Shadab`s opinion

2. HISTORICAL THEORIES OF
MANAGEMENT:
1.Trial and error theory:
Trial and error is a fundamental method of problem
solving. It is characterized by repeated, varied attempts
which are continued until success, or until the agent
stops trying.
2.Conventional Theory of Management:
In this theory peoples follow the old business of her
ancestors and follow the same techniques of business.

3. CLASSICAL THEORIES OF MANAGEMENT:
Scientific management theory, also called classical management theory, entered the
mainstream in the early 1900s, with an emphasis on increasing worker productivity.
Developed by Frederick Taylor, the classical theory of management advocated a
scientific study of tasks and the workers responsible for them.
1. Scientific Management Theory
(1890-1940)
At the turn of the century, the most notable organizations were large
and industrialized. Often they included ongoing, routine tasks that
manufactured a variety of products. The United States highly prized
scientific and technical matters, including careful measurement and
specification of activities and results. Management tended to be the
same. Frederick Taylor developed the :scientific management theory”
which espoused this careful specification and measurement of all
organizational tasks. Tasks were standardized as much as possible.
Workers were rewarded and punished. This approach appeared to work
well for organizations with assembly lines and other mechanistic,
routinized activities.

4. 2. Bureaucratic Management Theory
 (1930-1950)
Max Weber embellished the scientific management theory with his
bureaucratic theory. Weber focused on dividing organizations into
hierarchies, establishing strong lines of authority and control. He
suggested organizations develop comprehensive and detailed standard
operating procedures for all routinized tasks.
3. Administrative management theory
 Henri Fayol (1841-1925): He developed 14 administrative principles for
organizational structure and management.
 Administrative management theory attempts to find a rational way to
design an organization as a whole. The theory generally calls for a
formalized administrative structure, a clear division of labor, and
delegation of power and authority to administrators relevant to their
areas of responsibilities.

5. Modern management theory:
 A Change in one system affects the other subsystems.
Modern management theory depends upon System
approach and Contingency approach. Management is
influenced by Internal and external environment.
Appropriate techniques are determined by situation
and Environmental factors of an organization.