Evolution of Organizational behaviour. starting with scientific management by f.w taylor the father of scientific management. weber's principles of administration and henry fayol's contribution....a brief history

2. Organizational Behavior-
Scientific Management
Presented by
Khadijah nadeem

3. Organizational Behavior
 Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study of human
behavior in the context of an organization.
 OB is both a field of scientific inquiry and a field of applied
practice.
 Origins of scientific inquiry come from social science
disciplines:
 Cultural anthropology, sociology, social psychology, political science,
and economics.

4. Kurt Lewin—father of social psychology-1930’s
Margaret Mead—cultural anthropologist-1940’s
Pioneers in the discovery of the group decision
making process—a central concept of OB.

6. Why Study Organizational Behavior
and its History?
 Leadership and administration means working with and
through other people to achieve organizational goals.
 A major cause of failure by principals is not having a theory of
practice.
 Only by knowing the contributions of those who came before
us, can we prepare ourselves for making strategic and tactical
decisions to undergird our leadership.

7. Public Administration as a
Beginning
 Woodrow Wilson wrote a now-famous essay The
Study of Administration in 1887.
 Defined the objective of administration as “the study
to discover, first what government can properly and
successfully do, and secondly, how it can do these
proper things with the utmost efficiency, and least
possible cost”
 “Administration is the most obvious part of
government. It is government in action.”

8. Industrial Revolution – 1790’s-
1860’s
Colonial Economy Prior to 1790
Started with mechanization of the textiles
industry
Iron production
Steam power

9. Industrial Revolution
Goal
– greater profitability
Objective
– Lower the unit costs of production
Solution
– Assembly line - Henry Ford

11. Principles of Scientific Management
Frederick Taylor - 1900-15
1. Eliminate the guesswork of rule-of-thumb approaches to
deciding how each worker is to do a job by adopting
scientific measurements to break the job down into a
series of small, related tasks
2. Use more scientific, systematic methods for selecting
workers and training them for specific jobs instead of
allowing workers to choose their own tasks and train
themselves as best they could

12. Principles of Scientific Management
3. Establish the concept that there is a clear division of
responsibility between management and workers, with
management doing goal setting, planning, and supervising,
and workers executing required tasks.
4. Establish the discipline whereby management sets the
objectives and the workers cooperate in achieving them.
-Frederick Taylor

19. TAYLOR’S PRINCIPLES
 TOP-DOWN
 AUTHORITARIAN
 TIME-MOTION STUDIES
 RIGID DISCIPLINE ON THE JOB
 LITTLE INTERACTION BETWEEN WORKERS
 INCENTIVE PAY SYSTEMS
 EFFICIENCY EXPERTS

20. Impact of the Industrial Revolution
(continued)
 Frank B. Gilbreth, one of Taylor’s close colleagues, studied
time and motion in performing routine tasks.
 led to a best-selling book and motion picture Cheaper by the Dozen.
 Scientific Management led to:
 Time and motion studies
 Rigid discipline on the job.
 Concentration on tasks with minimal interpersonal contact.
 Strict application of incentive pay.

21. Administrative Management Theory
 Henri Fayol, a French industrialist, published General
Industrial Management in 1916.
 Unlike Taylor, who tended to view workers as extensions of factory
machinery, Fayol focused his attention on the manager rather than on
the worker.
 He clearly separated the processes of administration from other
operations in the organization, such as production.
 He emphasized the common elements of the process of administration
in different organizations.
 Believed a trained administrative group was essential to improving the
operations of an organization

22. Henri Fayol’s Contributions
 Fayol defined administration in terms of five
functions:
 Planning
 Organizing
 Commanding (interpreted as Leading)
 Coordinating
 Controlling (interpreted as evaluating)

23. Weber’s Principles of
Administration
 A division of labor based on functional specialization
 A well-defined hierarchy of authority
 A system of rules covering the rights and duties of
employees
 A system of procedures for dealing with work situations
 Impersonality of interpersonal relations
 Selection and promotion based only on technical
competence

24. Criticism of Weber
Not attentive to dysfunctional features of
his model
Neglects the informal organization
Does not recognize potential internal
contradictions among the elements of his
model
It is gender biased

25. Feminist critique
Although Weber would argue that his
bureaucracy by its nature is gender neutral,
emphasis on full-time commitment and
extensive training hinders women who
routinely face the conflict of job and family
demands.
Emphasis on authority, rules, regulations
and rationality creates paternalistic
domination

26. The Rise of Classical Organizational
Theory
 Raymond Callahan in Education and the Cult of Efficiency,
described how superintendents rushed to apply scientific
management principles.
 Ellwood Cubberley, a leading scholar in education, wrote a
landmark textbook in 1916.
 Schools were “factories in which the raw materials are to be shaped and
fashioned into products to meet the various demands of life.”

27. The Rise of Classical Organizational
Theory (continued)
 Fred Ayer ( U of Texas)—studied superintendents’ work in 1926-27.
 Board Meetings
 Wrote reports
 Supervised Teachers
 Went to the post office
 Ran the Mimeo
 Inspected Toilets
 Inspected Janitors’ work
 University programs in preparing administrators focused on management
tasks. – areas of research included efficient techniques for cleaning floors
 Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick (1937) synthesized classical
organizational principles. Noted for their contribution of:
 Formal Organizational Charts--elements of organization could be grouped by
function.