The document provides comprehensive guidelines on scientific writing, including how to write and structure a scientific paper, the types of scientific papers, and publishing processes. It outlines essential components like the title, authorship, abstract, materials and methods, results, discussion, conclusion, acknowledgments, and references, along with specific formatting and citation rules. Additionally, it offers instructions on how to publish papers, check citation indexes, publish a book, and prepare for the NET exam.

1. SCIENTIFIC WRITING
Dr. J. P. Saranraj M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D., NET
Assistant Professor
Department of Microbiology
Sacred Heart College (Autonomous)
Tirupattur, Vellore District.
Mobile: 9994146964
E.mail: microsaranraj@gmail.com

2. Answers to be find out in this Session
1) How to write the Scientific Paper?
2) What is the difference between Scientific paper
and Dissertation?
3) How to publish Scientific Papers?
4) How to take our Published paper to worldwide?
5) How to check our Citation Index?
6) How to publish Book?
7) How to pass NET Exam in easy way?

3. GENERAL
INSTRUCTIONS
FOR SCIENTIFIC
WRITING

4. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Use Standard Abbreviations and avoid
nonstandard abbreviations.
Use hr for hour, min for minute, sec for
seconds, yrs for years, mon for month, wk for
week, d for days. Use ‘Fig.’ if singular and
‘Figs.’ for plural.
Do not abbreviate the Genus and Species names.
Genus and species names, et al., in situ, in vitro & in
vivo should be in italics font.

5. Only International System (SI) units should be
used for all measurements.
Use the symbol % only with numerals in tables
and figures. Do not leave space between the
number and the symbol %.
In the text use the word percentage (e.g.,
percentage of infection).
The sentence should not start with numbers (e.g.,
10 gram of soil was added – Wrong format;
Ten gram of soil was added – Correct format)

6. How to write
the Scientific
Papers?

7. TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS
Original Research Articles.
Review Articles.
Shot Communication Papers.

8. Original Research
Articles

9. SEQUENCE OF RESEARCH ARTICLE
1) Title
2) Author Address
3) Abstract
4) Introduction
5) Materials and Methods
6) Results and Discussion
7) Conclusion
8) Acknowledgement (if any)
9) References

10. 1. TITLE
The Title must be
 Brief
 Clear
Descriptive.
Title should be Bold and Uppercase.
Title should include the Study theme.
No abbreviations allowed.

11. 2. AUTHOR ADDRESS
Each authors must provide their Full name,
Institution name, Institutional address and
E.mail address.
The Corresponding author of the manuscript to
whom the correspondence is to be send must be marked
with an asterisk*.
It is the sole responsibility of the Corresponding author
to ensure that all co-authors are aware and have
approved each and every part/content of the
submitted manuscript.

12. 3. ABSTRACT
Abstract - Short summary of the research work.
The Abstract must not more than 250 words.
Abstract should be as single paragraph.
Do not cite references in the Abstract.
All the four categories (Original research articles,
Review articles, Short communications & Case reports)
must have an Abstract.
Minimum 4 key words and maximum 7 key words
are to be provided by the authors. The key words should
by typed at the end of the Abstract.

13. 4. INTRODUCTION
The Introduction part should provide a clear
statement of the problems.
Introduction must be clear and concise.
Authors should state the reasons for
carrying out the research work and
background of the study.
The aim of the research should be
given in the end of the Introduction.

14. 5. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Material and Methods should be written in past tense and
include sufficient technical information.
Only truly novel procedures should be described in
detail; earlier published procedures should be cited.
Information on the equipment model, manufacturers
name and address including the city, state and
country should be provided.
In case of animal experiments authors must give the
details of ethical approval.
Methods in general use need not be described in
detail.

15. 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Results and Discussion may be combined into a
single section or presented separately.
Results and their significance should be presented
clearly and concisely, preferably in the form of
Graphs (Title Below) or Tables (Title Above)
which should be self explanatory.
Statistical significance of measurements must be
included where relevant.
Results should be written in past tense.

16. The Discussion should provide an interpretation
of the results and their significance with
regard to previously published work.
Discussion should relate the results to current
understanding of the scientific problems
being investigated in the field.
There should not be any significant
repetition of the experimental procedures
or reiteration of the introduction.

17. 7. CONCLUSION
Manuscript should have relevant brief conclusion
and should reflect the importance and
future scope.
The main conclusions of the experimental
work should be presented.
The contribution of the work to the
scientific community and its economic
implications should be emphasized.

18. 8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In this section, the authors may wish to thank
some research institutions, funding
agencies, companies, or governmental
bodies, grants or people who have
contributed or financially supported the research
from which the manuscript is derived.

19. 9. REFERENCES
References should be listed at the end of the
paper.
Check and include all the references mentioned in
the text.
Reference Types: (i) Harvard System – Author’s
name, E.g Sharma et al. (2010) and (ii) Vancouver
system – Numbering, E.g [1], [1,2], [1 to 4].

20. Textual Citations
Single Author - (Parker, 2011); Parker (2011)
Two Authors - (Smayda and Reynolds, 2012);
Smayda and Reynolds (2012)
More than Two Authors - (Falkowski et al.,
1998); Falkowski et al. (1998)
Multiple Citations (Braarud, 1945; Ballek and
Swift, 1986; Figuiras et al., 2013)
Multiple Publications by the Same Authors
- (Anderson, 1989a, b, c, d, e, f; 1997; 2009)

21. Review
Paper

22. REVIEW PAPER
Review articles should preferably be written by
researchers who have in-depth knowledge of the
topic.
Review articles should contain comprehensive coverage
of relevant literature.
All format requirements are similar to those applicable to
Research papers.
Review articles need not to be divided into sections
such as Materials and methods, and Results and discussion,
but should definitely have an Abstract,
Introduction, Conclusion and References.

23. Short
Communications

24. SHORT COMMUNICATIONS
The Short Communications is suitable for new
models, innovative methods and techniques.
It is similar to original research papers, but
with limited data (maximum 3,000 words).
This section should be organized as follows:
Abstract, Introduction, Materials and
Methods, Results and Discussion (combined)
and References.
Not more than 10 references should be
provided.

25. How to Publish
the Scientific
Papers?

26. HOW TO PUBLISH SCIENTIFIC
PAPERS?
National Journals
International Journals – Open Access
Journals and Subscription Journals.
Conference Proceedings – With ISBN
Number.

27. SELECTION OF INTERNATIONAL
JOURNALS FOR PUBLICATION
ISSN Number
Peer Review
Impact Factor
Available in Google Scholar
DOI (Digital Object Image) Number
Indexed in various agencies

28. How to take our
Published papers
to Worldwide?

29. Research Gate
Research Gate is a social networking site for
scientists and researchers to share papers,
ask and answer questions, and find
collaborators.
https://www.researchgate.net/

30. Academia.edu
Academia.edu is a social
networking website for academics. It can be
used to share papers, monitor their
impact, and follow the research in a
particular field.
https://www.academia.edu/

31. How to check
our Citation
Index?

32. Google Scholar
Google Scholar is a freely
accessible web search engine that
indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly
literature across an array of publishing formats
and disciplines.
https://scholar.google.co.in/

33. How to publish
Book?

34. TYPES OF BOOKS
1) Monograph Books – Conversion of
Thesis to Book.
2) Text Books – For College Students.
3) Book Chapters – Similar to Review
paper.
ISBN Number is must for all the published Books

35. How to pass NET
Exam in easy
way?

36. ICAR – ASRB - NET
 Conducted by Indian Council of Agriculture Research –
Agricultural Scientists Requirement Board.
 Certificate is Equivalent to CSIR and UGC NET
Certificate.
 Call for – Randomly throughout the year.
 Age limit – 21 years and more.
 Number of Attempts – Multiple.
 Application Mode – Online
 Examination Centre – Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad,
Mumbai and Other Cities.
 Examination Fees – Unreserved (Rs. 1000), OBC (Rs.
500) and SC/ST/Women candidates (Rs. 250).

37. ICAR – ASRB - NET
 Exam Mode – Online
 Subjects – Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural
Biotechnology, Animal Biochemistry and Plant
Biochemistry.
 Question type – 150 Objective Questions.
 Negative Marking – Yes (0.3 for one Wrong answer).
 Percentage for Qualification: Unreserved – 50 %; OBC –
45 % and SC/ST – 40 %.
 Result – Released within 1 month.
 NET Certificate – Will send within 4 months.