This document provides information on examining and treating unconscious casualties. It discusses major causes of unconsciousness including head injuries, strokes, fainting, and poisoning. It outlines the aims of treatment for unconscious casualties, which are to maintain an open airway, assess responses, treat injuries, and arrange for hospital transport if needed. The document also discusses specific conditions like concussions, skull fractures, compression injuries, seizures, strokes, and diabetes, outlining signs, symptoms, and emergency treatment for each.
Management of-unconscious-patient
Definition of unconsciousness
Common causes
Diagnosis and treatment of unconscious patient
Unconsciousness is a state in which a patient is totally unaware of both self and external surroundings, and unable to respond meaningfully to external stimuli.
The executive function (EF) system located in the prefrontal cortex provides top-down bias signals to other brain structures to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways. The four categories of the executive control system are cognitive flexibility, attentional control, goal setting, and information processing. The EF construct is composed of multiple inter-related high functioning cognitive skill such as formulating goals, planning, and carrying out planned goals. The key elements of the EF system including initiation of activity, working memory, attention, mental flexibility, self-regulation, and monitoring of performance. Nonverbal disabilities such as visuospatial and visuomotor deficits are on the same continuum with attention and EF disorders. In adults, the most active cortical area while performing tasks requiring attention for cognition are the left premotor and supplementary motor areas (BA 6).
The frontal lobe is functional during both fluid intelligence and executive function activities. The left thalamus is activated by verbal working memory tasks which is also controlled by the EF system. The dorsolateral prefrontal (Guenon BA 9), Broca’s area BA 45 and BA 46, angular cingulate, and the left thalamus are components of the EF system’s verbal working memory model. Fluid intelligence encompasses problem solving, pattern recognition, abstract thinking, reasoning skills, and ability to draw inferences and understand relationships. Fluid intelligence is also influenced by the EF system. There is a relationship between fluid intelligence and executive functions. Frontal lobe deficits are entirely explained by fluid intelligence (g) when using some classical executive tasks such as verbal fluency, Trail Making Test B, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. However, multitasking, decision making, and social deficits are EF tasks that exceed those predicted by fluid intelligence loss.
Management of-unconscious-patient
Definition of unconsciousness
Common causes
Diagnosis and treatment of unconscious patient
Unconsciousness is a state in which a patient is totally unaware of both self and external surroundings, and unable to respond meaningfully to external stimuli.
The executive function (EF) system located in the prefrontal cortex provides top-down bias signals to other brain structures to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways. The four categories of the executive control system are cognitive flexibility, attentional control, goal setting, and information processing. The EF construct is composed of multiple inter-related high functioning cognitive skill such as formulating goals, planning, and carrying out planned goals. The key elements of the EF system including initiation of activity, working memory, attention, mental flexibility, self-regulation, and monitoring of performance. Nonverbal disabilities such as visuospatial and visuomotor deficits are on the same continuum with attention and EF disorders. In adults, the most active cortical area while performing tasks requiring attention for cognition are the left premotor and supplementary motor areas (BA 6).
The frontal lobe is functional during both fluid intelligence and executive function activities. The left thalamus is activated by verbal working memory tasks which is also controlled by the EF system. The dorsolateral prefrontal (Guenon BA 9), Broca’s area BA 45 and BA 46, angular cingulate, and the left thalamus are components of the EF system’s verbal working memory model. Fluid intelligence encompasses problem solving, pattern recognition, abstract thinking, reasoning skills, and ability to draw inferences and understand relationships. Fluid intelligence is also influenced by the EF system. There is a relationship between fluid intelligence and executive functions. Frontal lobe deficits are entirely explained by fluid intelligence (g) when using some classical executive tasks such as verbal fluency, Trail Making Test B, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. However, multitasking, decision making, and social deficits are EF tasks that exceed those predicted by fluid intelligence loss.
Anatomical localisation of function is a fundamental principle in the neurosciences. This presentation highlights the basics neuroanatomy and correlate major brain structure with their functions.
Continuum of Consciousness
- Controlled and Automatic Processes
- Altered States of Consciousness
- Psychoactive Drugs
- Sleep and Dreams
- Different Stages of Sleep (REM and N-REM)
- 4 Major Questions About Sleep
- Sleep Disorders
- The Unconscious Mind
- Unconsciousness
First Aid For Head Injuries - WHS First Aid KitsHonoraw
The strength of the skull is sufficient to protect the head from injury in a minor fall or a light blow to the head. If stronger forces are involved, e.g. from falling onto the head from a height, or being kicked by a horse, the skull may crack or fracture.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. UNCONSCIOUSNESS
An interruption of the brain’s normal activity
Major Causes
Head injury
Stroke
Fainting
Heart Attack
Shock
Poisoning
Hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
Fits
Abnormal body temperature
3. EXAMINING & TREATING AN UNCONSCIOUS
CASUALTY
Aims of treatment
To maintain an open airway.
To assess and record the level of response.
To treat any associated injuries.
To arrange for urgent removal to hospital if
necessary.
To gather and retain any circumstantial evidence
of the cause of the condition.
4. EXAMINING & TREATING AN UNCONSCIOUS
CASUALTY
Aims of treatment
DO NOT attempt to give anything by mouth.
DO NOT move casualty unnecessarily.
DO NOT leave casualty unattended at any time.
7. HEAD INJURIES - CONCUSSION
Recognition
Brief or partial loss of consciousness.
Dizziness or nausea on recovery.
Loss of memory of events at the time of injury or
immediately before the injury.
A mild, generalised headache.
8. HEAD INJURIES - CONCUSSION
Treatment
Place an unconscious casualty in the recovery
position.
Monitor and record breathing, pulse and level of
response every ten minutes.
Call for an ambulance if the casualty is still
unconscious after 3 minutes.
If casualty regains consciousness within 3
minutes, watch closely for any deterioration in
the level of response, even after an apparent full
recovery.
9. HEAD INJURIES - CONCUSSION
Treatment
Place the casualty in the care of a responsible
person.
Advise the casualty to see a doctor.
10. HEAD INJURIES – SKULL FRACTURE
Recognition
A wound or bruise on the head.
A soft area or depression of the scalp.
Impairment of consciousness.
A progressive deterioration in the level of response.
Clear fluid or watery blood coming out from the nose
or ears.
Blood in the white of the eye.
Distortion or lack of symmetry of the head or face.
11. HEAD INJURIES – SKULL FRACTURE
Treatment
Check ABC if casualty is unconscious.
Help a conscious casualty to lie down with the
head and shoulders raised.
If there is discharge from an ear, position the
casualty so that the affected ear is lower.
Cover the ear with a sterile dressing or clean
pad, lightly secured with a bandage.
DO NOT plug the ear.
Control any bleeding from the scalp.
12. HEAD INJURIES – SKULL FRACTURE
Treatment
Look for and treat other injuries.
Call for an ambulance.
Monitor and record breathing, pulse and level of
response every ten minutes.
13. HEAD INJURIES – COMPRESSION
Occurs when pressure is exerted on the brain
within the skull.
Recognition
As the condition develops, the level of response
will deteriorate.
A recent head injury, followed by an apparent full
recovery. Later on, casualty may deteriorate and
become disorientated.
An intense headache.
Noisy breathing, becoming slow.
14. Recognition
A slow yet full & strong pulse.
Unequal or dilated pupils.
Weakness or paralysis down one side of the face
or body.
High body temperature, flushed face.
Drowsiness.
A noticeable change in personality or behaviour,
such as irritability.
HEAD INJURIES – COMPRESSION
15. HEAD INJURIES – COMPRESSION
Treatment
Call for an ambulance.
Check for ABC & perform CPR if necessary.
Stop any bleeding.
Place in recovery position.
If casualty is conscious, support him or her in a
comfortable position.
Monitor & record breathing, pulse and level of
response every 10 minutes.
16. FITS (CONVULSIONS)
Involuntary contractions & relaxation of muscles
in the body repeatedly due to disturbance in the
function of the brain.
Possible causes
Head injury.
Some brain-damaging diseases.
Shortage of oxygen to the brain.
Intake of certain poisons.
17. FITS (CONVULSIONS) – MINOR EPILEPSY
Recognition
Sudden “switching off”, casualty may be staring
blankly ahead.
Slight or localised twitching or jerking of the lips,
eyelids, head or limbs.
Odd involuntary movements such as chewing or
making noises.
18. FITS (CONVULSIONS) – MINOR EPILEPSY
Treatment
Help the casualty to sit down in a quiet place.
Remove any possible sources of harm.
Talk to casualty calmly and reassuringly.
DO NOT pester casualty with questions.
Stay with casualty until someone take over you.
Advise the casualty to see a doctor.
19. FITS (CONVULSIONS) – MAJOR EPILEPSY
Recognition
Casualty suddenly falls unconscious, often letting
out a cry.
Becomes rigid, arching his or her back.
Breathing may cease.
May have cyanosis of lips.
Face and neck may be congested.
Fit movements begin. The jaw may be clenched
and breathing may be noisy.
20. FITS (CONVULSIONS) – MAJOR EPILEPSY
Recognition
Saliva may appear at the mouth.
Possible loss of control of bladder or bowel.
Recovers consciousness within a few minutes.
May be followed by a deep sleep.
May be evidence of injury.
21. FITS (CONVULSIONS) – MAJOR EPILEPSY
Treatment
If you see casualty falling, try to support him or
her. Make space around him and ask bystanders
to move away.
Loosen clothing around casualty’s neck.
If possible, protect his or her head.
When the fit stops, place casualty in recovery
position.
Check breathing and pulse.
22. FITS (CONVULSIONS) – MAJOR EPILEPSY
Treatment
Stay until casualty recovers fully.
If unconscious for more than 10 minutes or fit for
more than 5 minutes, call for an ambulance.
23. FITS (CONVULSIONS) IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Possible Causes
Infectious disease.
Throat or ear infection associated with a greatly
raised body temperature or fever.
24. FITS (CONVULSIONS) IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Recognition
Clear signs of fever: hot, flushed skin and
perhaps sweating.
Violent muscle twitching with clenched fists and
arched back.
Twitching of face with squinting, fixed or
upturned eyes.
Breath-holding, with congested face and neck or
drooling at the mouth.
Loss of or altered consciousness.
25. FITS (CONVULSIONS) IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Treatment
Remove any clothes or covering bedclothes.
Ensure a good supply of cool, fresh air.
Position pillows or soft padding around the child
so that even violent movement will not result in
injury.
Sponge the child with tepid water to help cooling.
Start from head and work down.
Keep the airway open.
26. FITS (CONVULSIONS) IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Treatment
Call for an ambulance if necessary.
Reassure the child and parents.
27. STROKE
A rapidly developing loss of brain function due
to an interruption in the blood supply to all or
part of the brain.
29. STROKE
Recognition
Altered level of consciousness.
Slurred or garbled speech.
Loss of movement and feeling, usually on one
side of the body.
Severe headache.
Difficulty in swallowing.
Flushed face.
Sometimes seizures.
31. STROKE
Treatment
Seek medical aid urgently.
Reassure the casualty. He or she may be able to
understand you, even unable to communicate.
If casualty is conscious, support the head and
shoulders on pillows, loosen tight clothing,
maintain body temperature and wipe away
secretions from the mouth.
Ensure that the airway is clear and open.
32. DIABETES
A metabolic disorder characterized by
hyperglycemia and other signs, as distinct from a
single illness or condition.
Causes
Insufficient or too much insulin.
Insufficient glucose in a person who takes insulin.
Unaccustomed exercise.
A missed meal.
Infection in a known diabetic
36. DIABETES
Treatment
If casualty is conscious:
Give sugar or drink liberally sweetened with
sugar.
Continue giving sugar every 15 minutes until
medical aid arrives or the casualty recovers.
Loosen tight clothing.
Seek medical aid.
Allow casualty to self-administer insulin.
DO NOT administer for the casualty.
