Permanent ice biomes are characterized by very cold temperatures, strong winds, little soil and fresh water, and are mainly composed of ice. They exist far north and south of the equator. Lichens and mosses are the main plant life, while the Arctic has more plant diversity than Antarctica. Common animal species in the Arctic include polar bears, walruses, seals, and Arctic foxes, while the Antarctic is home primarily to penguins. These species have adapted thick coats and layers of fat to survive the harsh climate. Climate is marked by low annual precipitation, average summer temperatures just above freezing, and winter temperatures well below freezing. Human pollution threatens these ecosystems by causing global warming and contaminating water sources.