This lab experiment investigated how the rate of diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane is affected by the surface area of the membrane. Starch-filled dialysis tubing of three different lengths were submerged in an iodine solution, and the color change of the starch over five minutes was measured. It was hypothesized that tubing with smaller surface area would diffuse more slowly. The results supported this, as the shortest tubing produced the lightest color after five minutes, indicating slower diffusion. Areas for improving the experiment were also identified.
The document discusses several scales used to measure properties of textiles related to color change and staining when exposed to various conditions:
- The Gray Scale for Color Change and Gray Scale for Staining both use gray chips to compare the amount of fading/color alteration or staining of adjacent materials after washing on a scale of 1 to 5.
- The Blue Wool Standards use a set of specially prepared blue dyeings on wool to compare lightfastness on a scale of 1 to 8 based on time taken to perceptibly fade when exposed to light.
- The 9-Step Chromatic Transference Scale uses five color hues and neutral grays to visually evaluate color transfer or staining, as an aid for less experienced technicians
Design, Strength, and Failure of Paleontology Plaster JacketsTyler Elizabeth Rice
This document describes an experiment to determine the fracture toughness and strength of plaster. Plaster bar and jacket samples were tested using three-point bending and compression. The fracture toughness of plaster bars was found to be 0.0256 MPa m1/2. The strength of plaster bars under compression was 151 MPa. The strength of plaster jackets under compression was 4.35 MPa. The first and second bending strengths of plaster jackets were 1.33 MPa and 3.47 MPa respectively. Results were reported in tables and figures, and were slightly different than literature values, which are accounted for later in the report.
This document discusses elements of textile identification and measurement. It describes various technical and non-technical tests that can be used to identify textile fibers, including burning tests and chemical tests. Burning tests observe a fiber's reaction to heat, such as whether it melts, curls or burns continuously. Chemical tests involve treating fibers with specific solvents to determine solubility. The document also discusses common units of textile measurement like ends per inch, picks per inch and momme, which measure various characteristics of woven fabrics like thread count.
The document discusses various methods for testing textiles, including microscopic analysis and physical tests. Microscopic analysis is used to examine the structure of different fiber types such as cotton, wool, linen, silk, polyester, and nylon. Physical tests discussed include breaking strength, tearing strength, bursting strength, pilling propensity, air permeability, and abrasion resistance. Chemical testing methods like colorfastness properties and chemical solubility tests are also summarized.
The document discusses the importance of testing textiles, including research and development, product evaluation, quality control, problem analysis, product comparison, proper advertising, and regulatory compliance. Testing ensures new textile products are developed properly, fabrics perform as intended, quality standards are met, issues are identified, best products are selected, advertising is accurate, and legal requirements are followed.
Color fastness is one of the important factors in case of buyers demand. The outstandingly important property of a dyed material is the fastness of the shade of color. Color fastness refers to the resistance of color to fade or bleed of a dyed or printed textile materials to various types of influences e.g. water, light, rubbing, washing, perspiration etc. to which they are normally exposed in textile manufacturing and in daily use. We have written a lot of articles on color fastness.
This document describes various testing equipment used to analyze the properties of textile fabrics, including moisture absorption, air permeability, water vapor permeability, moisture management, drying rate, stiffness, softness, heat and moisture transfer, water resistance, and rain resistance. Tests are performed to determine attributes important for breathability, comfort, and performance of fabrics.
Evaluation of Wash and Light Fastness of Some Selected Printed FabricsIOSR Journals
Abstract: The printed fabrics were subjected to ISO2, ISO3, and ISO4 wash fastness test and assessed for
change in colour and staining using the grey scale. The change in colour of the tested specimen and the staining
of the adjacent undyed cloths were assessed with the appropriate grey scales. The fabrics were also tested for
light fastness property. The specimen and the blue standard were exposed behind a glass and inserted into the
light fastness testing machine. Exposure was carried out for 48 hours. Based on the research carried out, it was
found that the selected foreign fabrics show a higher wash and light fastness property as compared to the local
fabrics which also show high wash and light fastness property.
The document discusses several scales used to measure properties of textiles related to color change and staining when exposed to various conditions:
- The Gray Scale for Color Change and Gray Scale for Staining both use gray chips to compare the amount of fading/color alteration or staining of adjacent materials after washing on a scale of 1 to 5.
- The Blue Wool Standards use a set of specially prepared blue dyeings on wool to compare lightfastness on a scale of 1 to 8 based on time taken to perceptibly fade when exposed to light.
- The 9-Step Chromatic Transference Scale uses five color hues and neutral grays to visually evaluate color transfer or staining, as an aid for less experienced technicians
Design, Strength, and Failure of Paleontology Plaster JacketsTyler Elizabeth Rice
This document describes an experiment to determine the fracture toughness and strength of plaster. Plaster bar and jacket samples were tested using three-point bending and compression. The fracture toughness of plaster bars was found to be 0.0256 MPa m1/2. The strength of plaster bars under compression was 151 MPa. The strength of plaster jackets under compression was 4.35 MPa. The first and second bending strengths of plaster jackets were 1.33 MPa and 3.47 MPa respectively. Results were reported in tables and figures, and were slightly different than literature values, which are accounted for later in the report.
This document discusses elements of textile identification and measurement. It describes various technical and non-technical tests that can be used to identify textile fibers, including burning tests and chemical tests. Burning tests observe a fiber's reaction to heat, such as whether it melts, curls or burns continuously. Chemical tests involve treating fibers with specific solvents to determine solubility. The document also discusses common units of textile measurement like ends per inch, picks per inch and momme, which measure various characteristics of woven fabrics like thread count.
The document discusses various methods for testing textiles, including microscopic analysis and physical tests. Microscopic analysis is used to examine the structure of different fiber types such as cotton, wool, linen, silk, polyester, and nylon. Physical tests discussed include breaking strength, tearing strength, bursting strength, pilling propensity, air permeability, and abrasion resistance. Chemical testing methods like colorfastness properties and chemical solubility tests are also summarized.
The document discusses the importance of testing textiles, including research and development, product evaluation, quality control, problem analysis, product comparison, proper advertising, and regulatory compliance. Testing ensures new textile products are developed properly, fabrics perform as intended, quality standards are met, issues are identified, best products are selected, advertising is accurate, and legal requirements are followed.
Color fastness is one of the important factors in case of buyers demand. The outstandingly important property of a dyed material is the fastness of the shade of color. Color fastness refers to the resistance of color to fade or bleed of a dyed or printed textile materials to various types of influences e.g. water, light, rubbing, washing, perspiration etc. to which they are normally exposed in textile manufacturing and in daily use. We have written a lot of articles on color fastness.
This document describes various testing equipment used to analyze the properties of textile fabrics, including moisture absorption, air permeability, water vapor permeability, moisture management, drying rate, stiffness, softness, heat and moisture transfer, water resistance, and rain resistance. Tests are performed to determine attributes important for breathability, comfort, and performance of fabrics.
Evaluation of Wash and Light Fastness of Some Selected Printed FabricsIOSR Journals
Abstract: The printed fabrics were subjected to ISO2, ISO3, and ISO4 wash fastness test and assessed for
change in colour and staining using the grey scale. The change in colour of the tested specimen and the staining
of the adjacent undyed cloths were assessed with the appropriate grey scales. The fabrics were also tested for
light fastness property. The specimen and the blue standard were exposed behind a glass and inserted into the
light fastness testing machine. Exposure was carried out for 48 hours. Based on the research carried out, it was
found that the selected foreign fabrics show a higher wash and light fastness property as compared to the local
fabrics which also show high wash and light fastness property.
Mike Carson gives a presentation on ecommerce 101. He defines ecommerce as the exchange of data to facilitate business transactions and payment online. The presentation covers the dos and don'ts of ecommerce design, legal obligations, cart selection, customer experience, new trends, and common mistakes to avoid such as poor images and complex checkout processes. Measurement of website traffic and conversion rates is emphasized as important for managing an online store.
Charles V inherited a vast empire at age 17 but struggled to control it, while Suleiman I led a powerful Ottoman Empire that expanded into the Mediterranean. They were in conflict over territories like Rhodes and Malta. Suleiman besieged Rhodes in 1522, allowing the Knights of St. John to leave after 6 months, and besieged the more difficult terrain of Malta in 1565 in another close battle. The decisive Battle of Lepanto in 1571 involved over 250 galleys from each side and resulted in a major Christian victory that halted Ottoman expansion.
Torger Reve. Journal of Competitiveness. January 2011MOC2010
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
This document lists a nightly rate of $250 for a property in the US Virgin Islands. The rate is repeated four times, indicating there are multiple nights available at $250 per night in the US Virgin Islands.
The document provides instructions for using a WIKI by explaining that users can upload files to the WIKI by clicking the Upload Files button from the homepage, browsing their computer to select the file(s) they want to upload, and that the uploaded file(s) will then be available for the user and others to access from any location.
The document does not contain any text to summarize. It only contains the phrase "have a look........" which provides no essential information to summarize in 3 sentences or less.
Cerita pendek ini menceritakan tentang sekelompok remaja yang pergi ke kebun kosong untuk minum bersama. Salah satu remaja bernama Koko terpisah dari teman-temannya dan menyadari bahwa dia bersandar pada makam. Dia melihat sosok hantu perempuan berdiri di antara teman-temannya tanpa disadari. Koko ketakutan dan berusaha memberitahu teman-temannya tentang kehadiran hantu tersebut.
This document contains analyses of four poems: "Never Again", "Never Like This", "One", and "Hallelujah". For each poem, the summary provides a brief overview of the structure, imagery, tone, themes, and the writer's personal reflection. The analyses examine the literary devices and techniques used in the poems to convey their meanings and themes, such as relationships, trust, love, and internal conflicts between people.
This experiment studied the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions on plant cells. In the experiment, onion epidermal cells were placed in distilled water (hypotonic), 0.5M sucrose solution (isotonic), and 1.0M sucrose solution (hypertonic), and observed under a microscope. The cells placed in distilled water became turgid and large, while the cells in the more concentrated sucrose solutions shrank or crenated. When the cells from the hypertonic solution were returned to distilled water, they regained their turgid appearance. This demonstrated how cell shape is affected by the relative concentrations of solutions on either side of the cell membrane.
Done by Group : Professors
School Name : Alshahaniya Independent Secondry School for Boys.
Polymers Module : Through this module, students examine the different properties of the variety of polymers. Then they design and test a humidity sensor made of a polymer film. Finally, they are asked to design their own products.
the product Idea is : using Superabsorbent polymer to keep the armpit dry & prevent bad smell of sweating to appear.
This document discusses polymers and includes summaries of activities exploring different types of polymers. It begins with definitions of polymers as large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. It then summarizes four activities: [1] Changing polymer pellets by absorbing/releasing water; [2] Identifying natural and synthetic polymer products; [3] Comparing the viscosity of liquids like methanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol; [4] Testing the strength of different polymer films. It proposes a design for a humidity sensor using a polymer film that changes color with moisture level. Finally, it outlines a product idea for a scented, antibacterial carpet using a super absorbent polymer to eliminate odors and absorb moisture.
This experiment tested how the size of a container's mouth affects the cooling rate of water. The hypothesis was that a wider container mouth would allow for faster cooling as more water is exposed to air. Water samples were heated to 90°C then cooled in containers with small, medium, and large mouths. Temperature was recorded every minute, showing the large mouth cooled fastest at 3.67°C per minute, while the small cooled slowest at 2.5°C. However, inconsistent results for the large container made the data unreliable. Improved methodology and more accurate temperature readings are needed for future experiments.
1. Science relates to phenomena in the natural world and enables technological development that benefits humanity.
2. It involves identifying problems, forming hypotheses, planning experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions.
3. Scientists use various instruments and follow standardized measurement systems to study topics like health, transportation, and communication.
This experiment measured the density and viscosity of fluids using different methods. Density of water was measured using a beaker, Eureka can, and density bottle, with the bottle found to be most accurate. Specific weights of glycerin and castor oil were also measured using a hydrometer. Viscosity was determined using a falling sphere viscometer with spheres of different sizes dropped in glycerin and castor oil. The viscosity of glycerin had high error likely due to low fluid level, while castor oil results were close to accepted values.
This document summarizes a student project on polymers. It describes 5 activities conducted: 1) testing how polymers swell and shrink in water and salty water, 2) identifying natural and synthetic polymers in products, 3) comparing viscosity of polymers, 4) testing strength of polymer films, and 5) designing a humidity sensor using a polymer. The project concluded with a proposal for a sweat-absorbent sock product using the water-absorbent polymer sodium polyacrylate to help prevent athlete's foot infections. The document acknowledges sponsors that supported the student project.
This document discusses various aspects of micromeritics including particle size, shape, surface area, and methods to characterize these properties. It describes key terms like monodisperse and polydisperse systems. Common methods to determine particle size include optical microscopy, sieve analysis, sedimentation, and conductivity/Coulter counter methods. Each method has advantages and disadvantages and suitable size ranges. Particle properties influence important formulation and drug delivery factors like dissolution, absorption, stability, and dose uniformity.
Mike Carson gives a presentation on ecommerce 101. He defines ecommerce as the exchange of data to facilitate business transactions and payment online. The presentation covers the dos and don'ts of ecommerce design, legal obligations, cart selection, customer experience, new trends, and common mistakes to avoid such as poor images and complex checkout processes. Measurement of website traffic and conversion rates is emphasized as important for managing an online store.
Charles V inherited a vast empire at age 17 but struggled to control it, while Suleiman I led a powerful Ottoman Empire that expanded into the Mediterranean. They were in conflict over territories like Rhodes and Malta. Suleiman besieged Rhodes in 1522, allowing the Knights of St. John to leave after 6 months, and besieged the more difficult terrain of Malta in 1565 in another close battle. The decisive Battle of Lepanto in 1571 involved over 250 galleys from each side and resulted in a major Christian victory that halted Ottoman expansion.
Torger Reve. Journal of Competitiveness. January 2011MOC2010
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
This document lists a nightly rate of $250 for a property in the US Virgin Islands. The rate is repeated four times, indicating there are multiple nights available at $250 per night in the US Virgin Islands.
The document provides instructions for using a WIKI by explaining that users can upload files to the WIKI by clicking the Upload Files button from the homepage, browsing their computer to select the file(s) they want to upload, and that the uploaded file(s) will then be available for the user and others to access from any location.
The document does not contain any text to summarize. It only contains the phrase "have a look........" which provides no essential information to summarize in 3 sentences or less.
Cerita pendek ini menceritakan tentang sekelompok remaja yang pergi ke kebun kosong untuk minum bersama. Salah satu remaja bernama Koko terpisah dari teman-temannya dan menyadari bahwa dia bersandar pada makam. Dia melihat sosok hantu perempuan berdiri di antara teman-temannya tanpa disadari. Koko ketakutan dan berusaha memberitahu teman-temannya tentang kehadiran hantu tersebut.
This document contains analyses of four poems: "Never Again", "Never Like This", "One", and "Hallelujah". For each poem, the summary provides a brief overview of the structure, imagery, tone, themes, and the writer's personal reflection. The analyses examine the literary devices and techniques used in the poems to convey their meanings and themes, such as relationships, trust, love, and internal conflicts between people.
This experiment studied the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions on plant cells. In the experiment, onion epidermal cells were placed in distilled water (hypotonic), 0.5M sucrose solution (isotonic), and 1.0M sucrose solution (hypertonic), and observed under a microscope. The cells placed in distilled water became turgid and large, while the cells in the more concentrated sucrose solutions shrank or crenated. When the cells from the hypertonic solution were returned to distilled water, they regained their turgid appearance. This demonstrated how cell shape is affected by the relative concentrations of solutions on either side of the cell membrane.
Done by Group : Professors
School Name : Alshahaniya Independent Secondry School for Boys.
Polymers Module : Through this module, students examine the different properties of the variety of polymers. Then they design and test a humidity sensor made of a polymer film. Finally, they are asked to design their own products.
the product Idea is : using Superabsorbent polymer to keep the armpit dry & prevent bad smell of sweating to appear.
This document discusses polymers and includes summaries of activities exploring different types of polymers. It begins with definitions of polymers as large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. It then summarizes four activities: [1] Changing polymer pellets by absorbing/releasing water; [2] Identifying natural and synthetic polymer products; [3] Comparing the viscosity of liquids like methanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol; [4] Testing the strength of different polymer films. It proposes a design for a humidity sensor using a polymer film that changes color with moisture level. Finally, it outlines a product idea for a scented, antibacterial carpet using a super absorbent polymer to eliminate odors and absorb moisture.
This experiment tested how the size of a container's mouth affects the cooling rate of water. The hypothesis was that a wider container mouth would allow for faster cooling as more water is exposed to air. Water samples were heated to 90°C then cooled in containers with small, medium, and large mouths. Temperature was recorded every minute, showing the large mouth cooled fastest at 3.67°C per minute, while the small cooled slowest at 2.5°C. However, inconsistent results for the large container made the data unreliable. Improved methodology and more accurate temperature readings are needed for future experiments.
1. Science relates to phenomena in the natural world and enables technological development that benefits humanity.
2. It involves identifying problems, forming hypotheses, planning experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions.
3. Scientists use various instruments and follow standardized measurement systems to study topics like health, transportation, and communication.
This experiment measured the density and viscosity of fluids using different methods. Density of water was measured using a beaker, Eureka can, and density bottle, with the bottle found to be most accurate. Specific weights of glycerin and castor oil were also measured using a hydrometer. Viscosity was determined using a falling sphere viscometer with spheres of different sizes dropped in glycerin and castor oil. The viscosity of glycerin had high error likely due to low fluid level, while castor oil results were close to accepted values.
This document summarizes a student project on polymers. It describes 5 activities conducted: 1) testing how polymers swell and shrink in water and salty water, 2) identifying natural and synthetic polymers in products, 3) comparing viscosity of polymers, 4) testing strength of polymer films, and 5) designing a humidity sensor using a polymer. The project concluded with a proposal for a sweat-absorbent sock product using the water-absorbent polymer sodium polyacrylate to help prevent athlete's foot infections. The document acknowledges sponsors that supported the student project.
This document discusses various aspects of micromeritics including particle size, shape, surface area, and methods to characterize these properties. It describes key terms like monodisperse and polydisperse systems. Common methods to determine particle size include optical microscopy, sieve analysis, sedimentation, and conductivity/Coulter counter methods. Each method has advantages and disadvantages and suitable size ranges. Particle properties influence important formulation and drug delivery factors like dissolution, absorption, stability, and dose uniformity.
This document discusses particle size distribution (PSD), including defining PSD, the significance of PSD, sampling and measurement techniques like sieve analysis and sedimentation methods, and graphical representation of PSD using histograms. Particle size and shape are first defined to understand PSD. Sieve analysis separates particles by size but is limited to larger particles, while sedimentation methods produce fractional analysis for finer particles below 100 μm.
Grain size analysis of soil by sieve and hydrometerabuhena12
This document describes procedures for performing a grain size analysis of soil using sieve and hydrometer methods. The sieve analysis is used to determine the distribution of coarser particles, while the hydrometer method analyzes finer particles. The sample soil was found to have a uniformity coefficient of 2.5 and curvature coefficient of 1.62, classifying it as a poorly graded gravel soil. The analysis involves separating the soil into fractions using sieves, measuring particle sizes below 0.075mm using a hydrometer, and calculating coefficients to characterize the soil gradation and type.
This document discusses different methods for measuring the density of fibers, which is important for textile manufacturing and quality control. It defines density as the ratio of mass to volume and explains that density measurement can indicate the degree of order or crystallinity of fibers. Several techniques for measuring fiber density are described, including using a displacement method with liquid, a floatation method using liquid mixtures, and a density gradient tube method using liquids of varying densities. Calibration methods and example densities of common fibers are also provided.
Micromeritics refers to the science and technology of small particles. It deals with particle size, size distribution, shape, surface area, and pore size. Knowledge of these properties is important in pharmacy because particle size affects drug release from dosage forms and stability of suspensions, emulsions, and tablets. It also influences flow properties and uniformity of drug fill in tablets and capsules. Smaller particle sizes increase dissolution and absorption rates for some drugs. Common methods to determine particle size include sieving, sedimentation, light scattering, and electrical sensing using a Coulter Counter.
Product polishing techniques in Downstream ProcessingErin Davis
This is a presentation based on gel permeation chromatography and dialysis.This mainly deals with the basic principle behind these techniques.and its working.The major components,advantages,disadvantages,applications are also mentioned in the same.Besides these the pictoric representation helps to understand the concept clearly.
This will be helpful to learn downstream processing techniques.
This document discusses particle size and methods for determining particle size distribution. It describes that particle size can be expressed as diameter for spherical particles and equivalent spherical diameter for non-spherical particles. The main methods discussed are microscopic technique, sieving technique, and sedimentation technique. The microscopic technique uses a microscope to measure particles from 0.2-200μm. Sieving involves placing powder on sieves to separate by size. Sedimentation uses an Andreason pipette to separate particles based on settling rate over time in a liquid.
The document discusses the USTER HVI 1000 system for testing cotton quality. It analyzes the key components of the system and how it determines various quality characteristics within seconds. The HVI 1000 measures fiber length, uniformity index, micronaire value, strength, elongation, color, trash count/grade and other factors. It provides a fast, objective replacement for human cotton classers and allows farmers, traders, researchers and spinners to efficiently evaluate cotton quality. The HVI 1000 has become a universal standard in the cotton industry for classifying cotton quality.
The document discusses diffusion and osmosis, including exploring diffusion through a colloid and dialysis bag experiment, and the effects of hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic environments on plant and animal cells. Experiments are described to examine diffusion rates of dyes through a colloid, passage of glucose and starch through a dialysis bag membrane, and effects of solutions on red blood cells and Elodea plant leaves.
This experiment investigates how the size of calcium carbonate chips affects the rate of reaction with hydrochloric acid. Three different sized chips - large, medium, and small crushed chips - are reacted with a constant volume of hydrochloric acid, and the number of bubbles produced in the first minute is counted to measure the rate of reaction. The independent variable is the size of the calcium carbonate chips, the dependent variable is the rate of reaction measured by bubbles produced, and the constant variables include the volume of hydrochloric acid and reaction time of one minute.
Micromeritics is the study of particle size, shape, and other characteristics of small particles. Key methods to determine particle size include optical microscopy, sieving, sedimentation, and conductivity. Particle size affects properties like density, surface area, and flow. True density measures only the particle material, while bulk and tapped density account for interparticle voids. Flow properties like angle of repose, Carr's index, and Hausner ratio are important for uniform dosing in manufacturing.
To find the foaming capacity of various soap and action of Ca & Mg salt on ...bimalbhakta
This document outlines an experiment to compare the foaming capacity and cleaning ability of different soap samples. Five soap samples will be tested using a procedure that involves adding soap solutions to water in test tubes, shaking, and timing how long it takes for foam to disappear. Variables like distilled water versus tap water, and additions of calcium and magnesium salts, will examine their effects on foaming capacity. The soap with the highest foaming capacity and longest foam disappearance time will be considered the best cleaner. Precautions and requirements like materials, chemicals, and safety are documented.
The document summarizes an experiment that investigates how temperature affects the rate of diffusion between water and 25% salt water. The experiment uses dialysis tubing to hold water and measures the change in mass at different temperatures over time. It is predicted that as temperature increases, osmotic diffusion will occur faster due to increased particle collisions. The experiment collects data on the initial mass and final mass of the dialysis tubing exposed to salt water at varying temperatures to calculate the percent change in mass and determine if temperature affects diffusion rate.
Indonesia's palm oil industry is causing major environmental problems through widespread deforestation. Palm oil plantations have destroyed millions of hectares of forest habitat for endangered species like orangutans and tigers. While the palm oil industry has brought some economic opportunities through jobs, it has also significantly increased Indonesia's carbon emissions and reduced orangutan populations by 50% in recent years. Solutions proposed include enforcing laws to limit planting to degraded lands only, reducing global demand for palm oil products, and keeping palm oil plantations at a minimum to lower deforestation and carbon emissions.
The document discusses the author's experience volunteering with Habitat for Humanity in Pattaya, Thailand over a weekend during their sophomore year of high school. The author felt a great sense of accomplishment and felt really good about helping people who didn't have homes to build better lives. While the trip was only a weekend, the emotional experience of helping others in this hands-on way was very rewarding and influenced the author more than other ways of knowing like reason, perception or language. The author chose to analyze this experience through the lens of emotion.
Thai massage originated over 2500 years ago under Dr. Jivaka Kumar Bhaccha, also known as Shivago Komarpaj, a physician from Northern India who was a contemporary of the Buddha. Records of the techniques and origins of Thai massage are kept at the Wat Po temple in Bangkok. Thai massage is passed down through generations as a tradition and uses techniques including pressure from the elbows, feet, hands, forearms and knees along energy lines of the body to relieve muscle stress, pain, and for medical purposes without the need for massage oil.
This lab experiment investigated how the rate of diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane is affected by the surface area of the membrane. Starch-filled dialysis tubing of three different lengths were submerged in an iodine solution, and the color change of the starch over five minutes was measured. It was hypothesized that tubing with smaller surface area would diffuse more slowly. The results supported this, as the shortest tubing produced the lightest color after five minutes, indicating slower diffusion. Areas for improving the experiment were also identified.
This photo project aimed to imitate the style of famous photographer Marilyn Minter by focusing on macro photography and creating a grungy, body glitter shoot. While the photos did not turn out exactly as planned, the artist felt they achieved a strong composition and overall look. The artist learned that perception and emotion are important ways of knowing used in photography. Different people can perceive the same photo in various ways based on their perspective. The artist also learned they can express emotion through their photos and how emotion helps viewers understand the intended meaning or theme of an image.
This document provides an overview and comparison of different therapies for treating major depressive disorder: cognitive therapy, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and psychopharmacological (antidepressant) therapy. It describes the key components and processes of each therapy, noting that cognitive therapy involves identifying and challenging irrational thoughts, ECT uses controlled seizures but has memory loss risks, and antidepressants take months for effects but have fewer risks than ECT. The document aims to explore these major therapeutic approaches for depression.
Thai massage, also known as Nuat Bo'rarn, has been practiced for over 2,500 years in Thailand. It was developed by Shivago Komarpaj, also known as Jivaka Kumar Bhaccha, who was a physician during the time of the Buddha. Thai massage techniques use the therapist's hands, knees, legs and feet to apply pressure and manipulate the body without the use of oil. It aims to improve flexibility and relieve muscle tension. People seek out Thai massage for its health benefits like stress relief and pain management. Before a massage, therapists say a meditative prayer called "puja".
This document discusses a French quote from the Megadeth song "A Tout Le Monde" which translates to "To the world, to my friends, I love you all, I am leaving." The author chose this quote because the song has been a favorite since high school and the quote is in French, fitting for a discussion on a modern language. The author understands the quote through perception, language, and emotion.
The author discusses their extracurricular activity of after school dance. They began dancing at age 3 but stopped after half a year, then rediscovered their passion for it in 9th grade. Dance allows the author to express emotion and perception. They feel they learn better by dancing with raw emotion rather than just following steps. Dance also helps the author feel more emotionally connected to the world around them.
Kristin Coad's ePortfolio expresses her interests in swimming and photography. For swimming, she discusses how it has been a part of her life since third grade and the emotions involved in competitive swimming like happiness after winning and sadness when times are missed. For photography, she explores her strong passion for pursuing it as a career, the classes and internship she has taken, and the primary emotions like happiness when a shoot goes as planned and fear of challenges. She acknowledges perceptions can differ from her intent as an artist and intentions for her work. Going forward, Kristin aims to consider different perceptions of her work while still expressing emotions as a theme and having fun experimenting in photography.
Thai massage, also known as Nuat Bo'rarn, has been practiced for over 2,500 years in Thailand. It was developed by Shivago Komarpaj, also known as Jivaka Kumar Bhaccha, who was a physician during the time of the Buddha. Thai massage techniques use the therapist's hands, knees, legs and feet to apply pressure and manipulate the body without the use of oil. Receiving a Thai massage can help relieve muscle tension and stress. People often feel relaxed and loose after a session.
1) The experiment investigated how the surface area of dialysis tubing filled with starch affected the rate of diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane when submerged in an iodine solution.
2) It was predicted that tubes with larger surface areas would diffuse more quickly, resulting in darker colors, while tubes with smaller surface areas would diffuse more slowly, remaining lighter.
3) The results supported this, as the tube with the largest average surface area of 193.75mm produced the darkest color, while the smallest average surface area of 34mm produced the lightest color.
The author discusses their extracurricular activity of after school dance. They began dancing at age 3 but only continued for half a year, then rediscovered their passion for it while attending a performance in 9th grade. Dance involves expressing emotion through movement on the dance floor, bringing the performance to life, while different observers can perceive the dance in unique ways, similar to a work of art.
The document discusses film critic Roger Ebert and philosopher Errol Morris's differing views on truth and perception as they relate to the 1950 Akira Kurosawa film Rashomon. Ebert, a relativist, believes there is no absolute truth and that different perspectives can all be true. Morris, an absolutist, believes there is one objective truth and all other perspectives are false. The document argues Ebert's relativism better fits the interpretation of Rashomon, which presents four conflicting accounts of a crime without resolving which is fully true.
A man and his friend spent two days building a house for a couple in Pattaya, Thailand. The feeling of fulfillment from providing community service and seeing the happiness on the couple's face after nearly completing their new home was far more rewarding than any other experience. The emotion felt from helping others through community service is a powerful part of this experience.
This document discusses a photography project where the goal was to imitate the style of famous photographer Marilyn Minter. While the photos did not turn out exactly as planned, focusing on macro photography and using body glitter, the end result had strong compositional elements and an overall cohesive look. Perception and emotion are two major ways of knowing that are important for understanding photography. Different people can perceive the same photo in various ways depending on their experiences and viewpoint. Artists aim to convey emotion through their work, and perceiving this emotion helps viewers analyze and understand the intended meaning.
I. This photo was taken as part of a project to imitate the style of photographer Marilyn Minter. The goals were to capture macro shots and incorporate grungy body glitter effects, though the results did not fully meet the photographer's intentions. However, the photo has strong compositional aspects and an overall successful look.
II. Perception and emotion are ways of knowing that are important for understanding photography. Individual perception influences how a work is interpreted, and people may perceive the same photo differently based on their experiences. The artist also aims to convey an emotion through their work, and understanding emotion helps analyze the significance of the photo.
The document discusses film critic Roger Ebert and philosopher Errol Morris's differing views on truth and perception as they relate to the 1950 Akira Kurosawa film Rashomon. Ebert, a relativist, believes there is no absolute truth and that different perspectives can all be true. This fits with the film's portrayal of a crime told from four perspectives that all differ. Morris, an absolutist, believes there is one absolute truth and all other perspectives must be false, which does not align as well with the ambiguous nature of the film's perspectives. The document concludes that Ebert's relativist view makes more sense in analyzing Rashomon than Morris's absolutist stance.
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Science analysis
1. Kristin Coad
IB Biology 2
September 2010
Effect of diffusion through semi-permeable membrane
INTRODUCTION:
Diffusion occurs when molecules of a high concentration move to a low concentration. This is more
formerly known as moving down the concentration gradient. The objective of diffusion is to reach
equilibrium or where everything is equal (refer to figure one). In this research, the relationship between
the rate of diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane and surface area of dialysis tubing which is
filled with starch will be investigated. Because of the nature of the membrane, this enables diffusion to
occur. The results which would be tested is the colour of the starch after being in the water based iodine
solution for five minutes. A colourmeter is the main device that would help to record the colour
reading. The colourmeter is a piece of equipment which tests for the accurate amount of light that is
being absorbed in a solution. The reading of the starch will happen after the meter is calibrated with
water and starch. This has to happen to get a base reading of no absorbance, and the regular
absorbance of starch. Distilled water came up with a reading of 99.9 nanometres, where as the starch
had a reading of 90.5 nanometres (The light colourmeter is read in nanometers, and the light being used
for this experiment is a blue-violet light with a reading of 430 nanometers). The transmittance, or how
much light is being absorbed in a solution, is what was being tested for this experiment. The way that
the colour was tested was by having the same amount of starch, 10 milliliters, in three different size
dialysis tubing bags; the average lengths were 194.75mm, 80mm, and 35mm and the height of all the
bags were 45mm, which was all submerged in the same bath of water/ iodine solution. Because of the
chemical reaction, when starch is diffused with water/iodine, the end colour will turn up to be in the
purple spectrum.
What is expected to happen during
this experiment is that the bags
that have smaller surface area
should diffuse slower, rather than
the longer bags, which take less
time to diffuse. The obvious way
that the colour will be figured out
is by the how dark or light the end
reaction is.
It is predicted that at the end of
the five minutes, the longer bags Figure 1: This is a diagram of basic diffusion.
will have a darker, more prominent purple colour, As labeled, the water molecules between
rather than the small surface area that will be around a the membrane on the right are equal, or
light purple, and nearly see-through. This is because the have reached equilibrium because the
larger bags have less starch per square centimeter,
so it would be almost like diffusing less liquid at one time, instead of more starch like in the little bags.
2. Semi-permeable Question: How does the amount of surface area affect the rate of diffusion through a semi-permeable
membrane membrane?
Independent variable: Surface area of the semi-permeable membrane
Dependent variable- The time in which the cell takes to reach equilibrium by passing through the
membrane
Table 1: The controlled variables of the experiment.
Controlled variables How it was controlled
I2KI For each trial being in the same bucket so the
iodine is the same for each tube.
Time Setting a time, and having a “set time” of five
minutes
Amount of Starch Measuring five milliliters in a graduated cylinder,
measuring at the bottom of the meniscus.
Width of dialysis tubing By using the same roll of dialysis tubing, and by
measuring one to get the size.
Temperature of water Putting the tubing in the same large bucket filled
with water and iodine simultaneously for all the
trials for each length.
Table 1: This table shows all of the different controlled variables that went into the experiment. Along
with that, the table shows how they were being controlled through-out the entire experiment.
MATERIALS:
• Semi-permeable membrane (dialysis
tubing), 3 different lengths x4
• Ruler
• Scissors
• Water
• Bucket
• Iodine
• Starch
• Computer
• Colourmeter
• Curvettes
Figure 2: This figure shows some of the materials
• Clamps that were being used through out the experiment.
Part of the materials includes the ruler, scissors, and
the semi-permeable membrane.
3. • Funnel
• Graduated cylinder
• Stop watch
• Beaker
PROCEDURE:
Before the research began, three different lengths of semi-permeable membrane was measured with a
ruler and cut four times to create 4 trials. All of the tubes were soaked in plain water for a few minutes
so they can be opened. The three lengths averages were 194.75mm, 80mm, and 35mm. After every
membrane was cut and tied at one end only, five millimeters of starch was poured into each bag via
funnel. Then all the air remaining in the bag was squeezed out to help add to the accuracy of the results.
While the bags were being filled and measured, the bath containing the water and iodine mix solution
was being prepared. The bucket was large enough to be able to hold 12 bags. To ensure that the bags
would not stick to each other, slight agitation
was necessary, while a partner on the computer
set up and calibrated the colour meter. Once
everything was calibrated with water and starch
samples, and the five minutes of agitation was
over, each bag is opened one by one, poured
into a curvette via funnel. Each bag was tested
in the colourmeter to get an average reading
for each of the three lengths. Once all of the
curvettes were measured, and the data
recorded, everything was cleaned up, and put
back where it belonged.
Figure 3: This figure shows the set up of the colourmeter
HYPOTHESIS: (on the left) with the computer (on the right) to record
the transmittance.
It was predicted that the bag with the smallest
surface area to amount of starch would take
more time to diffuse through the semi-permeable membrane. It was predicted like this because since
the bag is completely full of starch, it would take longer for everything to completely diffuse. Where as,
the bags with more surface area wont need as much time because the starch would pan out, and then
there would be less starch in one area. Because of the starch to iodine reaction, it is expected that the
starch will be tinted a purple- blue colour after some time, and the end colour of all the three different
size bags won’t differ too much.
4. DATA:
Table 2: Recorded average lengths and transmittance (Uncertainty of ± 0.05)
Trials (length of Average length Transmittance Average
Size of the bag bag in mm) (colourmeter in transmittance
nanometers)
Small 1.214 1.11.2
2. 190 2. 10.9
193.75 11.625
3. 187 3. 14.0
4. 184 4. 10.7
Medium 1.80 1.38.7
2. 81 2. 39.6
80 43.95
3. 80 3. 36.1
4. 79 4. 34.4
Large 1.36 1.63.7
2. 35 2. 65.1
34 66.25
3. 33 3. 69.0
4. 32 4. 67.2
Table 2: This data table represents the relationship between the length of the membranes and colour for
each of the four trials. The table includes four trials of each of the three lengths (small, medium and
5. large), and the transmittance of each of the trials. Also included in the table are the averages of the
length and transmittance. The bags were measured in millimeters, and the transmittance was measured
in nanometers.
Figure 4: The water/iodine bathThis isthe three photo of the starch
Figure 5: with the after
semi-permeable membrane baggies. Diffusion
different sizes. All four trials are submerged with in
the one bucket. This ishas occurred due happened.
before diffusion to the purple-blue stain.
Graph 1: The relationship between the average length and transmittance (Uncertainty ± 0.05)
6. Graph 1: The graph above shows the relationship between the average length of the membrane and
transmittance of light. As the membrane length increases, the transmittance decreases. This means that
for instance, the membrane with 193.75mm of surface area, the transmittance is low. In other words,
the darker the colour after diffusion, the less percent of transmittance there.
CONCLUSION/EVALUATION:
The way that surface area affects the rate of diffusion is by amount of surface area. In the research,
there were different size bags of semi-permeable membrane, though they all contained the same
amount of starch inside. What ended up was that the bag with the most surface area, 200mm, took
shorter than five minutes to fully diffuse, where as the bag that was completely full of starch would have
taken longer than the given five minutes to finish fully diffusing. The research does not fully support the
hypothesis in the sense that what it explained about the time because of the surface area was correct.
What was not supported was the colour factor being that the end product resulted in drastically
different shades of the purple stain in the starch. After the five minutes in the bath, the bag that had the
smallest surface area, average of 34mm, had the weakest colour of 66.25 nanometers. After that, the
medium bag of 80mm had the transmittance of 43.95 nanometers, and lastly, the longest bag of
193.75mm had the littlest transmittance of 11.625 nanometers. The biggest bag that had the lowest
nanometer reading was the darkest all the bags, then the medium, and the smallest bag.
7. Things that could be improved for the next experiment include things such as accurate readings, lengths
and sample sizes. For the evaluation, refer to table three.
Table 3: Observations through-out the experiment
Qualitative observations The immense
difference of colour
between the three
different bags.
Maybe if the
smallest bag was the size of the longest bag, then the colour would be darker,
or close to the same range.
Figure 6: The above figure shows the four trials after
diffusion. The liquid is presented in curvettes which
were all sampled in the colourmeter.
Quantitative observations Things such as the temperature could have affected the end result of the
colour, but since every bag was in the same bucket of room temperature, all
the bags received the same temperature.
Another observation that was taken account for is the amount of starch in the
bags. Since there was the amount in every bag was 10 mililetres, this greatly
took a role in how the results came out.
Another observation was the amount of time the bags were in the solution.
They were in the bath for five minutes giving each set of bags to diffuse in the
amount of time that was given.
Table 3: The table above shows the qualitative observations such as colour, and the quantitative
observations like temperature and amount of starch through out the experiment.
Table 4: Table of weaknesses and limitations of the experiment
Weakness/ limitations What(how it was effect it) Solution
8. Length Because rulers are unreliable, Perhaps to use something that
this made it hard to get a very accurately measures the length
accurate measurement. of the membrane.
Ruler This weakness is by not having Requesting to have better
very accurate equipment. measuring equipment.
Sample size This weakness was made Take longer sample sizes. Instead
because of the uncertainty of of making the first one short, by
how long each different piece making it longer and going from
should have been. there will improve the
experiment.
Table 4: This table shows the weaknesses and limitations that were faced through-out the experiment. It
also shows how it affected the experiment, and the solution towards fixing it.
This is a lab that I did on diffusion in the beginning of biology SL in senior year. This lab was to
see the how the length of a semi-permeable membrane effects the rate of diffusion. The outcome was
that the longer pieces diffused faster. The major WoK in this lab is reason and language.
The way that reason partakes in this lab is because, if the data cannot be read right, then a
reasonable conclusion cannot be processed. With that, then all of the data, including the entire lab will
be off and misunderstood. The limitations that reason has on this lab is because, like said above, that if
one thing is misinterpreted, then the entire thing is off. What I learned from this lab regarding reason is
that coming to a conclusion is harder without the knowledge of finding true reason. Senior Seminar has
helped me come to a fuller understanding of what should really go into analyzing something through
reason, therefore, I have really expanded my knowledge so I can make reasonable and logical
conclusions.
The second way of knowing that is incorporated in this lab is language. I chose language because
I find it hard to comprehend something that is out of my language ability. That is either because it is not
in English, or the level is too hard, and it contains too many difficult words. The limitation of language
creates a boundary of how much you can really understand. For instance, if I didn’t understand what
diffusion was (as the audience) then fully comprehending this lab will be difficult because the whole
concept of the lab is diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. I learned that, even though
language can be difficult to fully understand, that finding a way to get past that boundary is crucial.
Senior Seminar really helped me to understand and broaden my knowledge of language.
This lab is meaningful to me because I feel that I did a good job executing what I was trying to
say, even though I know I can improve on the next lab. Knowing my love for biology, I am happy to make
thoughtful comments on this lab, which in result would actually help me understand what I do best. I
learned a lot from Seminar to help to broaden my knowledge, and put that to good use.