this is that the topics of
instrumentation and measurements do not appear in a specifi c chapter
of that title. Instead, the various instruments and measurement methods
are integrated within those chapters where the relevant theory is
covered.
Occasionally a word or phrase will appear in bold blue type, and close
by will be a box with a blue background. These emphasised words or
phrases may be ones that are not familiar to students, and within the
box will be an explanation of the words used in the text.
Throughout the book, Worked Examples appear as Q questions
in bold type, followed by A answers. In all chapters, Assignment
Questions are provided for students to solve.
The fi rst chapter deals with the basic concepts of electricity; the use of
standard form and its adaptation to scientifi c notation; SI and derived
units; and the plotting of graphs. This chapter is intended to provide
a means of ensuring that all students on a given course start with the
same background knowledge. Also included in this chapter are notes
regarding communication. In particular, emphasis is placed on logical
and thorough presentation of information, etc. in the solution of
Assignment Questions and Practical Assignment reports.
This Textbook supersedes the second edition of Fundamental
Electrical and Electronic Principles. In response to comments
from colleges requesting that the contents more closely match the
objectives of the BTEC unit Electrical and Electronic Principles,
some chapters have been removed and some exchanged with the
companion book Further Electrical and Electronic Principles, ISBN
9780750687478. Also, in order to encourage students to use other
reference sources, those chapters that have been totally removed
may be accessed on the website address http://books.elsevier.
com/companions/9780750687379. The previous edition included
Supplementary Worked Examples at the end of each chapter. The
majority of these have now been included within each chapter as
Worked Examples, and those that have been removed may be accessed
on the above website.
This book continues with the philosophy of the previous editions
in that it may be used as a complete set of course notes for students
undertaking the study of Electrical and Electronic Principles in the
fi rst year of a BTEC National Diploma/Certifi cate course. It also
provides coverage for some other courses, including foundation/
bridging courses which require the study of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering.
Fundamental Electrical and Electronic Principles contains 349
illustrations, 112 worked examples, 26 suggested practical assignments
and 234 assignment questions. The answers to the latter are to be found
towards the end of
Security involves ensuring data integrity, availability, and confidentiality against threats. It can be computer or network security. Data integrity means data cannot be modified without authorization. Availability means information systems and data are accessible when needed. An information security management system (ISMS) follows the PDCA cycle of plan, do, check, act to manage security risks and ensure business continuity. ISO/IEC 27000 standards provide guidance for implementing an ISMS.
Tutorial 09 - Security on the Internet and the Webdpd
The document discusses various security threats on the internet and countermeasures to protect against them. It covers topics like secrecy, integrity, necessity, hackers/crackers, denial of service attacks, viruses/trojans, and identity theft. The key aspects of security are preventing unauthorized access, use, alteration or destruction of digital assets. Common threats include hacking, malware, and theft of personal information stored online.
The document discusses system security and provides seven common sense rules for security. It covers account security, file permissions, data encryption, single user security, dialup modems, security tools, and an overview of viruses, trojans, and worms. Monitoring logs, using security scanning tools, and educating yourself on security best practices are emphasized as important ways to help secure systems.
The document discusses system security and provides seven common sense rules for security. It covers account security, file permissions, data encryption, single user security, dialup modems, security tools, and an overview of viruses, trojans, and worms. Monitoring logs, using security scanning tools, and educating yourself on security best practices are emphasized as important ways to help secure systems.
1. The document discusses the topic of ethical hacking and defines it as "methodology adopted by ethical hackers to discover the vulnerabilities existing in information systems’ operating environments."
2. Ethical hackers are independent computer security professionals who break into computer systems to evaluate security without damaging systems or stealing information.
3. The document outlines different types of attacks ethical hackers may perform such as insider attacks, outsider attacks, and social engineering attacks to evaluate a target system's security and vulnerabilities.
This document discusses various security issues that can arise in source control systems. It describes buffer overflow attacks, where a program writes data past the end of a memory buffer. It also discusses citizen/casual programmers who may not follow proper security practices. Covert channels that can transfer data in violation of security policies are described. The document outlines controls and best practices around these issues like parameter checking, memory protection, and auditing and logging.
The document discusses various topics related to network security including viruses, worms, standard system attacks, protection methods, encryption algorithms, firewalls, proxy servers, wireless security, and conclusions. It provides details on types of viruses and worms, common system attacks like exploiting vulnerabilities, spoofing, and stealing passwords. It also explains methods to secure networks like physical protection, access control, passwords, access rights, auditing, and different encryption techniques including AES, DES, and public key cryptography. Firewalls and proxy servers are discussed as network protection mechanisms and wireless security standards like WEP and WPA are covered.
This document discusses operating system security and roles. It covers system survivability, threats like attacks, failures and accidents. It describes unintentional and intentional intrusions like viruses, worms, Trojans, denial of service attacks and social engineering. It also discusses system protection methods like antivirus software, firewalls, encryption, authentication and passwords. Finally, it touches on ethics and educating users on ethical computer use.
The document provides an overview of information security concepts and threats. It discusses how security is difficult to implement due to costs, user resistance, and sophisticated criminals. The document then outlines various hacking techniques like information gathering, social engineering, sniffing, and denial of service attacks. It concludes by describing defensive security measures for organizations, including firewalls, intrusion detection, honeypots, antivirus software, user awareness training, and penetration testing.
This document provides lecture notes on information security. It covers four modules: (1) the security problem in computing and elementary cryptography; (2) program security, operating system protection, and trusted OS design; (3) database security and security in networks; (4) administering security, legal and ethical issues. Key topics include computer threats like viruses and malware, network attacks like denial of service, and security controls like encryption, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems. The goal is to educate students on fundamental concepts of information security.
Affiliate marketing is the process of earning a commission by promoting other people's (or company's) products. You find a product you like, promote it to others, and earn a piece of the profit for each sale that you make. You're happy because you earned a commission…
Frame relay is a packet-switching telecommunication service designed for cost-efficient data transmission for intermittent traffic between local area networks (LANs) and between endpoints in wide area networks (WANs).
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide. It is a network of networks[1] that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), the infrastructure to support email, and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing and telephony.
This document discusses computer and network security. It begins by defining security and explaining why security is needed to protect vital information, provide access control, and ensure availability of resources. It then covers common security attacks like firewalls, intrusion detection systems, denial of service attacks, TCP attacks and packet sniffing. It emphasizes the importance of encryption, authentication, firewalls, antivirus software and regular backups in defending against these attacks. It also notes that social engineering attacks on users can bypass technical security measures.
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The document presents information on the Internet and its uses. It defines the Internet as a global system of interconnected computer networks that use common standards to share information. It notes the three main types of networks - LAN, MAN, and WAN. It then details 12 main uses of the Internet, including communication via email, online job searches, e-commerce, travel booking, accessing health/medical information, online booking, social networking, online shopping, video conferencing, accessing stock market updates, downloading games/music, and easily accessing information through search engines.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
2. SECURITY
In This Chapter:
The Security Problem
Program Threats
System and Network Threats
Cryptography as a Security Tool
User Authentication
Implementing Security Defenses
Firewalling to Protect Systems and Networks
Computer-Security Classifications
An Example: Windows XP
15:Security
2
3. SECURITY
SECURITY ISSUES:
External protection of a system. A classified site goes to extraordinary lengths to keep
things physically tight. Among the issues to be considered:
Unauthorized access Mechanism assuring only authorized individuals see classified
materials.
Malicious modification or destruction
Accidental introduction of inconsistency.
Authentication How do we know the user is who she says she is. Can have
passwords on domains.
15:Security
3
Protection of passwords is difficult. Issues include:
• It's very easy to guess passwords since people use simple and easily remembered
words.
• Need exists to change passwords continually.
• Limiting number of tries before locking up.
4. SECURITY
15:Security
4Security Issues
Trojan Horse: A piece of code that misuses its environment. The program seems
innocent enough, however when executed, unexpected behavior
occurs.
Trap Doors: Inserting a method of breaching security in a system. For instance,
some secret set of inputs to a program might provide special privileges.
Threat monitoring: Look for unusual activity. Once access is gained, how do you identify
someone acting in an unusual fashion?
Audit Log: Record time, user, and type of access on all objects. Trace problems
back to source.
Worms Use spawning mechanism; standalone programs.
Internet Worm: In the Internet worm, Robert Morse exploited UNIX networking features
(remote access) as well as bugs in finger and sendmail programs.
Grappling hook program uploaded main worm program.
Viruses Fragment of code embedded in a legitimate program. Mainly effects
personal PC systems. These are often downloaded via e-mail or as
active components in web pages.
Firewall A mechanism that allows only certain traffic between trusted and un-
trusted systems. Often applied to a way to keep unwanted internet
traffic away from a system.
5. SECURITY
ATTACK METHODS:
Attacks on a distributed system include:
Passive wiretapping. ( unauthorized interception/reading of messages )
Active wiretapping:
Modification Changing a portion of the message.
Spurious messages Introducing bogus messages with valid addresses and
consistency criteria.
Site impersonation Claiming to be some other logical node.
Replay of previous transmission - repeating previous valid messages.
(for example, authorization of cash withdrawal.)
15:Security
5Typical Security Attacks
7. SECURITY
ATTACK METHODS:
Trojan Horse
Code segment that misuses its environment
Exploits mechanisms for allowing programs written by users to be
executed by other users
Spyware, pop-up browser windows, covert channels
Trap Door
Specific user identifier or password that circumvents normal security
procedures
Could be included in a compiler
Logic Bomb
Program that initiates a security incident under certain circumstances
Stack and Buffer Overflow
Exploits a bug in a program (overflow either the stack or memory
buffers)
15:Security
7
Typical Security Attacks
8. SECURITY
Example of Buffer Overflow Waiting To Happen:
#include <stdio.h>
#define BUFFER SIZE 256
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
char buffer[BUFFER SIZE];
int other_data;
if (argc < 2)
return -1;
else {
strcpy(buffer,argv[1]);
return 0;
}
}
15:Security
8
Typical Security Attacks
9. SECURITY
Viruses
Code fragment embedded in legitimate program
Very specific to CPU architecture, operating system, applications
Usually borne via email or as a macro
Visual Basic Macro to reformat hard drive
Sub AutoOpen()
Dim oFS
Set oFS = CreateObject(’’Scripting.FileSystemObject’’)
vs = Shell(’’c:command.com /k format c:’’,vbHide)
End Sub
15:Security
9
Typical Security Attacks
11. SECURITY
System And Network Threats
Worms – use spawn mechanism; standalone program
Internet worm
Exploited UNIX networking features (remote access) and bugs in finger and
sendmail programs. (See next slide)
Grappling hook program uploaded main worm program
Port scanning
Automated attempt to connect to a range of ports on one or a range of IP
addresses
Denial of Service
Overload the targeted computer preventing it from doing any useful work
Distributed denial-of-service (DDOS) come from multiple sites at once
15:Security
11
Typical Security Attacks
12. SECURITY
Stuxnet
15:Security
12
Stuxnet is a computer worm discovered in June 2010. It initially spreads via Microsoft Windows,
and targets Siemens industrial software and equipment.
Different variants of Stuxnet targeted five Iranian organizations, with the probable target widely
suspected to be the uranium enrichment infrastructure in Iran.
It is initially spread using infected removable drives such as USB flash drives, and then uses
other exploits and techniques to infect and update other computers inside private networks that
are not directly connected to the Internet.
The malware has both user-mode and kernel-mode rootkit capability under Windows, and its
device drivers have been digitally signed with the private keys of two certificates that were stolen
from two separate companies. The driver signing helped it install kernel mode rootkit drivers
successfully and therefore remain undetected for a relatively long period of time.
Once installed on Windows Stuxnet infects files belonging to
Siemens' control software[3
and subverts a communication library.
Doing so intercepts communications between software running under
Windows and the target Siemens devices. The malware can install
itself on PLC devices unnoticed.
Stuxnet malware periodically modifies a control frequency to and thus
affects the operation of the connected centrifuge motors by changing
their rotational speed.
Siemens Simatic S7-300
PLC CPU with three I/O
modules attached
13. SECURITY
Password stealing
– Easiest way is through social means
fake deposit slips
easily guessable passwords
calling people on the phone and asking for passwords (or Credit Card numbers, for
that matter)
– Technological approaches also
simple one: leave program running on a terminal that fakes the login
sequence. Capture user name and password to a file and then exit
with a fake error message, returning control to the real login process
– Unix password files used to be openly available (encrypted password). Lends itself to
brute-force cracking. Unfortunately some programs require access to the password file
to run (e.g., mail) also unfortunately Unix only uses first eight characters of password
15:Security
13
Authentication
SecurID – uses a preprogrammed string of characters
14. SECURITY
Password stealing
– Easiest way is through social means
fake deposit slips
easily guessable passwords
calling people on the phone and asking for passwords (or Credit Card numbers, for
that matter)
– Technological approaches also
simple one: leave program running on a terminal that fakes the login
sequence. Capture user name and password to a file and then exit
with a fake error message, returning control to the real login process
– Unix password files used to be openly available (encrypted password). Lends itself to
brute-force cracking. Unfortunately some programs require access to the password file
to run (e.g., mail) also unfortunately Unix only uses first eight characters of password
15:Security
14
Authentication
SecurID – uses a preprogrammed string of characters
15. SECURITY
15:Security
15
NSA Exploitation
Edward Snowden made public documents that reveal Government agencies:
•consider it essential to be able to view encrypted data
•have adopted a battery of methods in their assault on this biggest threats
Those methods include
•control over setting of international encryption standards,
•the use of supercomputers to break encryption with "brute force",
•Collaboration with technology companies and internet service providers themselves
•“Man in the middle” attacks on the communication channels themselves.
16. SECURITY
DEFINITIONS:
Encryption:
C = E( M, Ke )
E = Encyphering Algorithm
M = Message - plain text
Ke = Encryption key
C = Cyphered text
Decryption:
M = D( C, Kd )
D = Decyphering Algorithm
Kd = Decryption key
15:Security
16
Cryptography
17. SECURITY
DEFINITIONS:
Cryptosystems are either Conventional or Public Key
Conventional is symmetric; Ke = Kd , so the key must be kept secret. Algorithms
are simple to describe, but complex in the number of operations.
Public key is asymmetric; Ke != Kd , so Ke can be made public. Kd is secret and
can't easily be derived from Ke .
Security against attack is either:
Unconditionally secure - Ke can't be determined regardless of available
computational power.
Computationally secure: - calculation of Kd is economically unfeasible ( it would
overwhelm all available computing facilities.)
The only known unconditionally secure system in common use!
Involves a random key that has the same length as the plain text to be
encrypted.
The key is used once and then discarded. The key is exclusively OR'd with the
message to produce the cypher.
Given the key and the cypher, the receiver uses the same method to reproduce
the message.
15:Security
17
Cryptography
18. SECURITY
DATA ENCRYPTION STANDARD ( DES ):
The official National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), (formerly
the National Bureau of Standards) encryption for use by Federal agencies.
The source of security is the non-linear many-to-one function applied to a
block of data. This function uses transposition and substitution. The
algorithm is public, but the key (56 bits) is secret.
Computational power today can crack a 56 bit code.
In common use today is Triple DES in which 3 different keys are used,
making the effective key length 168 bits.
15:Security
18Data Encryption Standard
19. SECURITY
The general principle is this:
1. Any RECEIVER A uses an algorithm to calculate an encryption key KEa
and a decryption key KDa.
2. Then the receiver PUBLICIZES KEa to anyone who cares to hear. But the
receiver keeps secret the decryption key KDa.
3. User B sends a message to A by first encrypting that message using
the publicized key for that receiver A, KEa.
4. Since only A knows how to decrypt the message, it's secure.
15:Security
19Public Key Cryptosystems
Public Key Repository
KEa
KEb
KEc
20. SECURITY
To be effective, a system must satisfy the following rules:
a) Given plaintext and ciphertext, the problem of determining the keys is computationally
complex.
b) It is easy to generate matched pairs of keys Ke, Kd that satisfy the property
D( E( M, Ke ), Kd ) = M.
This implies some sort of trapdoor, such that Ke and Kd can be calculated from first
principles, but one can't be derived from the other.
c) The encryption and decryption functions E and D are efficient and easy to use.
d) Given Ke , the problem of determining Kd is computationally complex.
What is computationally difficult? Problems that can't easily be calculated in a finite time.
Examples include: factoring the product of two very large prime numbers; the knapsack
problem.
These problems are NP complete - solution times are exponential in the size of the sample.
15:Security
20Public Key Cryptosystems
21. SECURITY
To be effective, a system must satisfy the following rules:
e) For almost all messages it must be computationally unfeasible to find
ciphertext key pairs that will produce the message.
(In other words, an attacker is forced to discover the true (M,Ke) pair that
was used to create the ciphertext C.)
f) Decryption is the inverse of encryption.
E( D( M, Kd ), Ke ) = D( E( M, Ke ), Kd )
15:Security
21Public Key Cryptosystems
22. SECURITY
AN EXAMPLE:
1. Two large prime numbers p and q are selected
using some efficient test for primality. These
numbers are secret:
2. The product n = p * q is computed.
3. The number Kd > max( p, q ) is picked at
random from the set of integers that are relatively
prime to and less than L(n) = ( p - 1 ) ( q - 1).
4. The integer Ke , 0 < Ke < L(n) is computed from
L(n) and Kd such that Ke * Kd = 1 (mod L(n)).
15:Security
22Public Key Cryptosystems
Let p = 3, q = 11
n = 3 * 11 = 33.
L(n) = ( p - 1 ) ( q - 1 ) = 20.
Choose Kd > 11 and prime to 20.
Choose Kd = 13.
0 < Ke < 20
Ke = 17. (since 17 * 13 = 221 = 1 ( mod 20 ) )
23. SECURITY
AN EXAMPLE:
Separate the text to be encoded into chunks with values 0 - ( n - 1 ).
15:Security
23Public Key Cryptosystems
In our example, we'll use < space = 0, A = 1, B = 2, C = 3, D = 4, E = 5 >.
Then " B A D <sp> B E E " --> "21 04 00 25 05"
21 ^ 17 ( mod 33 ) = 21. 21 ^ 13 ( mod 33 ) = 21.
04 ^ 17 ( mod 33 ) = 16. 16 ^ 13 ( mod 33 ) = 04.
00 ^ 17 ( mod 33 ) = 00. 00 ^ 13 ( mod 33 ) = 00.
25 ^ 17 ( mod 33 ) = 31. 31 ^ 13 ( mod 33 ) = 25.
05 ^ 17 ( mod 33 ) = 14. 14 ^ 13 ( mod 33 ) = 05.
This whole operation works because, though n and Ke are known, p and q are not
public. Thus Kd is hard to guess.
[Note: recently a 100 digit number was successfully factored into two prime numbers.]
24. SECURITY
AUTHENTICATION AND DIGITAL SIGNATURES:
Sender Authentication:
In a public key system, how does the receiver know who sent a message (since the receiver's
encryption key is public)?
Suppose A sends message M to B:
a) A DECRYPTS M using A's Kd(A ) .
b) A attaches its identification to the message.
c) A ENCRYPTS the entire message using B's encryption, Ke(B)
C = E ( ( A, D( M, Kd(A) ) ), Ke(B) )
d) B decrypts using its private key Kd(A) to produce the pair A, D( M, Kd(A) ).
e) Since the proclaimed sender is A, B knows to use the public encryption key Ke(A).
Capture/Replay
In this case, a third party could capture / replay a message.
The solution is to use a rapidly changing value such as time or a sequence number as part of the
message.
15:Security
24
Public Key Cryptosystems
25. SECURITY
Man-in-the-middle
Attack on Asymmetric
Cryptography
15:Security
25
Public Key Cryptosystems
Sender
Receiver
Here are the attack steps for this scenario:
1.Sender wishes to send a message to
Receiver.
2.S asks R for its encryption key.
3.When R returns key, that key is
intercepted by the attacker who substitutes
her key.
4.Sender encrypts message using this
bogus key and returns it.
5.Since the attacker is the owner of this
bogus key, the attacker can read the
message.
26. SECURITY
Insertion of cryptography at one layer of the ISO network model (the transport
layer)
SSL – Secure Socket Layer (also called TLS)
Cryptographic protocol that limits two computers to only exchange messages
with each other
Very complicated, with many variations
Used between web servers and browsers for secure communication (credit card
numbers)
The server is verified with a certificate assuring client is talking to correct server
Asymmetric cryptography used to establish a secure session key (symmetric
encryption) for bulk of communication during session
Communication between each computer uses symmetric key cryptography
15:Security
26
Example - SSL
27. SECURITY
Security is based on user accounts
Each user has unique security ID
Login to ID creates security access token
Includes security ID for user, for user’s groups, and
special privileges
Every process gets copy of token
System checks token to determine if access allowed or
denied
Uses a subject model to ensure access security. A subject tracks
and manages permissions for each program that a user runs
Each object in Windows XP has a security attribute defined by a
security descriptor
For example, a file has a security descriptor that indicates the
access permissions for all users
15:Security
27
Example – Windows 7
28. SECURITY
U.S. Department of Defense outlines four divisions of computer
security: A, B, C, and D.
D – Minimal security.
C – Provides discretionary protection through auditing.
Divided into C1 and C2. C1 identifies cooperating users with
the same level of protection. C2 allows user-level access
control.
B – All the properties of C, however each object may have
unique sensitivity labels. Divided into B1, B2, and B3.
A – Uses formal design and verification techniques to ensure
security.
15:Security
28
Security Classifications