Napoleon was one of the greatest military commanders in history who conquered much of Europe. He centralized power in France and introduced important legal reforms like the Napoleonic Code, though he also ruled as a tyrant, controlling the press and censoring dissent. Napoleon's expansion of his empire through military victories led him to invade Russia in 1812, which proved to be his downfall as his army was decimated in the Russian winter.

1. Chapter 4
The Napoleonic Era

2. Napoleon I
Emperor of the French
1769 - 1821
“Ambition is never content
even on the summit of
greatness.”
Napoleon Bonaparte

3. Introduction
• Napoleon was one of the greatest military
commanders in history.
• He has also been portrayed as a power hungry
conqueror.
• Napoleon denied being such a conqueror. He argued
that he was building a federation of free peoples in a
Europe united under a liberal government.
• But if this was his goal, he intended to achieve it by
taking power in his own hands.
• However, in the states he created, Napoleon granted
constitutions, introduced law codes, abolished
feudalism, created efficient governments and fostered
education, science, literature and the arts.

4. Law Codes
Emperor Napoleon proved to be an excellent civil
administrator:
• One of his greatest achievements was his supervision
of the revision and collection of French law into codes.
• The new law codes—seven in number—incorporated
some of the freedoms gained by the people of France
during the French revolution, including religious
toleration and the abolition of serfdom.
• The most famous of the codes, the Code Napoleon or
Code Civil, still forms the basis of French civil law.
• Napoleon also centralized France's government by
appointing prefects to administer regions called
departments, into which France was divided.

5. His Rule
• While Napoleon believed in government "for"
the people, he rejected government "by" the
people.
• His France was a police state with a vast
network of secret police and spies.
• The police shut down plays containing any hint
of disagreement or criticism of the government.
• The press was controlled by the state.
• It was impossible to express an opinion without
Napoleon's approval.

6. Napoleon's own opinion of his career is best
stated in the following quotation:
“I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought
order out of chaos. I rewarded merit
regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I
found it. I abolished feudalism and restored
equality to all regardless of religion and
before the law. I fought the decrepit
monarchies of the Old Regime because the
alternative was the destruction of all this. I
purified the Revolution.”

7. Making France Strong
• 1799, Napoleon helped to overthrow the
Directory (French Gov’t) because it was
inefficient and corrupt.
• He was named First Consul after seizing
power.
• He set about to improve French life:
1. bring new laws together with old laws – Civil
Code – what did it guarantee?
2. started public works – How?
• Economy was still not strong – the industries

8. Napoleon the Emperor
• He tried to destroy democracy in France
• Became more of a tyrant than any of the rulers
of the ancient regime
• Ancient views about women
• 1804, crowned himself Emperor of France
• Complete control of the country
• Secret police force
• Controlled media, law, and education system censorship

9. Napoleon & Europe
• Napoleon waged war with most of Europe
trying to expand his empire in the 1800s.
• Take notes on Britain versus Napoleon –
first paragraph on p. 104.

10. Napoleon’s Continental System
• Activity 4-4:
Advantages
Disadvantages

11. Conquering Europe
• Napoleon knew that his power came from his
military victories.
• He believed he could defeat any army, and did,
beating the armies of Austria, Russia, and
Prussia.
• Used speed and surprise to win major battles at
Ulm, Austerlitz, and Jena.
• His enemies signed the Treaty of Tilsit (1807),
giving Napoleon control of Europe.

12. Europe in 1789

13. The New Map of Europe (1810)

14. • Napoleon insisted that all parts of his
empire base their gov’ts and legal
systems on those of France.
• He abolished serfdom, the privileges of
aristocrats, replaced old laws with the
Napoleonic Code, and encouraged
religious tolerance.
• From his efforts, many features of the old
feudal system was gone.

15. The Rise of Nationalism

16. Questions
1. Explain the meaning of “nationalism”.
2. Why did it appeal to many people in
Europe?
3. Explain why you think nationalism is a
positive or negative force, or both.

17. Loss in Spain

18. The Russian Campaign
• Man of Destiny video?