This document provides an overview of chemistry concepts including:
- Chemistry deals with the composition, structure, and reactions of matter. Early civilizations performed basic chemical processes.
- Modern chemistry began in 1774 using quantitative methods. There are several branches of chemistry including physical, analytical, organic, inorganic, and biochemistry.
- Matter can be classified as elements, compounds, and mixtures based on its composition and properties. Elements are substances that cannot be broken down further, while compounds contain two or more elements chemically bonded together.
Chpt 9 part ii - types of reactions 031604phspsquires
This document provides an overview of common types of chemical reactions including synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, acid-base neutralization, and combustion reactions. Examples of each type of reaction are given along with general formulas. Key concepts covered include ions, oxidation-reduction reactions, and predicting products of different reaction types.
This document provides a summary of key chemistry concepts covered on the Regents exam, including:
1) Elements cannot be broken down chemically, while mixtures contain two or more physically combined elements or substances.
2) Chemical changes result in new substances with different properties, while physical changes do not alter the identity of the substance.
3) Gas laws relate the pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas in chemical reactions and problems.
4) Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The number of protons determines the element.
5) Chemical bonds, including ionic and covalent bonds, result from the transfer or sharing of electrons between atoms.
This document discusses chemical reactions and how they are represented. It covers the following key points:
1. Chemical reactions are represented by balanced chemical equations that show the reactants and products. There are four main types of reactions: synthesis, combustion, decomposition, and replacement.
2. Double replacement reactions occur between ionic compounds in aqueous solution and often produce a precipitate, water, or a gas.
3. Chemical equations must be balanced to obey the law of conservation of mass. This involves determining coefficients for the reactants and products so that the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the reaction.
This document provides an introduction to hydrogen, including:
- Hydrogen is the lightest element and most abundant in the universe. On Earth, it exists primarily in molecular form.
- Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes: protium, deuterium, and tritium. Differences in mass between isotopes cause isotopic effects.
- Hydrogen exhibits properties of both alkali metals and halogens due to its electronic configuration and reactivity. It is placed in the periodic table between them.
- Common methods to produce hydrogen include the electrolysis of water and the reaction of steam with hydrocarbons over a catalyst. Hydrogen has many industrial and energy applications.
this presentation includes all the important oxidation and reduction definitions. all oxidizing and reducing agents. oxidation reactions of organic chemistry. reactions involving hydrogen from substrates. oxidation of alcohols, swern oxidation. reactions involving addition of oxygen to the substrates; oxidation of aldehydes and ketones, baeyer villiger reaction, oxidation of alkenes with peroxyacids, hydroxylation of alkenes, oxidative cleavage of diols, ozonolysis, etard reaction, sharpless epoxidation.
The document discusses various properties of matter and chemical changes. It provides information on:
1) Density being a ratio and not dependent on size. Ice having a lower density than water and therefore floating.
2) Buoyancy causing less dense substances to float in more dense liquids. Boats being made of lower density materials than water.
3) Viscosity being the resistance to flow, with cold syrup having a higher viscosity than warm syrup due to particle interactions.
Chapter - 5, Periodic Classification of Elements, Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter-5, Periodic Classification of Elements, Science Class10
CLASSIFICATION
DOBEREINER’S TRIAD
LIMITATIONS
NEWLAND’S LAW OF OCTAVES
CHARACTERISTICS OF LAW OF OCTAVES
LIMITATIONS OF NEWLANDS LAW OF OCTAVES
MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE
PROPERTIES OF GROUPS STUDIED BY MENDELEEV
LIMITATIONS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE
MERITS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
PROPERTIES OF MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
NOBLE GASES
POSITION OF ELEMENTS IN THE MODERN PERIODIC -TABLE
METALS
NON-METALS
METALLOIDS
TRENDS IN MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur & Teacher)
Chpt 9 part ii - types of reactions 031604phspsquires
This document provides an overview of common types of chemical reactions including synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, acid-base neutralization, and combustion reactions. Examples of each type of reaction are given along with general formulas. Key concepts covered include ions, oxidation-reduction reactions, and predicting products of different reaction types.
This document provides a summary of key chemistry concepts covered on the Regents exam, including:
1) Elements cannot be broken down chemically, while mixtures contain two or more physically combined elements or substances.
2) Chemical changes result in new substances with different properties, while physical changes do not alter the identity of the substance.
3) Gas laws relate the pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas in chemical reactions and problems.
4) Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The number of protons determines the element.
5) Chemical bonds, including ionic and covalent bonds, result from the transfer or sharing of electrons between atoms.
This document discusses chemical reactions and how they are represented. It covers the following key points:
1. Chemical reactions are represented by balanced chemical equations that show the reactants and products. There are four main types of reactions: synthesis, combustion, decomposition, and replacement.
2. Double replacement reactions occur between ionic compounds in aqueous solution and often produce a precipitate, water, or a gas.
3. Chemical equations must be balanced to obey the law of conservation of mass. This involves determining coefficients for the reactants and products so that the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the reaction.
This document provides an introduction to hydrogen, including:
- Hydrogen is the lightest element and most abundant in the universe. On Earth, it exists primarily in molecular form.
- Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes: protium, deuterium, and tritium. Differences in mass between isotopes cause isotopic effects.
- Hydrogen exhibits properties of both alkali metals and halogens due to its electronic configuration and reactivity. It is placed in the periodic table between them.
- Common methods to produce hydrogen include the electrolysis of water and the reaction of steam with hydrocarbons over a catalyst. Hydrogen has many industrial and energy applications.
this presentation includes all the important oxidation and reduction definitions. all oxidizing and reducing agents. oxidation reactions of organic chemistry. reactions involving hydrogen from substrates. oxidation of alcohols, swern oxidation. reactions involving addition of oxygen to the substrates; oxidation of aldehydes and ketones, baeyer villiger reaction, oxidation of alkenes with peroxyacids, hydroxylation of alkenes, oxidative cleavage of diols, ozonolysis, etard reaction, sharpless epoxidation.
The document discusses various properties of matter and chemical changes. It provides information on:
1) Density being a ratio and not dependent on size. Ice having a lower density than water and therefore floating.
2) Buoyancy causing less dense substances to float in more dense liquids. Boats being made of lower density materials than water.
3) Viscosity being the resistance to flow, with cold syrup having a higher viscosity than warm syrup due to particle interactions.
Chapter - 5, Periodic Classification of Elements, Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter-5, Periodic Classification of Elements, Science Class10
CLASSIFICATION
DOBEREINER’S TRIAD
LIMITATIONS
NEWLAND’S LAW OF OCTAVES
CHARACTERISTICS OF LAW OF OCTAVES
LIMITATIONS OF NEWLANDS LAW OF OCTAVES
MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE
PROPERTIES OF GROUPS STUDIED BY MENDELEEV
LIMITATIONS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE
MERITS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
PROPERTIES OF MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
NOBLE GASES
POSITION OF ELEMENTS IN THE MODERN PERIODIC -TABLE
METALS
NON-METALS
METALLOIDS
TRENDS IN MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur & Teacher)
Testing the degradation of ascorbic acid by tlcceutics1315
This document describes testing the degradation of ascorbic acid using thin layer chromatography (TLC). It discusses the principles of chromatography and TLC. The procedure involves spotting ascorbic acid solutions with and without sodium hydroxide on a TLC plate coated with silica gel as the stationary phase. The mobile phase moves up the plate by capillary action. The Rf values are calculated and show the degraded sample moves slightly farther, indicating degradation.
This document provides an overview of several sections on the topic of electrochemistry from a textbook or online course. It covers voltaic cells and how they generate electrical energy from redox reactions, different types of batteries like dry cells, lead-acid, and lithium batteries, fuel cells, corrosion and how to prevent it, and electrolysis and its applications in processes like metal smelting and electroplating. Diagrams and terminology related to these topics are also defined throughout the document sections.
This document defines oxidation, reduction, and oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. It explains that oxidation involves an increase in oxidation state and reduction involves a decrease. A redox reaction is any chemical process involving a change in oxidation states of elements. Examples of assigning oxidation numbers and writing half-reactions for redox reactions like nitric acid and copper are provided.
Here are the reactions of metal oxides with acid:
1) Magnesium oxide + hydrochloric acid
MgO + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O
2) Sodium oxide + hydrochloric acid
Na2O + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O
3) Aluminium oxide + sulphuric acid
Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
The metal oxide acts as a base and neutralises the acid to form a salt and water.
Semester - I C) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons by Dr Pramod R Padolepramod padole
C) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons:
a) Alkanes: Methods of formation: i) Wurtz reaction & ii) Corey-House reaction. Chemical reactions: i) Halogenation (With mechanism),
ii) Aromatisation.
b) Alkenes: Methods of formation (With mechanism): i) Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (E1 & E2), ii) Dehydration of alcohols.
Chemical reactions: Electrophilic & free radical addition of HX and X2 (With mechanism).
Semester - I C) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons by Dr Pramod R Padolepramod padole
C) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons:
a) Alkanes: Methods of formation: i) Wurtz reaction &
ii) Corey-House reaction. Chemical reactions: i) Halogenation (With mechanism), ii) Aromatisation.
b) Alkenes: Methods of formation (With mechanism): i) Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (E1 & E2), ii) Dehydration of alcohols. Chemical reactions: Electrophilic & free radical addition of HX and X2 (With mechanism).
This document provides an overview of the key concepts from the chapters on Chemical Reactions and Equations, Acids, Bases and Salts that will be covered in the Class X science support material. It outlines the gist of each lesson, mind maps, formative assessments, higher order thinking skills questions, and sample question papers. The support material aims to help students understand the important concepts and practice questions in accordance with the CBSE CCE scheme of evaluation.
The document is a chapter menu for organic chemistry covering substituted hydrocarbons and their reactions. It outlines 5 main sections that discuss alkyl and aryl halides, alcohols/ethers/amines, carbonyl compounds, other organic reactions, and polymers. Each section defines functional groups, draws structures, and discusses properties and reactions for different compound classes.
Sem - I Unit-III C) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons By Dr Pramod R Padolepramod padole
1. The document discusses aliphatic hydrocarbons, which are organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen.
2. It describes the classification and properties of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, which are the three main types of aliphatic hydrocarbons.
3. The key reactions of alkanes discussed are halogenation (addition of halogens) and aromatization (formation of aromatic compounds). Methods for preparing alkanes like the Wurtz reaction and Corey-House reaction are also summarized.
1) Alcohols undergo several characteristic reactions including combustion producing carbon dioxide and water, dehydration producing alkenes, reaction with sodium producing alkoxides and hydrogen gas, and oxidation producing different products depending on whether the alcohol is primary, secondary, or tertiary.
2) Alcohols can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on whether the carbon attached to the hydroxyl group has zero, one, or two alkyl groups respectively, and this classification determines how the alcohol will react during oxidation.
3) Esterification involves heating an alcohol and a carboxylic acid together with a catalyst such as sulfuric acid to produce an ester, with the general form of R
Different types of chemical reactions(ppt)utkarshs92
Utkarsh Singh presented on the different types of chemical reactions. There are several types including combination reactions, decomposition reactions, displacement reactions, and double displacement reactions. Combination reactions involve elements or compounds combining to form a new substance. Decomposition reactions involve breaking a substance down into simpler substances. Displacement reactions involve one element replacing another in a compound. Double displacement reactions involve ion exchange between two ionic compounds. Oxidation-reduction reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants. Exothermic reactions release heat while endothermic reactions absorb heat from their surroundings.
Basic Terminologies IN Chemistry, Applications of Inorganic ChemistryAdnan Btwort
This document provides an assignment for an Inorganic Chemistry course. It includes definitions for key terms in chemistry such as atom, molecule, element, compound, and chemical bonding. It also defines different states of matter and phase changes. The document lists common laboratory equipment used in chemistry like beakers, Bunsen burners, and analytical balances. It concludes with examples of how inorganic chemistry is applied in environmental science and manufacturing fibers and plastics.
INVESTIGATE THE PROPERTIES OF IONIC BOND AND COVALENT BOND THROUGH AN EXPERIMENTMISS ESTHER
CHEMISTRY FORM 4 KSSM
CHAPTER 5 : CHEMICAL BONDS (IONIC BOND AND COVALENT BOND)
EXPERIMENT 5.1 TO INVESTIGATE THE PROPERTIES OF IONIC BOND AND COVALENT BOND THROUGH EXPERIMENT
Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons (e.g, containing only carbon and hydrogen) unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Another term used to describe alkenes is olefins. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the double bond.
Ethers have a tetrahedral electron pair geometry around the oxygen atom, with a bond angle slightly greater than tetrahedral. The C-O bond length in ethers is around 141 pm, similar to alcohols. Ethers are commonly prepared via Williamson synthesis, where an alkyl halide reacts with sodium alkoxide to form the ether. This reaction follows an SN2 mechanism. Ethers are relatively inert due to the lone pairs on oxygen, but can undergo reactions under certain conditions, such as electrophilic aromatic substitution at ortho and para positions of aromatic ethers due to increased electron density at these positions.
1) Displacement reactions can be classified as metal-metal displacement reactions or metal-nonmetal displacement reactions.
2) In metal-metal displacement reactions, more reactive metals displace less reactive metals according to the reactivity series. For example, copper displaces iron when an iron bar is placed in copper sulfate solution.
3) In metal-nonmetal displacement reactions, metals can displace hydrogen from water, with more reactive metals like sodium displacing hydrogen even at room temperature, while less reactive metals like iron only displacing hydrogen when heated.
This document summarizes several atomic models proposed by scientists like Dalton, Rutherford, Bohr, Thompson, and Schrodinger. It discusses their key contributions, such as Dalton proposing atoms are basic units of matter, Rutherford discovering the nucleus, Bohr incorporating quantum theory. Physical and chemical properties and changes are defined, including examples like melting, boiling, burning. Chemical processes like combustion, neutralization, electrolysis, and corrosion are also outlined.
Alkanes are a family of hydrocarbons whose general formula is CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms. The document lists the molecular formula, name, structural formula, melting and boiling points of the first ten alkanes. It describes how physical properties like melting point, boiling point, and density increase with more carbon atoms. Alkanes are insoluble in water, do not conduct electricity, and undergo combustion reactions with oxygen and substitution reactions with halogens.
The document discusses the classification of elements and the periodic table. It explains that elements are arranged in the periodic table according to their atomic structure and properties, with similar elements grouped together. The periodic table is divided into rows and columns, with each row representing an energy level and each column representing common chemical properties. The position of an element in the table predicts its chemical behavior and reactivity with other elements.
This document provides an overview of chemistry and the key concepts involved, including:
- Chemistry deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as how substances react and change.
- Early civilizations like the Egyptians, Chinese, and Mesopotamians practiced basic chemistry for tasks like winemaking and working with metals. Modern chemistry began in the 18th century with a more quantitative, evidence-based approach.
- There are over 100 known elements that make up all matter. Elements are organized on the periodic table based on their properties like atomic number and electron configuration. The location of an element on the periodic table can predict its chemical behavior.
The document discusses the periodic table and classification of elements. It explains that (1) elements are arranged in the periodic table based on their atomic structure and chemical properties, which repeat periodically. (2) Each element is identified by its atomic number and atomic mass. (3) Elements are classified as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids based on their location in the periodic table and tendency to gain or lose electrons.
This document provides an introduction to chemistry, including:
1. Definitions of key terms like elements, compounds, physical and chemical properties and changes.
2. An overview of the major branches of chemistry like organic, inorganic, physical and analytical chemistry.
3. Descriptions of the periodic table, including groups like alkali metals and halogens, and periodic trends.
Testing the degradation of ascorbic acid by tlcceutics1315
This document describes testing the degradation of ascorbic acid using thin layer chromatography (TLC). It discusses the principles of chromatography and TLC. The procedure involves spotting ascorbic acid solutions with and without sodium hydroxide on a TLC plate coated with silica gel as the stationary phase. The mobile phase moves up the plate by capillary action. The Rf values are calculated and show the degraded sample moves slightly farther, indicating degradation.
This document provides an overview of several sections on the topic of electrochemistry from a textbook or online course. It covers voltaic cells and how they generate electrical energy from redox reactions, different types of batteries like dry cells, lead-acid, and lithium batteries, fuel cells, corrosion and how to prevent it, and electrolysis and its applications in processes like metal smelting and electroplating. Diagrams and terminology related to these topics are also defined throughout the document sections.
This document defines oxidation, reduction, and oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. It explains that oxidation involves an increase in oxidation state and reduction involves a decrease. A redox reaction is any chemical process involving a change in oxidation states of elements. Examples of assigning oxidation numbers and writing half-reactions for redox reactions like nitric acid and copper are provided.
Here are the reactions of metal oxides with acid:
1) Magnesium oxide + hydrochloric acid
MgO + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O
2) Sodium oxide + hydrochloric acid
Na2O + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O
3) Aluminium oxide + sulphuric acid
Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
The metal oxide acts as a base and neutralises the acid to form a salt and water.
Semester - I C) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons by Dr Pramod R Padolepramod padole
C) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons:
a) Alkanes: Methods of formation: i) Wurtz reaction & ii) Corey-House reaction. Chemical reactions: i) Halogenation (With mechanism),
ii) Aromatisation.
b) Alkenes: Methods of formation (With mechanism): i) Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (E1 & E2), ii) Dehydration of alcohols.
Chemical reactions: Electrophilic & free radical addition of HX and X2 (With mechanism).
Semester - I C) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons by Dr Pramod R Padolepramod padole
C) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons:
a) Alkanes: Methods of formation: i) Wurtz reaction &
ii) Corey-House reaction. Chemical reactions: i) Halogenation (With mechanism), ii) Aromatisation.
b) Alkenes: Methods of formation (With mechanism): i) Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (E1 & E2), ii) Dehydration of alcohols. Chemical reactions: Electrophilic & free radical addition of HX and X2 (With mechanism).
This document provides an overview of the key concepts from the chapters on Chemical Reactions and Equations, Acids, Bases and Salts that will be covered in the Class X science support material. It outlines the gist of each lesson, mind maps, formative assessments, higher order thinking skills questions, and sample question papers. The support material aims to help students understand the important concepts and practice questions in accordance with the CBSE CCE scheme of evaluation.
The document is a chapter menu for organic chemistry covering substituted hydrocarbons and their reactions. It outlines 5 main sections that discuss alkyl and aryl halides, alcohols/ethers/amines, carbonyl compounds, other organic reactions, and polymers. Each section defines functional groups, draws structures, and discusses properties and reactions for different compound classes.
Sem - I Unit-III C) Aliphatic Hydrocarbons By Dr Pramod R Padolepramod padole
1. The document discusses aliphatic hydrocarbons, which are organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen.
2. It describes the classification and properties of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, which are the three main types of aliphatic hydrocarbons.
3. The key reactions of alkanes discussed are halogenation (addition of halogens) and aromatization (formation of aromatic compounds). Methods for preparing alkanes like the Wurtz reaction and Corey-House reaction are also summarized.
1) Alcohols undergo several characteristic reactions including combustion producing carbon dioxide and water, dehydration producing alkenes, reaction with sodium producing alkoxides and hydrogen gas, and oxidation producing different products depending on whether the alcohol is primary, secondary, or tertiary.
2) Alcohols can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on whether the carbon attached to the hydroxyl group has zero, one, or two alkyl groups respectively, and this classification determines how the alcohol will react during oxidation.
3) Esterification involves heating an alcohol and a carboxylic acid together with a catalyst such as sulfuric acid to produce an ester, with the general form of R
Different types of chemical reactions(ppt)utkarshs92
Utkarsh Singh presented on the different types of chemical reactions. There are several types including combination reactions, decomposition reactions, displacement reactions, and double displacement reactions. Combination reactions involve elements or compounds combining to form a new substance. Decomposition reactions involve breaking a substance down into simpler substances. Displacement reactions involve one element replacing another in a compound. Double displacement reactions involve ion exchange between two ionic compounds. Oxidation-reduction reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants. Exothermic reactions release heat while endothermic reactions absorb heat from their surroundings.
Basic Terminologies IN Chemistry, Applications of Inorganic ChemistryAdnan Btwort
This document provides an assignment for an Inorganic Chemistry course. It includes definitions for key terms in chemistry such as atom, molecule, element, compound, and chemical bonding. It also defines different states of matter and phase changes. The document lists common laboratory equipment used in chemistry like beakers, Bunsen burners, and analytical balances. It concludes with examples of how inorganic chemistry is applied in environmental science and manufacturing fibers and plastics.
INVESTIGATE THE PROPERTIES OF IONIC BOND AND COVALENT BOND THROUGH AN EXPERIMENTMISS ESTHER
CHEMISTRY FORM 4 KSSM
CHAPTER 5 : CHEMICAL BONDS (IONIC BOND AND COVALENT BOND)
EXPERIMENT 5.1 TO INVESTIGATE THE PROPERTIES OF IONIC BOND AND COVALENT BOND THROUGH EXPERIMENT
Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons (e.g, containing only carbon and hydrogen) unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Another term used to describe alkenes is olefins. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the double bond.
Ethers have a tetrahedral electron pair geometry around the oxygen atom, with a bond angle slightly greater than tetrahedral. The C-O bond length in ethers is around 141 pm, similar to alcohols. Ethers are commonly prepared via Williamson synthesis, where an alkyl halide reacts with sodium alkoxide to form the ether. This reaction follows an SN2 mechanism. Ethers are relatively inert due to the lone pairs on oxygen, but can undergo reactions under certain conditions, such as electrophilic aromatic substitution at ortho and para positions of aromatic ethers due to increased electron density at these positions.
1) Displacement reactions can be classified as metal-metal displacement reactions or metal-nonmetal displacement reactions.
2) In metal-metal displacement reactions, more reactive metals displace less reactive metals according to the reactivity series. For example, copper displaces iron when an iron bar is placed in copper sulfate solution.
3) In metal-nonmetal displacement reactions, metals can displace hydrogen from water, with more reactive metals like sodium displacing hydrogen even at room temperature, while less reactive metals like iron only displacing hydrogen when heated.
This document summarizes several atomic models proposed by scientists like Dalton, Rutherford, Bohr, Thompson, and Schrodinger. It discusses their key contributions, such as Dalton proposing atoms are basic units of matter, Rutherford discovering the nucleus, Bohr incorporating quantum theory. Physical and chemical properties and changes are defined, including examples like melting, boiling, burning. Chemical processes like combustion, neutralization, electrolysis, and corrosion are also outlined.
Alkanes are a family of hydrocarbons whose general formula is CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms. The document lists the molecular formula, name, structural formula, melting and boiling points of the first ten alkanes. It describes how physical properties like melting point, boiling point, and density increase with more carbon atoms. Alkanes are insoluble in water, do not conduct electricity, and undergo combustion reactions with oxygen and substitution reactions with halogens.
The document discusses the classification of elements and the periodic table. It explains that elements are arranged in the periodic table according to their atomic structure and properties, with similar elements grouped together. The periodic table is divided into rows and columns, with each row representing an energy level and each column representing common chemical properties. The position of an element in the table predicts its chemical behavior and reactivity with other elements.
This document provides an overview of chemistry and the key concepts involved, including:
- Chemistry deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as how substances react and change.
- Early civilizations like the Egyptians, Chinese, and Mesopotamians practiced basic chemistry for tasks like winemaking and working with metals. Modern chemistry began in the 18th century with a more quantitative, evidence-based approach.
- There are over 100 known elements that make up all matter. Elements are organized on the periodic table based on their properties like atomic number and electron configuration. The location of an element on the periodic table can predict its chemical behavior.
The document discusses the periodic table and classification of elements. It explains that (1) elements are arranged in the periodic table based on their atomic structure and chemical properties, which repeat periodically. (2) Each element is identified by its atomic number and atomic mass. (3) Elements are classified as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids based on their location in the periodic table and tendency to gain or lose electrons.
This document provides an introduction to chemistry, including:
1. Definitions of key terms like elements, compounds, physical and chemical properties and changes.
2. An overview of the major branches of chemistry like organic, inorganic, physical and analytical chemistry.
3. Descriptions of the periodic table, including groups like alkali metals and halogens, and periodic trends.
1) Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds and their properties. It is a separate discipline due to the vast number and variety of organic compounds, many of which are essential to life.
2) Carbon can form chains and rings by bonding to itself and other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and halogens. Functional groups like alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids determine the properties and reactivity of organic molecules.
3) Chiral molecules are non-superimposable mirror images called enantiomers that can have different biological effects. The R/S system is used to distinguish these two forms.
This document provides an introduction to chemistry, including:
1. Definitions of key terms like matter, elements, compounds, properties and changes in matter.
2. The major branches of chemistry like organic, inorganic, physical and analytical chemistry.
3. An overview of the periodic table, including periodic trends and classifications of elements as metals, nonmetals, metalloids and noble gases.
This document discusses the basic chemistry concepts of matter, elements, compounds, and atoms. It defines key terms like chemical symbol, formula, and equation. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The periodic table organizes elements and provides atomic number, mass number, and information about chemical properties. Elements in the same group on the periodic table have similar chemical properties. Electrons determine an element's chemical reactivity, with most elements seeking to obtain a full outer electron shell of 8 electrons.
This document summarizes key concepts in chemistry including:
1) Matter is composed of atoms which are made up of subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons.
2) Elements are substances made of only one type of atom, while compounds contain two or more elements bonded together. Water, H2O, is an example of a compound.
3) Chemical bonds like ionic bonds and covalent bonds explain how atoms combine via electron transfer or sharing. Water's properties are due to its polar covalent hydrogen bonds.
4) The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity in solutions, and living things tightly regulate pH using buffers to maintain optimal conditions for enzyme function.
This document provides a summary of basic chemistry concepts covered in chapters 2 and 3 of a unit 1 notes document. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Matter is anything that takes up space and has specific physical and chemical properties. Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter and consist of a nucleus with protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons. Compounds are formed when two or more elements chemically combine, resulting in new substances with different properties than the individual elements.
This document discusses the structure and composition of matter. It explains that all matter is made up of elements, which are composed of atoms. Atoms contain protons, neutrons, and electrons. Elements can bond together through ionic bonds, covalent bonds, or hydrogen bonds to form molecules or compounds. Some important compounds are electrolytes, acids, bases, and salts. Chemical reactions cause bonds to form or break as atoms rearrange. The human body relies on many chemical processes and requires maintaining a narrow pH range in the blood for survival.
The document discusses the structure of matter and its chemical basis. It defines matter as anything that has weight and takes up space, including solids, liquids, and gases. All matter is composed of elements, which are made up of atoms. Atoms consist of a nucleus and electrons, and can bond together through ionic, covalent, or hydrogen bonds to form molecules and compounds. Chemical reactions form or break bonds between atoms and molecules.
The document provides an overview of the periodic table and classification of elements and matter. It discusses how elements are classified based on their properties, including metals and nonmetals. Key periodic patterns are described, such as how the chemical behavior of elements is determined by their electron configuration. The periodic law is explained, as well as the development of the modern periodic table with periods and families.
This document provides revision notes for the Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry exam. It covers topics like atomic structure, bonding, organic chemistry, calculations, the periodic table, acids and bases. For each topic, it provides definitions, explanations and examples. It also explains techniques for separating mixtures and compounds, including filtration, distillation, chromatography and dissolving. In addition, it discusses the structure of atoms and ions, including electrons, protons and neutrons. It describes the three main types of bonding - ionic, covalent and metallic - and provides examples of how bonding occurs between metals and non-metals to form ions.
This document provides an overview of early atomic theory and the development of modern atomic structure and chemical bonding models. It discusses the Greek concept of atoms, early atomic theories of Democritus and Dalton, experiments by Thomson, Rutherford and others that led to discovery of the electron and nuclear atom, and development of the periodic table. Key concepts introduced include atoms, molecules, ions, isomers, naming binary compounds and acids.
The document discusses the key concepts of elements, atoms, ions, and the periodic table. It covers early atomic theories proposed by scientists like Dalton, Thomson, and Rutherford. Key discoveries included that atoms are made up of a tiny, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons. The periodic table organizes elements by increasing atomic number and groups elements with similar properties together. Elements can form ions by gaining or losing electrons to become charged particles like cations and anions. Ionic compounds are formed from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
The document summarizes key aspects of the periodic table, including:
1) It describes the historical development of the periodic table by scientists like Lavoisier, Dobereiner, Newlands, Meyer, and Mendeleev.
2) It explains the modern arrangement of elements in the periodic table based on proton number and discusses the properties of elements in the same group and period.
3) It provides examples of properties and reactions of representative elements from groups 1, 17, 18 and period 3 of the periodic table. Transition elements and semimetals are also discussed.
This document provides an introduction to chemistry. It begins by defining chemistry as the study of matter and its properties. It then discusses the elements that make up the human body and where elements come from. There are several branches of chemistry including organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, biochemistry, and theoretical chemistry. It also defines key chemistry concepts like matter, elements, compounds, physical and chemical properties and changes. It introduces the three states of matter and phase changes. Finally, it provides an overview of the periodic table, including the development of the periodic table and periodic trends and characteristics of different groups of elements.
Chemical bonding involves the attraction between atoms that forms as a result of interactions between valence electrons. There are three main types of bonds: ionic bonds result from the transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals, covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons between nonmetals, and metallic bonds are attractions between positive metal ions and delocalized electrons in metals. The number of valence electrons determines an element's chemical properties and how it bonds. Chemical reactions occur through the breaking and forming of new bonds, and equations are used to represent these processes in a balanced way that obeys the law of conservation of mass.
This document provides an overview of chemistry, including its definition, major branches, early theories, and the rise of modern chemistry. It discusses key figures like Democritus, Aristotle, Boyle, Priestley, and Dalton and their contributions. It also defines matter, discusses chemical and physical properties, and distinguishes between physical and chemical changes. Finally, it covers topics like elements and their symbols, compounds and formulas, molecules, energy in matter including different forms of energy and laws of thermodynamics, and phase changes of matter.
The document summarizes key concepts about the chemical basis of life. It discusses that (1) body functions depend on cellular functions which result from chemical changes, (2) matter is composed of elements which combine to form molecules and compounds, (3) organic molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids along with inorganic substances like water and salts are the basic chemical constituents of cells.
The document discusses various microbiology techniques for culturing microbes including inoculation, isolation, incubation, inspection, and identification. It describes how to produce pure cultures through methods like streak plating and describes different types of culture media including solid, liquid, enriched, selective, and differential media. The goals are to transfer microbes to produce isolated colonies, grow them under proper conditions, observe characteristics, and identify organisms through comparing data.
The document provides instructions for creating a research poster, including reviewing sample posters and an article on best practices. It discusses font size, logo placement, poster size, image and graphic quality, and elements that make a poster engaging. A sample student research poster is also included, with sections on the problem, methodology, results, conclusions, and references. The poster summarizes a study on the occupations of school-aged children who have siblings with cognitive or behavioral disabilities.
The document provides instructions for creating an effective research poster. It discusses reviewing sample posters to understand best practices like font size, logo placement, size of the poster, and quality of images. It also recommends considering what makes sample posters visually engaging and how one's own poster could be improved.
Position Your Body for Learning implements evidence-based measurements to assess optimal positioning for learning. The document describes three simple assessments - "roll", "rattle", and "rumble" - to determine if desk height matches elbow rest height and chair height matches popliteal height. It explains that proper ergonomic positioning through adjustments can improve students' attention, fine motor skills, and performance on standardized tests. The document provides a form called "Measuring for Optimal Positioning" to document student measurements and identify furniture adjustments needed.
The agenda outlines a thesis dissemination meeting that will include welcome and introductions, a syllabus review, project summaries from students, breaks, a presentation on APA style and thesis document preparation from the writing center, library resources overview, and discussion of thesis resources and dismissal. The document also lists various thesis course, poster, article, and conference resources that will be made available to students.
This document discusses program evaluation, outlining key concepts and approaches. It describes the purposes of program evaluation as determining if objectives are met and improving decision making. Formative and summative evaluations are explained, with formative used for ongoing improvement and summative to determine effects. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are appropriate, including experimental, quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs. Stakeholder involvement, utilization of results, and addressing ethical considerations are important aspects of program evaluation.
The document outlines topics from Chapter 6 of a course, including similarities and differences between intervention planning for individuals and community programs, best practices for developing mission statements and effective teams, and issues related to program sustainability. It also provides examples and activities for developing SMART goals, vision and mission statements, and sustainability plans for a fall prevention program. Resources and considerations are presented for each step of the program development process.
Compliance, motivation, and health behaviors stanbridge
This document provides information about compliance, motivation, and health behaviors as they relate to learners. It introduces several occupational therapy students and their backgrounds. The objectives cover defining key terms and discussing theories of compliance, motivation concepts, and strategies to facilitate motivation. The document then matches vocabulary terms to their definitions and discusses several theories of behavior change, including the health belief model, self-efficacy theory, protection motivation theory, stages of change model, and theory of reasoned action. Motivational strategies and the educator's role in health promotion are also outlined.
Ch 5 developmental stages of the learnerstanbridge
This document provides an overview of developmental stages of the learner from infancy through older adulthood. It begins with introductions of the presenters and learning objectives. Key terms are defined. Development is discussed in terms of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial characteristics at each stage: infancy/toddlerhood, early childhood, middle/late childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle-aged adulthood, and older adulthood. Teaching strategies are outlined for each developmental stage. The role of family in patient education is also addressed.
This document summarizes the content covered in Week 2 of a course on community-based occupational therapy practice. Chapter 3 discusses using theories from related disciplines in community practice and identifying strategies for organizing communities to meet health needs. Chapter 4 covers understanding relevant federal legislation, including laws supporting reimbursement and those focused on education, medical rehabilitation, consumer rights, and environmental issues. The document also lists vocabulary terms and guest speakers for the week.
This document outlines the topics and activities to be covered in Week 3 of a course on community health and health promotion program development. It will describe processes of environmental scanning, trend analysis, and the key steps of community health program development. Students will learn about needs assessments, theories in health promotion planning, goals and objectives, and the ecological approach. They will develop implementation strategies at different levels of intervention and learn the purposes of program evaluation. Readings, discussions, and activities are planned, including a scenario analyzing a sheltered workshop using SWOT analysis. Key terms and concepts are defined.
This document outlines the topics that will be covered in the first two chapters of a course on community-based occupational therapy practice. Chapter 1 will discuss the history and roles of OT in community-based practice as well as characteristics of effective community-based OTs. It will also cover paradigm shifts in OT. Chapter 2 will address concepts in community and public health, determinants of health, and strategies for prevention. It will discuss OT's contributions to Healthy People 2020 and its role in health promotion. The schedule includes lectures, small group work, and a guest speaker.
This document discusses how to critically appraise quantitative studies for clinical decision making. It covers evaluating the validity, reliability, and applicability of studies. Key points include assessing for bias, determining if results are statistically and clinically significant, and considering how well study findings can be applied to patients. Study designs like randomized controlled trials, case-control studies, and cohort studies are examined. The importance of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in evidence-based practice is also covered.
This document discusses the importance of clinical judgment in evidence-based nursing practice. It states that research evidence must be considered alongside patient concerns and preferences. Good clinical judgment requires carefully examining the validity of evidence and how it is applied to specific patients. The fit between evidence and each patient's unique situation is rarely perfect. Nurses must understand patients narratively and use judgment over time to determine the most appropriate care based on evidence and the patient's needs. Experiential learning and developing expertise in caring for particular patient populations enhances a nurse's clinical grasp and judgment.
This document discusses qualitative research and its application to clinical decision making. It describes how qualitative evidence can inform understanding of patient experiences and perspectives, which are important components of evidence-based practice. The document outlines different qualitative research traditions like ethnography, grounded theory, and phenomenology. It also discusses techniques for appraising qualitative studies based on their credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The key point is that qualitative evidence provides insights into human experiences, values, and meanings that can help inform clinical decisions.
This document discusses critically appraising knowledge for clinical decision making. It explains that practice should be based on unbiased, reliable evidence rather than tradition. The three main sources of knowledge for evidence-based practice are valid research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient choices. Clinical practice guidelines are the primary source to guide decisions as they synthesize research evidence. Internal evidence from quality improvement projects applies specifically to the setting where it was collected, unlike external evidence which is more generalizable. Both internal and external evidence should be combined using the PDSA (Plan-Do-Study-Act) cycle for continuous improvement.
This document discusses implementing evidence-based practice (EBP) in clinical settings. It emphasizes that engaging all stakeholders, including clinical staff, administrators, and other disciplines, is key. It also stresses that assessing and addressing barriers like knowledge, attitudes, and resources is important. Finally, it highlights that evaluating outcomes through quantifiable measures can help determine the impact of EBP changes on patient care.
This document discusses clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), including how they are developed based on evidence, how they can standardize care while allowing flexibility, and how to evaluate and implement them. It notes that CPGs systematically develop statements to guide regional diagnosis and treatment based on the best available evidence. While CPGs provide time-effective guidance, the commitment of caregivers is most important for successful implementation.
This document discusses key aspects of writing a successful grant proposal. It explains that grant proposals request funding for research or evidence-based projects by outlining specific aims, background, significance, methodology, budget, and personnel. Successful grant writers are passionate, meticulous planners who can persuade reviewers of a project's importance and address potential barriers. The most important initial question is whether a project meets the funding organization's application criteria. Proposals need compelling abstracts that explain why a project deserves funding and clearly written background and methodology sections. Common weaknesses that can lead to rejection are a lack of significance or novel ideas and inadequate description of study design.
The document discusses ethical considerations for evidence implementation and generation in healthcare. It outlines key ethical principles like beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy and justice. These principles form the foundation for core dimensions of healthcare quality according to the Institute of Medicine. The document also differentiates between clinical research, quality improvement initiatives, and evidence-based practice. It notes some controversies around applying different ethical standards to research versus quality improvement. Overall, the document provides an overview of how ethical principles guide evidence-based healthcare practices and quality improvement efforts.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
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Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
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ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
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My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
2. Chemistry – a division of Physical Science
Chemistry – deals with the composition and
structure of matter and the reactions by which
substances are changed into other substances
Egyptian, Chinese, and Mesopotamians – wine
making, worked metals, dyes, glass, pottery,
embalming fluids (as early as 3500 BC
Intro
3. Flourished from 500 – 1600 AD
Main objectives (never reached):
◦ Change common metals to gold
◦ Find an “elixir of life”
Modern Chemistry -- began in 1774, with the
Frenchman Antoine Lavosier – used quantitative
methods and avoided mysticism, superstition, and
secrecy
Intro
4. Physical Chemistry – applies the theories of
physics
Analytical Chemistry – identifies what and how
much is present
Organic Chemistry – carbon compounds
Inorganic Chemistry – non-carbon compounds
Biochemistry – chemical reactions that occur in
living organisms
Intro
5. Either singly or in chemical combination, the 88
naturally occurring elements comprise virtually all
matter.
Their chemical and physical properties affect us
continually
This chapter (#11) discusses
◦ the Classification of matter
◦ the Elements
◦ the Periodic Chart
◦ the Naming of Compounds
Intro
6. In Chapter 5 we saw that matter can be classified
by its physical phase or state – solid, liquid, and
gas
Matter is anything that has mass
Chemists use this classification, but also divide
matter into several other classifications
Pure Substance – element or compound
Mixture – homogeneous or heterogeneous
Section 11.1
7. Pure Substance – a type of matter in which all
samples have fixed composition and identical
properties
◦ Element – all atoms have same # of protons (gold,
sulfur, oxygen)
◦ Compound – two or more elements chemically
combined in a definite, fixed ratio by mass (pure salt,
topaz crystal, distilled water)
A compound can be broken into its separate
components only by chemical processes
Section 11.1
10. Mixture – type of matter composed of varying
proportions of two or more substances that are
only physically mixed and not chemically
combined
◦ Homogeneous (a solution)– uniform throughout (coffee,
alloy). Technically, it should be mixed/uniform at the
atomic level.
◦ Heterogeneous – non-uniform (pizza, oil/water), at least
two components can be observed
Formed and broken down by physical processes
(dissolving, evaporation)
Section 11.1
12. Solvent – the liquid or the substance in the larger
quantity
Solute – the substance dissolved in the solvent
Section 11.1
Photo Source: Standard HMCO copyright line
13. Aqueous Solution (aq)– a solution in which water
is the solvent
◦ When dissolved & stirred the distribution of the solute is
the same throughout (homogeneous)
Unsaturated Solution – more solute can be
dissolved in the solution at the same temp.
Saturated Solution – maximum amount of solute is
dissolved in the solvent
Section 11.1
15. Solubility – the amount of solute that will dissolve
in a specified volume or mass of solvent (at a
given temperature) to produce a saturated
solution
If the temperature is raised the solubilities for most
solids increase
Section 11.1
17. When unsaturated solutions are prepared at high
temperatures and then cooled, the saturation point
may be reached as the solution cools
However, if no crystals are present, crystallization
may not take place
Result Supersaturated Solution – contains
more than the normal maximum amount of
dissolved solute at the given temperature
Section 11.1
19. The solubility of gases increases with increasing
pressure
◦ Example: manufacture of soft drinks, CO2 is forced into
the beverage at high pressure
Once the soft drink is opened, the pressure inside
the container is reduced to normal atmospheric
pressure and the CO2 starts escaping
The solubility of gases decreases with increasing
temperature (hot soft drinks quickly lose their CO2)
Section 11.1
20. In 1661 Robert Boyle proposed that the
designation ‘element’ be applied only to
substances that could not be separated into
components by any method
In addition Boyle initiated the practice of carefully
and completely describing experiments so that
anyone might repeat and confirm them
◦ Due to this procedure (carefully documenting
experiments) scientists have been able to build on
previous knowledge
Section 11.2
21. The earliest civilizations isolated 12 substances;
gold, silver, lead, copper, tin, iron, carbon, sulfur,
antimony, arsenic, bismuth, and mercury – later all
12 proved to be elements
Phosphorus was isolated (from urine) in 1669
◦ P is the first element whose date of discovery is known
By 1746, platinum, cobalt, and zinc had all been
discovered
Section 11.2
22. Around 1808 Davy, an English Chemist, used
electricity from the recently invented battery to
break down compounds, thereby isolating six
additional elements (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr)
By 1895 a total of 73 element were known
During the next three years the noble gases He,
Ne, Kr, and Xe were discovered
In addition to the naturally occurring elements, 26
synthetic elements have now been created
Section 11.2
24. Human Body = 65% oxygen & 18% carbon
Earth’s Crust = 47% oxygen & 27% silicon
Analyses of electromagnetic radiation from space
indicates that the universe consists of:
◦ Hydrogen – 75% (simplest element)
◦ Helium – 24% (second most simple element)
◦ Others – 1%
Earth’s Atmosphere = 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen,
and about 1% argon
Earth’s Core = 85% iron & 15% nickel
Section 11.3
25. Note that 74% of the
mass of the Earth’s
crust is composed
of only two elements
– oxygen & silicon
Section 11.3
26. a) The individual units (atoms) packed in a repeating
pattern
b) Noble gases that occur as single atoms
c) Diatomic atoms (hydrogen)
Section 11.3
27. Molecule – an electrically neutral particle
composed of two or more atoms chemically
combined
If the atoms are that same element, then the
molecule is of an element
◦ Element examples: H2 or N2
If the atoms are different elements, then the
molecule is of a compound
◦ Compound examples: H2O or NH3
Section 11.3
29. These atoms (H, N, O, F,
Cl, Br, I) are too reactive
to exist as independent
atoms.
When writing formulas w/
these seven elements we
us the diatomic form: H2
+Cl2 2HCl
Section 11.3
30. Allotrope – two or more forms of the same
element that have different bonding structures in
the same physical phase
Example: Diamond and Graphite
Both pure Diamond and pure Graphite are each
100% carbon (C), and are both solid
But the atomic arrangement of the carbon atoms
is different
Section 11.3
33. The periodic table puts the elements in order of
increasing atomic number, into seven horizontal
rows, called ‘periods’
The elements’ properties show regular trends
going up or down these periods
In 1869 the Russian Chemist, Mendeleev,
published the original periodic table
The fifteen vertical columns in the periodic table
are called ‘groups’
Section 11.4
36. A metal is an element whose atoms tend to lose
electrons during chemical reactions (+)
A nonmetal is an element whose atoms tend to
gain (or share) electrons (-)
The metallic character of the elements increases
as one goes down a group, and decreases across
(always considered left to right) a period
Section 11.4
39. Electrons are located in energy levels or shells
that surround the nucleus
◦ Level 1 – maximum of 2 electrons
◦ Level 2 – maximum of 8 electrons
◦ Level 3 – maximum of 18 electrons
The chemical reactivity of the elements depends
on the order of electrons in these energy levels
Section 11.4
41. The outer shell of an atom is known as the
valence shell
The electrons in the outer shell are called the
valence electrons
The valence electrons are the electrons involved
in forming chemical bonds – so they are extremely
important
Elements in a given group all have the same
number of valence electrons (and ∴ similar
chemical properties)
Section 11.4
42. The number of electrons in an atom is the same
as the element’s atomic number (Z)
The number of shells that contain electrons will be
the same as the period number that it is in
For the A group (representative) elements, the
number of valence electrons is the same as the
group number
Let’s look at Example 11.1 & Confidence Exercise
11.1 on pages 299 in your text
Section 11.4
45. The atomic size of the elements also varies
periodically (refer to the Periodic Table) – from
0.074 nm (H) to 0.47 nm (Cs)
Atomic size increases down a group
Atomic size decreases across a period
The atoms on the far left are the largest due to
less charge (fewer protons) in the nucleus and ∴
the outer electrons are more loosely bound
Section 11.5
46. Note - the Periodic Table can be used to determine relative atomic size
Section 11.5
47. Ionization energy – the amount of energy that it
takes to remove an electron from an atom
Ionization energy increases across a period due to
additional protons in the nucleus
Ionization energy decreases down a group
because of the additional shells situated between
the nucleus and the outer electron shell.
Section 11.5
49. In order to easily and conveniently discuss
chemistry we can use their chemical formulas
Chemical formulas are written by putting the
elements’ symbols adjacent to each other –
usually w/ the more metallic element first
A subscript following each symbol designates the
number of atoms H2O
Some compounds have special names
Section 11.5
51. Binary = two-element compound
First give the name of the metal and the give the
name of the nonmetal, changing its ending to –
“ide”
NaCl sodium chloride
Al2O3 aluminum oxide
Ca3N2 calcium nitride
Section 11.5
53. The more metallic or less nonmetallic element
(farther left or farther down periodic chart) is
usually written first in the formula and named first
The second element is named using the “ide”
ending
Greek prefixes are used to designate the number
of atoms in the molecule
Section 11.5
55. Ion – an atom or chemical combination of atoms
having a net electric charge
Monatomic ion – an ion formed from a single atom
(Cl-
)
Polyatomic ion – an electrically charged
combination of atoms (CO3
2-
)
Name the metal and then the polyatomic ion
◦ ZnSO4 zinc sulfate
◦ NaC2H3O2 sodium acetate
◦ Mg(NO3)2 magnesium nitrate
◦ K3PO4 potassium phosphate
Section 11.5
60. Recall that in the Periodic Table each individual
column is called a group
All the elements in a group have the same number
of valence electrons
If one element in a group reacts with a substance
– the other elements in the group usually react
similarly
The formulas of the compounds created are also
similar
We will discuss four of these groups …
Section 11.6
63. They exist as single atoms (monatomic)
Almost never react and form compounds
Noble gases have 8 electrons in their outer shells
(except He that has a full shell with 2)
◦ Eight electrons in the outer shell is VERY stable
“Neon” signs contain minute amounts of various
noble gases – electric current glow!
Argon gas is used inside light bulbs because even
at high temps. it will not react with the tungsten
filament (W)
Section 11.6
65. Each alkali metal atom has only one valence
electron
∴ tends to lose this electron ( +) and readily
react with other elements – active metals
Na & K are abundant (Li, Rb, Cs are rare)
So reactive w/ oxygen and water that they must
be stored in oil
NaCl, K2CO3 (potash), Na2CO3 (washing soda).
NaOH (lye), NaHCO3 (baking soda)
Predict formulas KCl, LiCO3
Section 11.6
67. Each halogen atom has seven valence electrons
∴ tends to gain an electron and readily react with
other elements active nonmetals
Only occur in nature as a compound, but when
purified occur as a diatomic molecule (F2, Cl2) –
generally poisonous
F is the most reactive – will corrode Pt, and cause
wood, rubber, water to burn on contact
Iodine is necessary for proper thyroid function
AlCl3 (aluminum chloride), NH4F (ammonium
fluoride), CaBr2 (calcium bromide)
Section 11.6
68. A lack of
iodine in the
diet can lead
to an enlarged
thyroid gland
Section 11.6
70. This group contains two valence electrons, and
tend to lose two electrons ( +2)
Not as chemically active as alkali metals (1A), and
are generally harder and stronger
Be2Al2(SiO3)6 – (beryl) , Mg(OH)2 (milk of magnesia),
CaCO3 (calcite), Ca3(PO4)2 (bones & teeth), BaSO4
(barite); Sr (red) & Ba (green) give color in
fireworks
Ra is radioactive – RaCl2 used on watch dials
(glowed in dark) until a number of Swiss dial-
painters came down with stomach cancer!!
Section 11.6
71. Although a nonmetal, H usually reacts like a alkali
metal (HCl, H2S)
Sometimes reacts like a halogen – NaH, CaH2
At room temp. – colorless, odorless, diatomic
Lightest element – was used in early dirigibles
Will burn in air to form water
Section 11.6
72. Flammable H
was used for
buoyancy.
Airships
today use
He.
Section 11.6
Editor's Notes
Have students open their book to appropriate page and work through these two examples together as a class. The students will need to turn to the front cover of their book and use the Periodic Table. You may choose to project the Periodic Table of the Elements on the next slide for all the students to see as you work the examples.
This is the Periodic Table of the Elements on the inside front cover of the textbook.
A number of the exercises at the end of the chapter use this figure.
Continue to emphasize how useful the Periodic Table is in predicting a number of important chemical characteristics for the elements.
In the post-WWI / pre-WWII era, airships were still thought to have significant military applications. Although the Hindenburg was originally designed to use helium (He), the world’s sole source of helium, the United States, would not sell the helium to Germany. The Germans were therefore forced to use hydrogen (H) for buoyancy, with disastrous results.