Epilepsy- classification and types in children. Download to see videos.
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Epilepsy slides
This document provides an overview of epilepsy, including definitions of seizures and epilepsy, classification of seizures, and pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Key points include: seizures are spontaneous sustained discharges of neurons, while epilepsy is a tendency for recurrent seizures; seizures can be partial or generalized; AEDs work by modulating sodium channels, GABA, or calcium channels; first-line drugs for generalized seizures like carbamazepine and phenytoin can worsen absence seizures. The document concludes with questions to assess understanding.
Parkinson's disease
This document provides an overview of Parkinson's disease, including its etiology, incidence, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that affects the basal ganglia and is characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and postural instability.
- It has an annual incidence of 0.2 per 1000 people and prevalence of 1.5 per 1000. Risk increases with age.
- Pathologically it involves the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra and formation of Lewy bodies.
- Clinical diagnosis is based on the presence of cardinal motor symptoms
Epilepsy classification
This document discusses psychiatric presentations in epilepsy. It begins by noting the increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with epilepsy compared to the general population. It then categorizes psychiatric disorders seen in epilepsy into several groups: disorders related to the underlying brain pathology causing epilepsy, disorders related to the seizure occurrence itself (pre-ictal, ictal, post-ictal), and interictal psychiatric disorders not clearly related to seizures. Specific syndromes and disorders are discussed within each category. Ictal phenomena include epileptic auras, automatisms, and non-convulsive status epilepticus, which can resemble psychiatric symptoms but are distinguished by their brief and stereotyped nature.
Pathophysiology and management of epilepsy
This document discusses the pathophysiology and management of epilepsy. It defines epilepsy as a neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures that occur unpredictably. The causes of epilepsy can be genetic, acquired like head trauma, or of unknown origin. Seizures occur due to an imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain. Treatment involves both non-pharmacological options like surgery and ketogenic diets as well as pharmacological treatment with anti-epileptic drugs that work by various mechanisms such as enhancing GABA activity or blocking sodium channels. The document provides details on the classification, mechanisms, and use of various anti-epileptic drug classes.
EPILEPSY
This document provides information about epilepsy, including its definition, types of seizures, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and classification of antiepileptic drugs. Some key points:
- Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures have focal or generalized onset in the brain.
- Common causes include genetic factors, brain injury, infections, tumors and metabolic imbalances. Symptoms vary depending on the seizure type and location in the brain.
- Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam, EEG, imaging and lab tests. Treatment involves antiepileptic drugs to reduce seizures, with drug choices based on seizure type.
- Major antiepileptic drug classes work
Abnormal EEG patterns
1. The document defines abnormal EEG patterns (AEPs) and describes two main types: non-epileptiform and epileptiform.
2. Non-epileptiform patterns include slow waves, which can be focal or diffuse, and amplitude/frequency asymmetry. Epileptiform patterns consist of spike and sharp waves that can be focal or generalized.
3. Specific AEPs are described such as benign rolandic epilepsy, 3/sec spike-wave, periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges, and others associated with various neurological conditions.
ppt on epilepsy
This document provides an overview of epilepsy including its etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Some key points include: Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures and can be caused by genetic or acquired factors in approximately 30% of cases. It affects about 50 per 100,000 people. Abnormalities in ion channels or inhibitory/excitatory neurotransmission in the brain lead to seizures. Treatment involves anti-seizure medications to modulate ion channels or inhibitory neurotransmission as well as non-pharmacological options like the ketogenic diet or neurostimulation devices for treatment-resistant cases.
Antiepileptics
Refractory seizures are seizures that do not respond to treatment with anti-epileptic drugs. They are most commonly seen in children and can be caused by unknown etiologies, genetic factors, or structural brain lesions. Evaluation of refractory seizures involves assessing for inborn errors of metabolism, infections, genetic syndromes, or other structural abnormalities through clinical exams, imaging, and metabolic testing of blood and urine. Intractable seizures are difficult to control and often associated with mesial temporal sclerosis, tuberous sclerosis, or other lesions.
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Epilepsy slides
This document provides an overview of epilepsy, including definitions of seizures and epilepsy, classification of seizures, and pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Key points include: seizures are spontaneous sustained discharges of neurons, while epilepsy is a tendency for recurrent seizures; seizures can be partial or generalized; AEDs work by modulating sodium channels, GABA, or calcium channels; first-line drugs for generalized seizures like carbamazepine and phenytoin can worsen absence seizures. The document concludes with questions to assess understanding.
Parkinson's disease
This document provides an overview of Parkinson's disease, including its etiology, incidence, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that affects the basal ganglia and is characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and postural instability.
- It has an annual incidence of 0.2 per 1000 people and prevalence of 1.5 per 1000. Risk increases with age.
- Pathologically it involves the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra and formation of Lewy bodies.
- Clinical diagnosis is based on the presence of cardinal motor symptoms
Epilepsy classification
This document discusses psychiatric presentations in epilepsy. It begins by noting the increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with epilepsy compared to the general population. It then categorizes psychiatric disorders seen in epilepsy into several groups: disorders related to the underlying brain pathology causing epilepsy, disorders related to the seizure occurrence itself (pre-ictal, ictal, post-ictal), and interictal psychiatric disorders not clearly related to seizures. Specific syndromes and disorders are discussed within each category. Ictal phenomena include epileptic auras, automatisms, and non-convulsive status epilepticus, which can resemble psychiatric symptoms but are distinguished by their brief and stereotyped nature.
Pathophysiology and management of epilepsy
This document discusses the pathophysiology and management of epilepsy. It defines epilepsy as a neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures that occur unpredictably. The causes of epilepsy can be genetic, acquired like head trauma, or of unknown origin. Seizures occur due to an imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain. Treatment involves both non-pharmacological options like surgery and ketogenic diets as well as pharmacological treatment with anti-epileptic drugs that work by various mechanisms such as enhancing GABA activity or blocking sodium channels. The document provides details on the classification, mechanisms, and use of various anti-epileptic drug classes.
EPILEPSY
This document provides information about epilepsy, including its definition, types of seizures, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and classification of antiepileptic drugs. Some key points:
- Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures have focal or generalized onset in the brain.
- Common causes include genetic factors, brain injury, infections, tumors and metabolic imbalances. Symptoms vary depending on the seizure type and location in the brain.
- Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam, EEG, imaging and lab tests. Treatment involves antiepileptic drugs to reduce seizures, with drug choices based on seizure type.
- Major antiepileptic drug classes work
Abnormal EEG patterns
1. The document defines abnormal EEG patterns (AEPs) and describes two main types: non-epileptiform and epileptiform.
2. Non-epileptiform patterns include slow waves, which can be focal or diffuse, and amplitude/frequency asymmetry. Epileptiform patterns consist of spike and sharp waves that can be focal or generalized.
3. Specific AEPs are described such as benign rolandic epilepsy, 3/sec spike-wave, periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges, and others associated with various neurological conditions.
ppt on epilepsy
This document provides an overview of epilepsy including its etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Some key points include: Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures and can be caused by genetic or acquired factors in approximately 30% of cases. It affects about 50 per 100,000 people. Abnormalities in ion channels or inhibitory/excitatory neurotransmission in the brain lead to seizures. Treatment involves anti-seizure medications to modulate ion channels or inhibitory neurotransmission as well as non-pharmacological options like the ketogenic diet or neurostimulation devices for treatment-resistant cases.
Antiepileptics
Refractory seizures are seizures that do not respond to treatment with anti-epileptic drugs. They are most commonly seen in children and can be caused by unknown etiologies, genetic factors, or structural brain lesions. Evaluation of refractory seizures involves assessing for inborn errors of metabolism, infections, genetic syndromes, or other structural abnormalities through clinical exams, imaging, and metabolic testing of blood and urine. Intractable seizures are difficult to control and often associated with mesial temporal sclerosis, tuberous sclerosis, or other lesions.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy- Definition, cause, Types of Epilepsy, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment options along with Mechanism of action
Seizures and epilepsy
- Seizures are caused by abnormal excessive neuronal activity in the brain and can be classified as either partial or generalized seizures. Partial seizures originate in a localized region of the brain while generalized seizures involve both hemispheres.
- Common types of generalized seizures include absence seizures, characterized by brief lapses of consciousness, and tonic-clonic seizures which involve tonic muscle contraction followed by clonic movements.
- Complex partial seizures originate in the temporal lobe and involve psychic experiences such as hallucinations followed by automatisms like lip smacking and confusion after the seizure.
Parkinson's disease n management
The document discusses Parkinson's disease (PD), including its classification, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, epidemiology, and management. PD is the most common form of parkinsonism, characterized by motor symptoms like tremors and rigidity. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms. Management includes non-pharmacological therapies as well as drugs to increase dopamine like levodopa, dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, COMT inhibitors, and anticholinergics. The goal of treatment is to manage motor symptoms and other non-motor issues.
Parkinson's disease
This document provides information about Parkinson's disease including causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, assessment, diagnosis, and nursing management. Parkinson's disease results from loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Key symptoms include tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Nursing focuses on managing mobility, self-care, communication, and coping through exercise, adaptive devices, swallowing techniques, and emotional support.
Parkinson's Disease (PD)
Module: Pharmacotherapy III
Module Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Postgraduate, Master of Pharmacy in Clinical Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
epilepsy Seminar
The document provides guidelines for the management of childhood epilepsy. It discusses the classification of seizures and epilepsy syndromes. Some key seizure types include partial seizures, generalized seizures like absence seizures, myoclonic seizures, atonic seizures, and tonic-clonic seizures. It also discusses approaches to diagnosing and treating common idiopathic or genetic epilepsy syndromes in children like benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes and childhood absence epilepsy. Treatment involves antiepileptic drugs and considering neuroimaging in some cases.
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This document discusses sensory ataxia, including its causes, clinical presentation, and differential diagnosis. Sensory ataxia results from disorders of the cerebellum, vestibular system, or sensory pathways. It is characterized by incoordination without significant weakness. Key findings include impaired proprioception, positive Romberg's sign, pseudoathetosis, and loss of vibration or joint position sense. Causes include peripheral neuropathies, paraneoplastic disorders, infections like HIV, autoimmune conditions like Sjogren's syndrome, and medications like chemotherapy. Dorsal root ganglionopathies commonly underlie sensory ataxia and can be assessed through nerve conduction studies and lumbar puncture. Distinguishing sensory
Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that causes motor symptoms like rigidity, bradykinesia, tremors, and impaired balance. It is caused by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Physical therapy focuses on improving motor skills through exercises to enhance flexibility, strength, balance, gait, and cardiovascular fitness. Treatment involves both pharmacological interventions and physical therapy techniques like cueing, relaxation exercises, and functional training. The goals are to reduce symptoms, improve mobility and quality of life, and help patients better manage their condition.
Management of schizophrenia
This document provides information on the management of schizophrenia. It defines schizophrenia and its symptoms. It discusses the phases of treatment including acute, stabilization, and maintenance phases. It covers diagnostic evaluation, pharmacological treatment including antipsychotic medication selection and dosing, and non-pharmacological treatment. It also addresses management of agitation, treatment of relapse, and prevention of recurrence. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms, reduce risk of relapse, and help patients improve functioning.
Parkinson's Disease - Neurology
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder caused by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. The document presents a case study of a 70-year old male farmer diagnosed with Parkinson's based on symptoms of mild tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. The patient was started on levodopa treatment to control his symptoms as there is no cure for Parkinson's, and treatment aims to prevent progression and delay motor complications.
EEG Epilepsy
The EEG measures electrical activity in the brain produced by excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials from pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex. It does not record individual action potentials. EEG waveforms reflect the summation of PSPs and can appear rhythmic or arrhythmic depending on the synchronization of neuronal activity. Factors like voltage, area of involvement, synchrony, and dipole location affect EEG waveforms. EEG is useful for detecting abnormal epileptiform patterns associated with seizures like spikes, sharp waves, and spike-and-wave discharges that help classify seizure types as partial or generalized.
Parkinson disease
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This document discusses Parkinson's disease (PD), including its diagnosis, progression, and treatment. PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons. The four cardinal symptoms are resting tremor, bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, and postural instability. Diagnosis involves confirming a parkinsonian syndrome and excluding other possible causes. Treatment focuses on reducing motor symptoms through pharmacological therapies like levodopa and dopamine agonists. As PD progresses, many patients experience motor fluctuations and dyskinesia that require adjustment of medications.
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Extrapyramidal symptoms. ... These symptoms include dystonia (continuous spasms and muscle contractions), akathisia (motor restlessness), parkinsonism (characteristic symptoms such as rigidity), bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and tremor, and tardive dyskinesia (irregular, jerky movements).
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Complex partial seizures
presentation that describe one type of epilepsy (complex partial seizures) based on a case scenario.
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Describes about the major neurodegenerative disorders such as Dementia,Alzhimers disease,Parkinsons disease,Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,etc.Their causes,symptoms and preventative measures.
Epilepsy
EPILEPSY is a brain disorder characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain causing seizures. It can be caused by genetic factors, brain injuries, infections, tumors, or other medical conditions. Symptoms vary depending on the type of seizure but may include changes in behavior, movement, sensations, or loss of awareness. Epilepsy is diagnosed through medical history, neurological exams, EEGs, and brain imaging. While there is no cure for epilepsy, seizures can often be controlled through medication or surgery. Lifestyle changes and safety precautions can also help reduce risk of seizures.
Parkinson disease.pdf
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome and, typically, when the condition
appears to be idiopathic and responsive to levodopa therapy, is referred
to as Parkinson’s disease1
• The four cardinal features of the parkinsonian syndrome are:2
– Bradykinesia
– Muscular rigidity
– Resting tremor
– Postural instability (and gait impairment)
• These features are not always observed in every patient, at any given
time
To make a diagnosis of PD, the physician must distinguish between
different forms of parkinsonism:1
– Parkinson’s disease
– Secondary parkinsonism
– Parkinsonism as part of another neurodegenerative disorder (e.g., multiple
system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, or
Lewy body dementia)
SCALES COMMONLY USED IN
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
RESEARCH
SCALES COMMONLY USED IN
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
RESEARCH
Parkinson's diseases
Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement. It occurs when nerve cells in the brain do not produce enough dopamine. The document outlines the symptoms, stages, causes, treatment, and animal models of Parkinson's disease. The main symptoms are motor symptoms like tremors and rigidity as well as non-motor symptoms like mood changes. Treatment focuses on replacing dopamine and managing symptoms, primarily using levodopa and dopamine agonists. Animal models aim to reproduce the features of Parkinson's through pharmacological or genetic means to better understand and research the disease.
Epilepsy.....
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures that result from abnormal neuronal activity in the brain. Seizures can be generalized, originating simultaneously across both hemispheres of the brain, or partial, originating in a localized region of the brain. Generalized seizures include absence seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, atonic seizures, and myoclonic seizures. Partial seizures can be simple, with motor, sensory or other symptoms but no change in consciousness, or complex, with impaired consciousness. Seizures can have various causes including genetic factors, head injuries, infections, or other acquired brain abnormalities. Evaluation and treatment involve diagnostic testing, medication, and management of any underlying conditions.
Epilepsy.ppt
Dr. Shamanthakamani Narendran provides an overview of epilepsy, including its definition, classification, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures and affects approximately 50 million people worldwide. It is usually controlled through medication, though not cured. The causes can be genetic, due to injury or illness, or idiopathic. Treatment involves medication to prevent or reduce seizures, and in some cases surgery may be an option.
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Epilepsy- Definition, cause, Types of Epilepsy, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment options along with Mechanism of action
Seizures and epilepsy
- Seizures are caused by abnormal excessive neuronal activity in the brain and can be classified as either partial or generalized seizures. Partial seizures originate in a localized region of the brain while generalized seizures involve both hemispheres.
- Common types of generalized seizures include absence seizures, characterized by brief lapses of consciousness, and tonic-clonic seizures which involve tonic muscle contraction followed by clonic movements.
- Complex partial seizures originate in the temporal lobe and involve psychic experiences such as hallucinations followed by automatisms like lip smacking and confusion after the seizure.
Parkinson's disease n management
The document discusses Parkinson's disease (PD), including its classification, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, epidemiology, and management. PD is the most common form of parkinsonism, characterized by motor symptoms like tremors and rigidity. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms. Management includes non-pharmacological therapies as well as drugs to increase dopamine like levodopa, dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, COMT inhibitors, and anticholinergics. The goal of treatment is to manage motor symptoms and other non-motor issues.
Parkinson's disease
This document provides information about Parkinson's disease including causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, assessment, diagnosis, and nursing management. Parkinson's disease results from loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Key symptoms include tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Nursing focuses on managing mobility, self-care, communication, and coping through exercise, adaptive devices, swallowing techniques, and emotional support.
Parkinson's Disease (PD)
Module: Pharmacotherapy III
Module Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Postgraduate, Master of Pharmacy in Clinical Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
epilepsy Seminar
The document provides guidelines for the management of childhood epilepsy. It discusses the classification of seizures and epilepsy syndromes. Some key seizure types include partial seizures, generalized seizures like absence seizures, myoclonic seizures, atonic seizures, and tonic-clonic seizures. It also discusses approaches to diagnosing and treating common idiopathic or genetic epilepsy syndromes in children like benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes and childhood absence epilepsy. Treatment involves antiepileptic drugs and considering neuroimaging in some cases.
Sensory ataxia
This document discusses sensory ataxia, including its causes, clinical presentation, and differential diagnosis. Sensory ataxia results from disorders of the cerebellum, vestibular system, or sensory pathways. It is characterized by incoordination without significant weakness. Key findings include impaired proprioception, positive Romberg's sign, pseudoathetosis, and loss of vibration or joint position sense. Causes include peripheral neuropathies, paraneoplastic disorders, infections like HIV, autoimmune conditions like Sjogren's syndrome, and medications like chemotherapy. Dorsal root ganglionopathies commonly underlie sensory ataxia and can be assessed through nerve conduction studies and lumbar puncture. Distinguishing sensory
Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that causes motor symptoms like rigidity, bradykinesia, tremors, and impaired balance. It is caused by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Physical therapy focuses on improving motor skills through exercises to enhance flexibility, strength, balance, gait, and cardiovascular fitness. Treatment involves both pharmacological interventions and physical therapy techniques like cueing, relaxation exercises, and functional training. The goals are to reduce symptoms, improve mobility and quality of life, and help patients better manage their condition.
Management of schizophrenia
This document provides information on the management of schizophrenia. It defines schizophrenia and its symptoms. It discusses the phases of treatment including acute, stabilization, and maintenance phases. It covers diagnostic evaluation, pharmacological treatment including antipsychotic medication selection and dosing, and non-pharmacological treatment. It also addresses management of agitation, treatment of relapse, and prevention of recurrence. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms, reduce risk of relapse, and help patients improve functioning.
Parkinson's Disease - Neurology
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder caused by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. The document presents a case study of a 70-year old male farmer diagnosed with Parkinson's based on symptoms of mild tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. The patient was started on levodopa treatment to control his symptoms as there is no cure for Parkinson's, and treatment aims to prevent progression and delay motor complications.
EEG Epilepsy
The EEG measures electrical activity in the brain produced by excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials from pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex. It does not record individual action potentials. EEG waveforms reflect the summation of PSPs and can appear rhythmic or arrhythmic depending on the synchronization of neuronal activity. Factors like voltage, area of involvement, synchrony, and dipole location affect EEG waveforms. EEG is useful for detecting abnormal epileptiform patterns associated with seizures like spikes, sharp waves, and spike-and-wave discharges that help classify seizure types as partial or generalized.
Parkinson disease
Comprehensive review of Parkinson disease; its clinical presentation, diagnosis, complications and treatment
parkinsons disease recent updates
This document discusses Parkinson's disease (PD), including its diagnosis, progression, and treatment. PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons. The four cardinal symptoms are resting tremor, bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, and postural instability. Diagnosis involves confirming a parkinsonian syndrome and excluding other possible causes. Treatment focuses on reducing motor symptoms through pharmacological therapies like levodopa and dopamine agonists. As PD progresses, many patients experience motor fluctuations and dyskinesia that require adjustment of medications.
Extrapyramidal disorders
Extrapyramidal symptoms. ... These symptoms include dystonia (continuous spasms and muscle contractions), akathisia (motor restlessness), parkinsonism (characteristic symptoms such as rigidity), bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and tremor, and tardive dyskinesia (irregular, jerky movements).
The Frontotemporal Dementias
This document provides an overview of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) including its causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management options. It discusses that FTD is caused by protein misfolding and accumulation in the brain. There are three main clinical variants - behavioral variant FTD, semantic dementia, and progressive nonfluent aphasia. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes and may include brain imaging. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms but medications have limited effectiveness. Caregiver burden can be high due to patient behaviors, so support groups are recommended.
Complex partial seizures
presentation that describe one type of epilepsy (complex partial seizures) based on a case scenario.
NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
Describes about the major neurodegenerative disorders such as Dementia,Alzhimers disease,Parkinsons disease,Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,etc.Their causes,symptoms and preventative measures.
Epilepsy
EPILEPSY is a brain disorder characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain causing seizures. It can be caused by genetic factors, brain injuries, infections, tumors, or other medical conditions. Symptoms vary depending on the type of seizure but may include changes in behavior, movement, sensations, or loss of awareness. Epilepsy is diagnosed through medical history, neurological exams, EEGs, and brain imaging. While there is no cure for epilepsy, seizures can often be controlled through medication or surgery. Lifestyle changes and safety precautions can also help reduce risk of seizures.
Parkinson disease.pdf
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome and, typically, when the condition
appears to be idiopathic and responsive to levodopa therapy, is referred
to as Parkinson’s disease1
• The four cardinal features of the parkinsonian syndrome are:2
– Bradykinesia
– Muscular rigidity
– Resting tremor
– Postural instability (and gait impairment)
• These features are not always observed in every patient, at any given
time
To make a diagnosis of PD, the physician must distinguish between
different forms of parkinsonism:1
– Parkinson’s disease
– Secondary parkinsonism
– Parkinsonism as part of another neurodegenerative disorder (e.g., multiple
system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, or
Lewy body dementia)
SCALES COMMONLY USED IN
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
RESEARCH
SCALES COMMONLY USED IN
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
RESEARCH
Parkinson's diseases
Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement. It occurs when nerve cells in the brain do not produce enough dopamine. The document outlines the symptoms, stages, causes, treatment, and animal models of Parkinson's disease. The main symptoms are motor symptoms like tremors and rigidity as well as non-motor symptoms like mood changes. Treatment focuses on replacing dopamine and managing symptoms, primarily using levodopa and dopamine agonists. Animal models aim to reproduce the features of Parkinson's through pharmacological or genetic means to better understand and research the disease.
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Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures that result from abnormal neuronal activity in the brain. Seizures can be generalized, originating simultaneously across both hemispheres of the brain, or partial, originating in a localized region of the brain. Generalized seizures include absence seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, atonic seizures, and myoclonic seizures. Partial seizures can be simple, with motor, sensory or other symptoms but no change in consciousness, or complex, with impaired consciousness. Seizures can have various causes including genetic factors, head injuries, infections, or other acquired brain abnormalities. Evaluation and treatment involve diagnostic testing, medication, and management of any underlying conditions.
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Epilepsy and seizures a deep insight- by Rxvichu!!
Hello friends..........................WISHING ALL STUDENTS, TEACHERS WORLDWIDE...A VERY HAPPY TEACHER'S DAY...............
I am happy to love being a teacher...and also blessed to guide many people along the way...................
PROUDLY, I RELEASE MY 15TH PPT, ON TEACHER'S DAY, REGARDING EPILEPSY AND SEIZURES...................
U will get all possible details that u need ....
Do review my ppt, and send me ur feedbacks.....
Thanks for reading and supporting my works till now...............
@rxvichu-alwz4uh!
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This document summarizes information about seizures and epilepsy. It defines a seizure as abnormal excessive neuronal discharge and epilepsy as a chronic seizure disorder. Seizures are classified as partial or generalized. Common causes of epilepsy include family history, head injuries, infections, and tumors. Diagnosis involves EEG and brain imaging. Treatment depends on seizure type but may include carbamazepine, lamotrigine, valproic acid, and other anticonvulsants. The majority of people with epilepsy live normal lives, as epilepsy is not contagious or a mental illness.
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This document provides an overview of angina pectoris (chest pain). It defines angina as a clinical syndrome caused by transient myocardial ischemia due to an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand in the heart. Angina is common in middle-aged and older adults and can be classified as stable, Prinzmetal's variant, or unstable. It is caused by conditions that limit blood supply to the heart like atherosclerosis or coronary artery spasm. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Risk factors include physical exertion, smoking, and hypertension. Treatment involves medications to relieve symptoms and improve blood flow as well as procedures like stents or bypass surgery.
Epilepsy & its management
This document provides an overview of epilepsy, including its epidemiology, classification, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and management. Epilepsy is a brain disorder caused by abnormal neuronal signaling that can cause changes in movement, behavior, or consciousness. Approximately 1% of the global population has epilepsy, with 80% of cases occurring in developing countries. While the specific cause is unknown in many cases, potential causes include brain trauma, lesions, infections, genetic factors, or substance abuse. Management involves use of anti-seizure medications like carbamazepine, phenytoin, and valproic acid. Surgery may also be an option for some patients to achieve total seizure control.
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Undergraduate lecture
Chronic Kidney Disease(CKD)
Etiology,Pathogenesis, Clinical Features
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G.2014 pathophysio~ (1'.introduction-lr)
1. Pathophysiology is the study of the underlying mechanisms by which diseases occur and develop, and the changes within the body caused by diseases. It focuses on alterations in structure, function, and metabolism.
2. Pathophysiology emphasizes the developmental process of diseases and disruptions to homeostasis. It examines alterations in function and metabolism and the mechanisms underlying disease development.
3. Pathophysiology plays an important role bridging basic medical sciences and clinical medicine by providing a theoretical basis for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
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The document discusses various epileptic syndromes categorized by age of onset - neonatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence-adult. For each syndrome, it provides information on defining features, age of onset, seizure types, EEG patterns, treatment and prognosis. The syndromes discussed include benign familial neonatal epilepsy, Ohtahara syndrome, West syndrome, Panayiotopoulos syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and others.
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This document discusses several epileptic encephalopathies:
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- Ohtahara syndrome presents from 10 days to 3 months of age with tonic spasms and a suppression-burst EEG pattern in both waking and sleep states. It can progress to West syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
- Lennox-Gastaut syndrome typically starts between ages 1-7 and is characterized by multiple seizure types, cognitive issues, and EEG showing slow spike-wave dis
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
This patient, a 65-year-old male, presented with 6 months of gradually worsening gait difficulties and incoordination. Over the past 4 months, he developed forgetfulness, hallucinations, and sensorium changes. Exams found rigidity, myoclonic jerks, and a non-reactive semi-conscious state. Imaging and tests were suggestive of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), a prion disease characterized by spongiform changes in the brain. A definitive diagnosis requires brain biopsy or autopsy.
Case history of spinal muscular atrophy
This is a case presentation of a 12-year-old girl who presented with bilateral ptosis, facial weakness, difficulty swallowing, and some hearing impairment that developed over 7 years. Examinations and tests showed signs of bulbar motor neuron involvement but normal muscle enzymes and nerve conduction studies. A review of literature on spinal muscular atrophy types suggests this patient has Type I bulbar SMA, characterized by sensorineural deafness and slow progression of bulbar palsy and weakness. Genetic testing may help confirm the diagnosis. Supportive management focuses on physical therapy and assisted ventilation if needed.
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This document provides information on the typical EEG patterns seen during different stages of infant and child development. It discusses the expected changes in background activity, sleep-wake cycles, reactivity, and transient patterns that occur from the neonatal period through childhood. It also outlines several abnormal EEG patterns seen in infants and children that are associated with various epileptic syndromes or cerebral dysfunction.Status epilepticus
1. A 27-year-old female presented with sudden loss of language over 2 days. She had a history of left parietal lobe trauma and hematoma requiring craniectomy at age 19. CT showed a new left parietal lobe lesion.
2. The diagnosis is aphasic status epilepticus, likely caused by the new left parietal lobe lesion seen on CT.
3. Status epilepticus is a medical emergency requiring prompt treatment to stop seizures and prevent complications. The goals of management are to maintain vital functions, stop seizures, identify and treat the underlying cause, and manage any sequelae.
Bdak2 epilepsy
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. It can be classified as generalized seizures originating from both hemispheres of the brain or focal seizures arising from one hemisphere. The majority of childhood epilepsy cases are idiopathic, while secondary causes include brain malformations, infections, tumors or trauma. Diagnosis involves clinical history and examination along with an EEG. Treatment primarily consists of antiepileptic drug monotherapy tailored to the seizure type, with the goal of seizure control and prevention of recurrence. Status epilepticus is a medical emergency defined by prolonged or repeated seizures, and requires rapid treatment to prevent neurological injury.
Frontal syndrome and mid-brain lesion
A 56-year-old Syrian woman presented with progressive brainstem and frontal syndrome symptoms. MRI showed a lesion in the lower midbrain along with smaller subcortical lesions. She developed coma but recovered consciousness with steroids, though remained with severe frontal deficits. The clinical picture is best explained by granulomatous angiitis of the nervous system.
A Case of Cerebral Schwannoma
A 16-year-old boy presented with fever and seizures and was found to have a brain lesion. Imaging showed a right fronto-parietal lesion which was biopsied and found to be a schwannoma, a rare type of brain tumor. He underwent tumor resection, experienced reduced seizures and papilledema, and was discharged with residual neurological deficits. This highlights the importance of thorough evaluation of recurrent seizures, especially in those not well-controlled by medication, as it can identify underlying structural causes like brain tumors.
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This document contains descriptions of several pediatric medical cases involving children presenting with seizures, fever, vomiting, and other neurological symptoms. For each case, it lists key questions about the presenting symptoms, possible diagnoses, imaging findings, causative agents or etiologies, recommended treatments and management plans. The document also contains a list of various pediatric neurological conditions.
Infantile spasm and hypsarrythmia
This document provides a case history, physical examination findings, differential diagnosis, workup, management, and background information on infantile spasms for a 14-month-old male patient presenting with developmental delays, frequent falling, and nonspecific babbling. The patient has axial and appendicular hypotonia on exam. Initial workup including metabolic tests and brain MRI were normal. The patient was started on vigabatrin to treat a presumptive diagnosis of infantile spasms. Further sections provide details on the classification, diagnostic criteria including characteristic EEG patterns, and treatment approaches for infantile spasms.
Seizures in childhood
this ppt presentation has covered almost all points from latest edition of Nelson textbook of Pediatrics.
Eses
Electrical status epilepticus in sleep (ESES) is an electroencephalographic pattern showing significant epileptiform discharges during sleep. Two clinical syndromes associated with ESES are continuous spike wave in slow-wave sleep (CSWS) and Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS). CSWS often presents with global regression and loss of language or cognitive skills, while LKS primarily involves language regression. Treatment of ESES focuses on antiepileptic drugs and corticosteroids, with the goal of resolving seizures and discharges to improve long-term neuropsychological outcomes.
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A 13-year-old male presented with weakness and sensory loss in his limbs following a tonsillectomy. Upon examination, he had hypotonia, areflexia, and loss of sensation in his lower limbs. Tests showed mildly elevated white blood cell count and mildly low sodium levels. He was treated with antibiotics, IV immunoglobulins, and plasmapheresis. Although sensation initially improved with treatment, the patient's condition deteriorated and he died from respiratory failure, suggesting a diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Differential diagnoses for childhood Guillain-Barré syndrome include botulism, myasthenia gravis, transverse myelitis, and infections causing polio-like symptoms.
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This document summarizes infantile spasms (West syndrome), a rare and severe type of epilepsy that typically occurs in infancy. It describes the clinical features including characteristic spasms and EEG pattern called hypsarrhythmia. Etiologies can include brain malformations, tuberous sclerosis, perinatal insults, and cryptogenic cases. Optimal treatment aims to quickly control seizures to improve developmental outcomes, with vigabatrin found to be most effective but also carrying risks of visual field defects.
Neurologic Emergencies - Dr. Michael Oubre
A 39-year-old woman presented with right facial weakness and blurry right eye vision. On examination, she had right facial droop and inability to fully raise her right eyebrow or wrinkle her forehead. She was diagnosed with Bell's palsy. Steroids are recommended for treatment as they improve recovery rates. The addition of antivirals may provide additional benefit for severe cases.
4.Seizures updated.pdf
This document discusses seizures in childhood. It begins with objectives of identifying key elements in evaluating individuals with seizures, recognizing features of febrile seizures, and distinguishing epileptic from non-epileptic seizures. It then covers definitions, classifications of seizures including infantile spasms and febrile convulsions, investigations such as EEG and imaging, management of status epilepticus, anti-seizure medications, and seizure-like disorders that can mimic epilepsy.
Benign neonatal and_infantile_ seizures_ Dr Santhosh Dash NIMHANS
Benign neonatal and infantile seizures can be difficult to diagnose but it is important to identify the benign types to avoid unnecessary treatment. The document discusses several types of benign seizures including benign idiopathic neonatal seizures (BINC), benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNC), and benign neonatal sleep myoclonus. It also covers symptomatic seizures with good outcomes and benign infantile seizures such as benign familial infantile seizures. The clinical features, investigations, genetics, and management of these conditions are reviewed through case examples and research findings.
Overview of neonatal epilepsy syndromes.pptx
This document provides an overview of several neonatal epilepsy syndromes:
1) Self-limited neonatal epilepsy is characterized by focal tonic seizures in the first weeks that resolve by 6 months, caused by genes KCNQ2 and KCNQ3.
2) Early infantile developmental and epileptic encephalopathy includes Ohtahara syndrome and early myoclonic encephalopathy, presenting with severe, intractable seizures in the first months associated with developmental impairment.
3) Pyridoxine-dependent and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate oxidase deficiency developmental and epileptic encephalopathy cause seizures beginning prenatally or at birth responsive to pyridoxine/pyridoxamine
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Epilepsy- classification and types in children. Download to see videos.
- 1. Tarun Prudvi B MBBS IV year. Classification, Clinical features, Pathophysiology Of EPILEPSY
- 7. Tonic-clonic seizure Focal partial seizure
- 9. Infantile spasm AGE GROUP: 3 mnth -1 YEARS. MIXED (M.C). Salaam spells, developmental retardation. Poor prognosis. EEG: HYPSARRHYTHMIA.
- 10. CHILDHOOD SEIZURES BENIGN INTERMEDIATE CATASTROPHIC 2- 12 YEARS
- 11. BENIGN Benign Rolandic epilepsy AGE GROUP: 4-10 YEARS. SIMPLE PARTIAL SEIZURE. USUALLY DURING SLEEP. ASS W/ ABNORMAL MOVEMENTS OF TONGUE AND FACE. SECONDARY GENERALISED. EEG: CENTRO-TEMPORAL SPIKES.
- 12. BENIGN Benign Occipital epilepsy Any type seizure, no clear clinical course w/ visual aura. EEG: OCCIPITAL SPIKE WAVES
- 13. 4-10 years. NEUROLOGICALLY NORMAL. EEG: CLASSIC 3Hz WAVE SPIKES. MEDICATION MAY BE UNSUCCESSFUL OFTEN W/ COAGNITIVE DISORDERS/ LEARNING PROBLEMS. HYPERVENTILATION TEST. Childhood absence epilepsy
- 15. Same as absence seizure. But ass w/ strong detrusor contraction. Frequent. MEDICATION MAY BE UNSUCCESSFUL OFTEN W/ COAGNITIVE DISORDERS/ LEARNING PROBLEMS. CHILDREN CONSTANTLY WET. Micturational absence
- 16. Same as absence seizure. CHILD STOPS SUDDENLY, ARMS EXTENDED & RATCHET UPWARD WITH JERKING MOTION. EEG: 3Hz spike wave MEDICATION MAY BE UNSUCCESSFUL, VERY RESISTENT. OFTEN W/ COAGNITIVE DISORDERS/ LEARNING PROBLEMS. Myoclonic absence
- 18. Marked eyelid and upper face jerky movements. Very resistant to Rx. Absence w/ eyelid myoclonus
- 19. Absence w/ eyelid myoclonus
- 20. CRYPTOGENIC PARTIAL SEIZURES TRUE BENIGN. NORMAL INTELIGENCE. CANNOT BE CLASSIFIED AS ANYOTHER BENIGN CONDITION. NO TREATMENT IS USUALLY REQUIRED
- 21. CONTINUES SPIKE -WAVE IN SLOW SLEEPCATASTROPHIC RESTRICTED TO CHILDHOOD USUALLY. PARTIAL SEIZURE + COGNITIVE DETIORIATION EEG: SPIKES WAVES DURING SLOW WAVE SLEEP. THIS MAY PROLONG TO MANY YEARS OR STOPS ABRUPTLY.
- 22. LANDAU-KLEFFNER SYNDROMECATASTROPHIC 1-8 YEARS. PREVIOUSLY NORMAL. SERIOUS LANGUAGE DETERIORATION, BEHAVIOUR DETRIMENT. FOCAL OR GENERALIZED SEIZURES. (MIXED GENERALISED SEIZURES) EEG: HIGH FREQUENCY, HIGH SPIKES.
- 23. Lennox Gastaut syndromeCATASTROPHIC AKINETIC SEIZURES + MENTAL HANDICAP + SLOW GENERALISED SPIKES ON EEG NON-CONVULSIVE STATUS – CHILD NON RESPONSIVE, DOESN’T PLAY, INTERACT.
- 25. MYOCLONIC ASTATIC SEIZURESCATASTROPHIC DROP ATTACKS. IF SEVERE RESEMBLE LGS
- 26. END