LESSON 5 MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS.pptx

MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT
GOALS (MDGs)
LESSON 5

MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs)
 All 189 United Nations member states at the time (there are 193 currently) and at
least 23 international organizations committed to help achieve the Millennium
Development Goals by 2015.
 The MDGs are eight goals that were established following the Millennium Summit
of the United Nations in 2000.
 They were to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental
degradation, and discrimination against women.

MDG 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
 Target 1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income
is less than one dollar a day
 Target 1.B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all
including women and young people
 Target 1.C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer
from hunger

MDG 2: Achieve universal primary education
 Target: Ensure that, by 2015 children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to
complete a full course of primary schooling
MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
 Target: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by
2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015
MDG 4: Reduce child mortality
 Target: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015 the under-five mortality rate

MDG 5: Improve maternal health
 Target A: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality
ratio
 Target B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
 Target A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
 Target B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all who
need it
 Target C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and
other major diseases

MDG 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
 Target A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and
programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources
 Target B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate
of loss
 Target C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water
and basic sanitation
 Target D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100
million slum dwellers

MDG 8: Develop a global partnership for development
 Target A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory
trading and financial system
 Includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty
reduction—both nationally and internationally
 Target B: Address the special needs of the least developed countries
 Target C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small
islands developing states (through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable
Development of Small Island Developing states and the outcome of the twenty-
second special session of the General Assembly)

MDG 8: Develop a global partnership for
development
 Target D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries
through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in
the long term
 Target E: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to
affordable essential drugs in developing countries
 Target F: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new
technologies, especially information and communications

KENYA’S PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS- 2014
MDG 1- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
 Kenya has significantly reduced the proportion of its population living below the
absolute poverty line from 52.0% in 2000 to 45.2% in 2009 (Kenya National
Household Survey).
 There was marked improvement in the poverty to gap ratio from 6.3% in 2005 to
12.2% in 2009.
 Whereas the country is yet to carry out a poverty survey to ascertain the poverty
and welfare levels, the World Bank’s Kenya Economic Outlook report places the
poverty level at between 34% and 42%, implying a further reduction of poverty.

Ongoing interventions:
 Promotion of fish farming enterprises through adoption of aquaculture
 Introduction of “Njaa Marufuku” Kenya which aims at capacity building farmers to
increase food productivity and improve food security at household level
 National Accelerated Agricultural Inputs Project (NAAIAP) which provides farmers with
fertilizer and seeds at a subsidized price
 Expanded Irrigation Programme where 81 irrigation schemes with 3,800 acres of land
under crop were operationalized including launch of the Tana Delta Irrigation Scheme
 Small Holder Dairy Commercialization Project

 Kenya Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Programme
 Protection Programmes for orphaned and vulnerable children (OVCs), the elderly and
people living with disability (PLDs)
 Establishment of the Youth Empowerment Programmes such as; the Youth Enterprise
Fund (YEF) which provides credit to the youth, subsidized youth polytechnic tuition fees
(SYPT), establishment of the youth empowerment centers which offers a variety of
services to young people including employment information and career development,
Kenya Youth empowerment project which sponsors training and internship programmes
and the ‘Yes Jump’ Kenya programme to address youth unemployment and lately the
hustler fund.

MDG 2- Achieve universal primary education
 Kenya is likely to achieve the goal on universal primary education by 2015, given the steady
increase in primary schools Gross Enrollment Rate from 110% in 2009 to 115% in 2011, Net
Enrolment Rate increased from 67.8% in 2000 to 95.3% in 2012.
 Primary to secondary school transition rate increased from 66.9 % in 2009 to 73.3% in 2011.
 Literacy rates among 15-24 year old has increased from 80.3% in 2000 to 94.4% in 2010
(ICT Survey 2010).

 Continued implementation of Free Primary Education
 Expansion of Free Day Secondary School Education Programme
 Allocation of funds by the Government to hire more teachers and development of education
and training to facilitate infrastructural development in learning institutions
 Expansion of the School Feeding Programme to cover all Arid and Semi Arid Lands areas as
mitigation to the effects of famine and drought on access and retention
 Economic Stimulus Programme and Constituency Development Fund to expand school
infrastructure through the construction of new schools and rehabilitation of existing ones,
purchase and rehabilitation of equipment

MDG 3- promote gender equality and empower women
 The girl to boy ratio in primary schools increased from 0.95 in 2000 to 0.98 in 2012
indicating that gender parity in primary education is likely to be achieved.
 The ratio of girls to boys in secondary school increased from 0.85 in 2007 to 0.98
in 2012.
 The Constitution of Kenya which advocates for affirmative action to elevate
women’s representation has increased, the proportion of women in public
institutions increased from 32.4% in 2008 to 38% in 2012.

 The number of female members both in the National Assembly and Senate is 23% in 2017
while women occupy 28.5% and 25.6% of positions as Cabinet Secretaries and Principal
Secretaries respectively (2019).
 The number of girls enrolling for secondary and tertiary education has also increased
significantly since 2000.
 Provision of sanitary towels to school girls to ensure that school attendance is not
disrupted
 Establishment of the Women Enterprise Development Fund (WEF), Youth Enterprise Fund,
UWEZO Fund and 30% preference and reservations on public procurement among other
interventions to ensure socio-economic empowerment of women

 The Anti-Female Genital Mutilation Board has been established and resourced to
reverse and end the practice
 Implementation of the Constitution that advocates affirmative action to elevate
women’s representation in the National and County Assemblies

MDG 4 - Reduce child mortality
 By 2009, the infant mortality rates had reduced to 52 deaths per 1,000 live births
from 77 in 2003, while the under-five mortality rate decreased to 74 deaths per
1,000 live births from 115 in 2003. The input of extra resources for child survival is
showing results.
 Immunization coverage stands at 82% in 2018 (MOH, 2019). Drugs for HIV
prevention of mother to child transmission are available in all Government health
facilities. To achieve this goal, more efforts were needed to increase the uptake of
both pre and post-natal services to 100% by 2015.

MDG 4 - Reduce child mortality
 Implementation of the Child Survival and Development Strategy 2008-2015
 Nation-wide door to door vaccination campaign against polio and measles
targeting children under 5 years, introduction of pneumococcal (pneumonia)
vaccine for infants under one year
 Development of strategies, guidelines and policies namely Community Maternal
Newborn Care guidelines, Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI)
guidelines, Child-Mother Health Nutrition Strategy (Malezi Bora)

MDG 5- Improve maternal health
 The Kenya Demographic Health Survey (KDHS) 2008/09 report shows that trained
health personnel attend to 44% of births in Kenya. The maternal mortality rates
increased from 414 per 100,000 live births in 2003 to 488 per 100,000 live births in
2009. However, the 2009 census analytical report of 2010 indicates maternal
mortality of 495 per 100,000 live births.
 Contraceptive use among married women, increased from 39.3% in 2003 to 66.3%
in 2015.

 In June 2013, the Government abolished maternity charges in all public health facilities
 Allocation of budgets to hire 30 additional nurses per constituency
 The Government has also developed and implemented policies, guidelines and strategies
such as the National Population Policy for Sustainable Development, the National
Reproductive Health Policy, the Adolescent Reproductive Health and Development Policy
and the National Reproductive Health Strategy (2009-2015)
 Other interventions include “Beyond Zero Campaign” aimed at fundraising for mobile
clinics to address pregnancy and HIV related complications

MDG 6- Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
 According to the Kenya Aids Indicator Survey (KAIS), the HIV prevalence for youth
aged 15-24 years indicates a reduction from 3.8% in 2007 to 2.1 % in 2012. There
have been sustained efforts to reduce new infections such as the yearly HIV Testing
Campaigns by the National Aids Control Council.
 Kenya has reached the World Health Organization targets on tuberculosis, that is,
case detection rate of 70% and achieved 85% treatment success rate. This indicates
stabilization and a reversal of the previous trend.

 The proportion of Kenyan households owning at least one Insecticide Treated Net rose
from 6% in 2003 (KDHS 2003) to 56% in 2008/09. The proportion of under-five
children using ITNs increased from 5% in 2003 and to 42.2 % in 2010 (KMIS), while
that of pregnant women similarly increased from 4% in 2003 and 40% in 2007 to 49%
in 2008/09.
 This improvement can be attributed to issuing of 3.4 million Insecticide Treated Nets
(ITNs) by the Government for malaria control for use by children and pregnant
women.
 Meanwhile 68% of under-five children received nets. Indoor residual spraying, aimed
at controlling mosquitoes, was conducted in more than 600,000 households in 16
malaria prone areas.

Ongoing Interventions:
 Free TB testing and treatment programme in all Government health facilities and
implementation of internationally recommended TB Directly Observed Treatment short
course, strategy for TB control worldwide, screening of all People Living with HIV/AIDS for
TB
 Kenya Health Policy 2012-2030, which strengthen the capacity for malaria diagnosis and
treatment through Rapid Diagnostic Kits, training of health workers on malaria prevention,
diagnosis and case management
 Free Antiretroviral Treatment, that give free Voluntary Counseling and Testing centers
across Kenya and undertaking Voluntary Medically Assisted Adult Male Circumcision
Program (VMMC)
 Development of the National Health Sector Strategic Plan (2005-2010), the National
Malaria Strategy (NMS 2009 –2017), the National Malaria Monitoring and Evaluation plan
2009 – 2017, Malaria Communication Strategy, the New Malaria Endemicity Map and the
Kenya National HIV and Aids Strategic Plan

MDG 7- Ensure environmental sustainability
 Proportion of land covered by forest was 6.6% in 2011 from 6.3 % in 2003 against a
2015 target of 10%.
 The proportion of Kenyan households drawing their drinking water from clean
sources was at 52.6 % while the proportion of households with access to improved
sanitation was at 61.2 % in 2009.
 Implementation of the Population Policy for National Development in 2012

Cont. MDG 7: Ongoing
 Enactment of the National Environment Policy and Environment Management and
Coordination Act (1999) and others such as the Forest Act of 2005, Forest Policy (2007)
and Environment Policy
 Implementation of the Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Programme (KISIP) in
2012 alongside the Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme (KENSUP) and implementation of
the Constitution that requires responsible forestry in collaboration with stakeholders to
ensure tree cover of at least 10% by 2030 (In 1963 it was  10%)

 Implementation of the National Water Services Strategy (2007-2015) for
underserved population segments in both urban and rural, development of the
National Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy (2007)
 Initiation of large-scale afforestation programmes by engaging unemployed youth
and reclamation programme of the country’s main forests
 Establishing housing technology centers in each constituency and establishing
specific building materials and low-cost housing
 Establishment of a secondary mortgage finance corporation to increase access to
housing finance

MDG 8- Develop a global partnership for development
In the arena of information and communication technology, the country has made great
strides. The number of mobile phone subscribers rose by approximately 6,000% from
180,000 in 2000 to 29.7 million in 2012. It is currently estimated that at least 91% of the
Kenyan population have mobile phones (2019). The number of internet users is also
expected to be higher than 44.1 per 100 population reported in 2011 due to the
introduction of mobile phone internet access. There is the deployment of fiber optic cabling
which by now has resulted into better connectivity as well as reduced cost of connectivity.
Current internet connectivity is 83% (2019)

 Implementation of the Kenya National ICT Strategy for Economic Growth Paper (2006)
 The National ICT Policy
 Konza Technology City
 Fast-tracking countrywide laying of optical fibre connectivity through the National Fibre
Optic Backbone Initiative (NOFBI)
 Provision of laptops for standard one pupils
 Introduction of mobile banking

CHALLENGES
While Kenya made good progress towards the achievement of the MDGs, there are several major
challenges and bottlenecks that slowed down the process thus affecting progress, such as:
 Unemployment and persistent poverty
 Unfavorable weather conditions affecting food production
 High population growth
 Weak governance and corruption
 Overall, it is noted that many of these problems have arisen due to the fact that the economic
gains realized under the Economic Recovery Strategy were unevenly distributed, and the
country has faced several internal and external crises e.g post-election violence, terrorism,
influx of refugees from neighboring countries etc.

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