This document provides an assignment for an Inorganic Chemistry course. It includes definitions for key terms in chemistry such as atom, molecule, element, compound, and chemical bonding. It also defines different states of matter and phase changes. The document lists common laboratory equipment used in chemistry like beakers, Bunsen burners, and analytical balances. It concludes with examples of how inorganic chemistry is applied in environmental science and manufacturing fibers and plastics.

2. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
ASSIGNMENT # 1
BASIC TERMINOLOGIES IN CHEMISTRY
APPLICATIONS OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

3. SUBMITTED TO
SIR AMJAD LATIF LONE
SUBMITTED BY
NAME ROLL NO. NAME ROLL NO.
ANZA KAYANI 1 SYEDA NOOR HANIF 35
SARA YAQOOB 3 QURAT UL AIN 50
AFIA QAADEER 9 ALISHBA FIAZ 52
IRSA AJAIB 18 ADNAN MUHAMMAD
HASHMI
20
HIFSA AURANGZEB 34
CLASS : BS
SEMESTER : SECOND
CORSE TITLE : INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
COURSE CODE : 3212
DUE DATE : 25 SEPT 2020

4. CHEMISTRY
The branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of
their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
The branch of chemistry that deals with inorganic compounds.
Inorganic chemistry is defined as the study of the chemistry of materials from non-biological origins.
Typically, this refers to materials not containing carbon-hydrogen bonds, including metals, salts, and
minerals.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
The branch of chemistry concerned with the application of the techniques and theories of physics to the
study of chemical systems. Physical chemistry blends the principles of physics and chemistry to study
the physical characteristics, or properties, of molecules.
BIOCHEMISTRY
the branch of science concerned with the chemical and physico-chemical processes and substances that
occur within living organisms.

5. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and
preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also
compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,
halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Analytical chemistry is the science of obtaining, processing, and communicating information
about the composition and structure of matte. Analytical chemistry studies and uses
instruments and methods used to separate, identify, and quantify matter.
The definition of Matter is anything that has mass and volume (takes up space).
All living things are examples of matter. i.e. A person, A pet, Insects, A tree, Bacteria etc.
SOLID
A solid is a state of matter characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and
volume are relatively stable. For example, brick coin iron bar banana etc.

6. LIQUID
A liquid is one of the states of matter. The particles in a liquid are free to flow, so while a liquid
has a definite volume, it does not have a definite shape. For example, blood, honey, wine etc.
GAS
A state of matter that does not have a defined shape or volume, so it can expand to fill any
size or shape of container. For example, air, natural gas, carbon dioxide etc.
MELTING POINT
Melting point is the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid at normal atmospheric
pressure.
A more specific definition of melting point (or freezing point) is the temperature at which the
solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure.
CONDENSATION
Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid
phase, and is the reverse of vaporization.
SUBLIMATION
The process of changing from a solid to a gas without passing through an intermediate liquid
phase. Carbon dioxide, at a pressure of one atmosphere, sublimates at about −78 degrees
Celsius.

7. EVAPORATION
Evaporation, the process by which an element or compound transitions from its liquid state to
its gaseous state below the temperature at which it boils; in particular, the process by which liquid
water enters the atmosphere as water vapors.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
ATOM
Atom, smallest unit into which matter can be divided without the release of electrically charged
particles. The smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element,
consisting of a nucleus containing combinations of neutrons and protons and one or more electrons
bound to the nucleus by electrical attraction. For example Neon (Ne), Hydrogen (H), Argon (Ar) etc.
MOLECULE
Molecule, a group of two or more atoms that form the smallest identifiable unit into which a pure
substance can be divided and still retain the composition and chemical properties of that
substance. For example, molecule of water H2O.
ELEMENT
An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance. Every element is
made up of its own same type of atoms. For example, H, Fe, He, Ne etc.

8. COMPOUND
Compounds are chemical substances made up of two or more elements that are chemically bound
together in a fixed ratio. For example, compounds of water H2O, oxygen O2 and sodium chloride
NaCl.
ATOMIC NUMBER
Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which is characteristic of a
chemical element and determines its place in the periodic table. For example there is one proton in
the nucleus of Hydrogen, so it has atomic number 1. It is denoted by symbol Z.
MASS NUMBER
The mass number (symbol A, from the German word Atomgewicht [atomic weight]), also called
atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together
known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus. Atomic number of Oxygen is 16 having 8 protons and
neutrons.
ION
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a net electrical ( positive or negative) charge. For example,
Na+, Cl-.

9. BOND
The force which holds two atoms together in a molecule is described by the word bond.
COVALENT BOND
The forces of attraction or repulsion between two atoms, when they share electron pair or bonding
pair, is called as Covalent Bonding. A covalent bond is a chemical bond in which pairs of electrons are
shared between two atoms. The bond between two hydrogen atoms in H2 is covalent.
SHELL/ORBIT
The paths followed by electrons around the nucleus in an atom are called orbits or shells of electrons.
They are denoted by letters K, L ,M, N etc.
ORBITAL
An orbital refers to the dimensional motion of an electron around the nucleus in a three-dimensional
motion. An orbital can simply be defined as the space or the region where the electron is likely to be
found the most. Denoted by s, p, d, f.
MOLE
A mole of a substance or a mole of particles is defined as exactly 6.02214076×1023 particles, which
may be atoms, molecules, ions, or electrons. In short, for particles 1 mol = 6.02214076×1023.

10. ELECTRON
Electron is the lightest stable subatomic particle known which revolves around the nucleus of atom. It
carries a negative charge of 1.602176634 × 10−19 coulomb, which is considered the basic unit of electric
charge. The rest mass of the electron is 9.1093837015 × 10−31 kg.
NEUTRON
The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol. n. or. n 0. , with no electric charge and a mass slightly
greater than that of a proton.
POLYMER
A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules, or macromolecules,
composed of many repeating subunits. For example Polystyrene.
ISOMERS
Isomers that differ in connectivity are called constitutional (sometimes structural) isomers. They have
the same parts, but those parts are attached to each other differently. Butane and isobutane, are
isomers.
PERIODS
A period in the periodic table is a horizontal row of chemical elements. All elements in a row have the
same number of electron shells. Each next element in a period has one more proton and is less metallic
than its predecessor. There are seven periods in modern periodic table.

11. ISOTOPE
Isotope, one of two or more species of atoms of a chemical element with the same atomic number
and position in the periodic table and nearly identical chemical behaviour but with different atomic
masses and physical properties. Hydrogen (1H) has three naturally occurring isotopes, sometimes
denoted 1H, 2H, and 3H.
ISOTONE
Two nuclides are isotones if they have the same neutron number N, but different proton
number Z. For example, boron-12 and carbon-13 nuclei both contain 7 neutrons, and so are
isotones.
ISOBAR
Isobars are atoms (nuclides) of different chemical elements that have the same number
of nucleons. Correspondingly, isobars differ in atomic number (or number of protons) but have
the same mass number. An example of a series of isobars would be 40S, 40Cl, 40Ar, 40K,
and 40Ca.
POLLUTANT
A pollutant is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effects, or
adversely affects the usefulness of a resource. Types of primary pollutants include:
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) Carbon monoxide (CO) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) etc.

12. CHEMICAL EQUATION
A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form
of symbols and formulae, wherein the reactant entities are given on the left-hand side
and the product entities on the right-hand side. For example,
2 HCl + 2 Na → 2 NaCl + H2
CATALYST
A catalyst is a substance that can be added to a reaction to increase the reaction rate
without getting consumed in the process. Catalysts typically speed up a reaction by
reducing the activation energy or changing the reaction mechanism. Enzymes are
proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions.
REACTANT
Reactants are substances initially present in a chemical reaction that are consumed
during the reaction to make products. They are written on the left-hand side of the
equation. In above equation Na and HCl are reactants.
PRODUCTS
Products are the end-result of the reaction and are written on the right-hand side of the
equation. NaCl and H2 are products in the above example.

13. ENZYME
Enzymes are biological molecules (typically proteins) that significantly speed up the rate of virtually
all of the chemical reactions that take place within cells. They act as biological catalysts
(biocatalysts). For example Lipase, Amylase, Maltase etc.
COMBINATION (SYNTHESIS) REACTION
A combination reaction (also known as a synthesis reaction) is a reaction where two or more
elements or compounds (reactants) combine to form a single compound (product).
Such reactions are represented by equations of the following form:
X + Y → XY. For example, Ba + F2 → BaF2.
SOLVENT
A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution. A solvent is usually a liquid
but can also be a solid, a gas, or a supercritical fluid. Water is an example of solvent.
SOLUTION
Solution, in chemistry, a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in relative amounts that
can be varied continuously up to what is called the limit of solubility. Air, for example, is a solution
consisting chiefly of oxygen and nitrogen with trace amounts of several other gases, and brass is a
solution composed of copper and zinc.
MIXTURE
A mixture is the physical combination of two or more substances in which the identities are retained
and are mixed in the form of solutions, suspensions and colloids. Examples are,
Oil and water, Lemon juice and tea, Honey and tea, Milk and chocolate etc.

14. TEMPERATURE
A measure of the ability of a substance, or more generally of any physical system, to transfer
heat energy to another physical system. Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses hot
and cold. It is the manifestation of thermal energy, present in all matter, which is the source of
the occurrence of heat, a flow of energy, when a body is in contact with another that is colder.
ACID
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a proton (hydrogen ion H+) (a Brønsted–
Lowry acid), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis
acid). For example, Acids. Hydrochloric Acid. Sulfuric Acid. Nitric Acid. Carbonic Acid.
BASE
In chemistry, a base is a chemical species that donates electrons, accepts protons, or releases
hydroxide (OH-) ions in aqueous solution. Examples are Sodium Hydroxide.
Potassium Hydroxide. Magnesium Hydroxide. Calcium Hydroxide
ACID-BASE REACTION
The reaction between an acid and a base is known as a neutralisation reaction. Often when
an acid and base react a salt and water will be formed. We will look at a few examples of acid-
base reactions.
HCl (aq)+NaOH (aq)→H2O (l)+NaCl (aq)

15. BEAKER
In laboratory equipment, a beaker is generally a cylindrical container with a flat bottom.
Beaker is used to hold, mix, and heat liquids.
TEST TUBE
A test tube, also known as a culture tube or sample tube, is a common piece of laboratory
glassware consisting of a finger-like length of glass or clear plastic tubing, open at the top
and closed at the bottom. Used to hold and mix liquids.
FUNNEL
A funnel is a tube or pipe that is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, used for guiding
liquid or powder into a small opening
FLASK
A flask is a type of container made of glass. Used to hold and mix chemicals. The small
neck is to facilitate mixing without spilling. Their shape depends on what they are used for,
but they usually consist of a wider body, which contains the materials, and a more
narrow neck with an opening at the top.

16. THERMOMETER
A laboratory thermometer is a tool used in laboratories to measure temperature with high
accuracy. It can be partially or fully immersed in the substance being measured.
CONDENSER
In chemistry, a condenser is laboratory apparatus used to condense vapors — that is,
turn them into liquids — by cooling them down.
TWEEZERS
Forceps/tweezers are used to pick up or hold small objects.
SPATULA
In laboratories, spatulas and microspatulas are small stainless steel
utensils, used for scraping, transferring, or applying powders and paste like
chemicals or treatments.
BUNSEN BURNER
Bunsen burner, named after Robert Bunsen, is a kind of gas burner used as laboratory
equipment; it produces a single open gas flame, and is used for heating, sterilization, and
combustion.

17. DROPPER
An eye dropper, also known as a Pasteur pipette, or dropper, is a device used to
transfer small quantities of liquids. They are used in the laboratory and also to
dispense small amounts of liquid medicines.
TONGS
Laboratory tongs are large pincers for grasping and lifting vessels of heat-resistant
material used in high temperature chemical reactions.
CRUCIBLES
A cup-shaped piece of laboratory equipment used to contain chemical compounds when
heating them to very high temperatures. A heat-resistant container in which metals are
melted, usually at temperatures above 500°C, commonly made of graphite with clay as a
binder.
CLAMP
It is used to clamp onto ring stand to hold test tube.
FUME HOOD
A fume hood (sometimes called a fume cupboard or fume closet) is a type of
local ventilation device that is designed to limit exposure to hazardous or toxic
fumes, vapors or dusts.

18. PETRI DISH
A shallow, circular, glass or plastic dish with a loose-fitting cover over the top and
sides, used for culturing bacteria and other microorganisms.
ANLYTICAL BALANCE
An analytical balance (or lab balance) is a class of balance designed to measure
small mass in the sub-milligram range
EXPERIMENTS
An experiment is a procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate
a hypothesis. Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating
what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated.

19. Inorganic chemistry is concerned with the properties and behavior of inorganic
compounds, which include metals, minerals, and organometallic compounds.
Environmental Science
Environmental chemistry uses inorganic chemistry to understand how the uncontaminated environment
works, which chemicals in what concentrations are present naturally, and with what effects. They also
identify the effects of additives, such as fertilizers, on natural processes.
Fibers and Plastics
Fibers are materials that are continuous filaments or discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of thread. Fibers can
be spun into filaments, string, or rope; used as a component of composite material; or matted into sheets to make
products such as paper. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest engineering
materials are generally made as fibers, for example, carbon fiber and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene.
Inorganic polymers have wide applications such as in glasses, ceramics, rubber and plastic. Inorganic polymers are
extensively used in petrochemical industries. Silicone rubber, another inorganic polymer product, is used in the building
and construction industry for window and door seals.

20. Microchip
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as IC, chip, or microchip) is an
electronic circuit manufactured by the patterned deposition (or diffusion) of trace elements into the
surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Integrated circuits are used in virtually all electronic
equipment today and have revolutionized society. Computers, cell phones, and other digital appliances are
now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the low cost of production
of integrated circuits.
Mining, Ore, and Metals
Mining involves the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth or from an
ore body, vein, or seam. Materials recovered by mining can include base metals, precious metals, iron,
uranium, coal, diamonds, limestone, oil shale, rock salt, and potash. Any material that cannot be grown
through agricultural processes or created in a laboratory or factory comes from mining.
Paint, Pigment, and Coatings
A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of
wavelength-selective absorption. Pigments are used for coloring paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, food, and
other materials. Most pigments used in manufacturing and the visual arts are dry inorganic colorants, usually
ground into a fine powder. This powder is added to a vehicle (or binder), which is a relatively neutral or colorless
material that suspends the pigment and gives the paint its adhesion.

21. AMMONIA
Ammonia is a nitrogen source in fertilizer, and it is one of the major inorganic chemicals used in the
production of nylons, fibers, plastics, polyurethanes (used in tough chemical-resistant coatings, adhesives,
and foams), hydrazine (used in jet and rocket fuels), and explosives.
CHLORINE
Chlorine is used in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (used for pipes, clothing, furniture etc.),
agrochemicals (e.g., fertilizer, insecticide, or soil treatment), and pharmaceuticals, as well as chemicals for
water treatment and sterilization.
TITANIUMOXIDE
Titanium dioxide is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, which is used as a white powder pigment in
paints, coatings, plastics, paper, inks, fibers, food, and cosmetics. Titanium dioxide also has good
ultraviolet light resistance properties, and there is a growing demand for its use in photocatalysts.

22. Useful Examples of Inorganic Chemistry in Everyday Life
1.Cleaning Agent
Many cleaning agents such as soap, detergent, floor cleaner, and glass cleaner contain inorganic
compound either as solvent, cleaner itself, or bubble producer. Even the coloring of these products
contain inorganic coloring such as CI pigment. Moreover, these chemicals are in the material
together with organic compound.
Unlike food coloring that requires a lot of health consideration, textile additive often choose for the
inorganic compound due to its cheap cost. Moreover, the inorganic compound is not exclusive for
the coloring compound but also other component such as fiber, printing and many more.
Most will not know that in building foundation there is also some inorganic chemistry at work. For
setting concrete to a hard mass, inorganic chemistry works in the solution of powdered calcium
sulfate with water. Furthermore, when setting limestone, the dissolve of limestone construction into
the foundation also require inorganic chemistry to create beautiful pattern on its surface.
The school stationery of the children at house also made from inorganic compounds. Stationery like
pencils, ballpoint and such is from organic compound of carbon. Oxydated carbon forms black
substance usually found in pencil.

23. Some medicines in house first aid kit are from inorganic compound. Most common medicine with inorganic
compounds are laxative and antacid. Laxative is medicine for those who have problem in the excretion of
feses while antacid works to press the level of acid in gastro.
Another example of inorganic chemistry in everyday life is in the furniture of the house. Some furnitures such
as tableware, plates and cutleries are from inorganic compound. Most inorganic compounds in furniture are
steels and other metal works.
Inorganic chemistry is also present in jewelry. Jewelry either made of gold or silver both are inorganic
compound. These jewelry comes from earth crust and some of them like diamond is carbon-based gem. They
do not become jewelry instantly but through process of extracting and jewelry making.
Electronic devices that we found in everyday life such as television, microwave, lamps, batteries, and many
more is based on inorganic chemistry. Alkali as the main component in batteries is inorganic compound.
9.WaterFreezer
Any house with refrigerator will have water freezer to form ice. The freezing process of water to ice is part of
inorganic chemistry that includes inorganic compound such as hydrogen oxide and other non living based
components.

24. Applications of Inorganic Chemistry
Inorganic chemistry finds its high number of applications in
various fields such as Biology, chemical, engineering, etc
•It is applied in the field of medicine and also in healthcare
facilities.
•The most common application is the use of common salt or the
compound Sodium hydroxide in our daily lives.
•Baking soda is used in the preparation of cakes and other
foodstuffs.
•Many inorganic compounds are utilized in ceramic industries.
•In the electrical field, it is applied to the electric circuits as
silicon in the computers, etc.