Schistomasis
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This document discusses a case of Schistosomiasis haematobium in a 25-year-old male from Kenya. Laboratory tests found eggs of S. haematobium in the patient's urine. The document then provides details on the life cycle, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis remains a major public health problem worldwide, with certain areas of Africa and the Philippines having high infection rates. Praziquantel is the treatment of choice.
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Chagas ppt
This document provides information on Chagas disease, including:
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1. Acute pyelonephritis is a sudden, severe bacterial infection of the kidneys that commonly affects young women. It is caused by bacteria like E. coli traveling from the bladder to the kidneys.
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24 Pyelonephritis
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This document discusses the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and control of schistosomiasis. It notes that Schistosoma haematobium causes urinary tract infection and is endemic in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Common symptoms include blood in the urine, pain and burning during urination. Praziquantel is the recommended treatment, while control measures focus on improving access to clean water and sanitation to reduce transmission.
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Schistosomiasis.pptx
Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic flukes of the genus Schistosoma. It is estimated that 230 million people are infected globally, with most cases occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. The parasite has a complex lifecycle involving freshwater snails and human hosts. Symptoms vary depending on the parasite species but commonly include abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in stool or urine. Diagnosis is made by detecting parasite eggs in stool or urine samples under microscopy. Praziquantel is the treatment of choice. Prevention focuses on improving sanitation, snail control, and health education to reduce human contact with infected freshwater sources.
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This document provides an overview of urinary tract infections (UTIs). It begins with an anatomical and physiological review of the urinary tract. It then discusses the pathogenesis of UTIs, noting that they usually involve bacterial invasion of the urothelium by pathogens like E. coli that enter through the urethra. The document outlines risk factors for UTIs and their significant health and economic burdens. It provides treatment guidelines for different types of UTIs and discusses alternatives to broad-spectrum antibiotics to minimize ecological impacts.
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Pyelonephritis is an infection and inflammation of the kidneys that is usually caused by bacteria ascending from the lower urinary tract. It is more common in females than males, especially between ages 15-35. Common symptoms include flank pain, fever, nausea, and urinary symptoms like dysuria and hematuria. Diagnosis involves urinalysis showing white blood cells and a urine culture. Treatment focuses on antibiotics and prevention emphasizes frequent urination and hydration to maintain bladder health.
Pyelonephritis
This document defines pyelonephritis as inflammation of the kidney parenchyma and renal pelvis lining. It discusses the epidemiology and risk factors, including those related to host factors like sex, obstruction, and genetics. The etiology is typically gram-negative bacteria like E. coli ascending from the urethra. Clinical features range from mild fever to severe fever and flank pain. Diagnosis involves urine testing and culture. Treatment depends on severity and involves antibiotics like fluoroquinolones for 7-14 days.
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Acute pyelonephritis by N J V S PAVAN
1) Acute pyelonephritis is an infectious inflammatory process involving the renal parenchyma and renal pelvis.
2) It is commonly caused by ascending infection from the bladder or hematogenous infection by pyogenic bacteria like E. coli.
3) Clinically, it presents with fever, flank pain, nausea, vomiting and symptoms of a urinary tract infection like frequent urination and burning sensation.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are very common, affecting around 150 million people worldwide each year. The majority are cystitis, with a smaller percentage being pyelonephritis. Risk factors include being female, as well as factors like urinary catheters and anatomical abnormalities. Escherichia coli is the most frequent cause of community-acquired UTIs. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, urine culture and sensitivity testing. Treatment consists of antibiotics targeting the identified organism. Recurrent UTIs may be prevented with low dose antibiotic prophylaxis.
Urethritis
Urethritis is an inflammatory condition of the urethra that can be infectious or post-traumatic in nature. Common infectious causes are sexually transmitted pathogens like Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Symptoms include burning during urination and discharge from the penis. Diagnosis involves examination for discharge and testing first voided urine or urethral swabs. Treatment involves antibiotics like azithromycin or doxycycline to cover gonococcal and non-gonococcal causes. While typically resolving without complications, recurrent infection or untreated cases could potentially lead to strictures or abscesses.
Urinary tract infection
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by the presence of microorganisms in the urinary tract. UTIs can be uncomplicated or complicated depending on whether there are underlying medical issues. Common symptoms include burning during urination, frequent urination, and abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves urine testing and culture. Treatment depends on whether the infection is uncomplicated or complicated but generally involves antibiotic therapy for 3-14 days depending on severity. Single dose antibiotics are often used for uncomplicated infections while longer courses are needed for complicated or recurrent UTIs.
Urinary tract infection
This document provides an overview of urinary tract infections (UTIs). It defines UTIs and lists the parts of the urinary tract. The pathophysiology and most common causes are described. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management approaches are outlined for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs in different populations like children, adults, pregnant women. Imaging tests and their appropriate uses are also summarized. Treatment options for UTIs in various groups are provided.
24 Pyelonephritis
Acute pyelonephritis is a urinary tract infection that has progressed to the kidneys. It typically causes flank pain, nausea, fever and tenderness. Laboratory tests show pyuria on urinalysis and culture usually isolates E. coli bacteria. Acute pyelonephritis can be uncomplicated or complicated by conditions like obstruction or infection with resistant bacteria. Uncomplicated cases are usually treated initially with oral fluoroquinolones as outpatients. Complicated or severe cases require hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics along with treatment of underlying conditions. Proper diagnosis, culture and treatment duration are important to resolve the infection.
Urethritis
Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra that is commonly caused by sexually transmitted pathogens like Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. It presents with symptoms like burning during urination and discharge from the penis. Diagnosis involves examination for discharge and testing first-voided urine or urethral swabs. Treatment involves antibiotics like azithromycin or ceftriaxone to cover gonococcal and non-gonococcal causes. Complications are rare but may include strictures or spread to the epididymis or prostate.
Uti & vur
This document discusses urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children. It notes that UTIs are common in childhood and can lead to renal scarring if not treated properly. Escherichia coli is the most common cause of UTIs in children. The diagnosis of a UTI requires a positive urine culture. Treatment involves antibiotics, with younger or more severely infected children needing hospitalization. Recurrent UTIs may indicate an underlying condition like vesicoureteral reflux.
Schistosomiasis
This document discusses the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and control of schistosomiasis. It notes that Schistosoma haematobium causes urinary tract infection and is endemic in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Common symptoms include blood in the urine, pain and burning during urination. Praziquantel is the recommended treatment, while control measures focus on improving access to clean water and sanitation to reduce transmission.
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This document defines sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) as infections usually contracted through sexual contact that can be transmitted through bodily fluids from one person to another. It lists common STDs like chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes, and HIV. Viruses, bacteria, and parasites cause STDs. Risk factors include unprotected sex, multiple partners, and drug or alcohol use. Prevention involves safe sex practices, screening of high-risk groups, and treatment of infections.
Acute complicated cystitis and pyelonephritis - UpToDate
This document discusses acute complicated cystitis and pyelonephritis. It defines a complicated urinary tract infection as one associated with an underlying condition that increases the risk of treatment failure, such as diabetes, pregnancy, or urinary tract obstruction. The microbial causes of complicated UTIs are broader in scope and include organisms like Pseudomonas and enterococci that are often resistant to oral antibiotics. Patients may present with symptoms ranging from mild cystitis to severe pyelonephritis with sepsis. Diagnosis involves urine culture and susceptibility testing, and imaging studies may be needed to identify anatomical abnormalities or complications.
PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN UROLOGYS
This document discusses parasitic infestations in urology, focusing on schistosomiasis. It provides details on the causative parasites, life cycles, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis. Praziquantel is the drug of choice for treatment, while surgery may be needed for complications like obstructive uropathy or severe bladder hemorrhage. Key parasites discussed are Schistosoma haematobium, which causes urinary tract infections, and S. mansoni, which causes intestinal infections.
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Radiology 5th year, 4th lecture (Dr. Nasrin Alatrushi)
Radiology 5th year, 4th lecture (Dr. Nasrin Alatrushi)
Sexually transmitted diseases (st ds) epidemiology person, place, time graph
Sexually transmitted diseases (st ds) epidemiology person, place, time graph
Acute complicated cystitis and pyelonephritis - UpToDate
Acute complicated cystitis and pyelonephritis - UpToDate
Similar to Schistomasis
Schistosomiasis.pptx
Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic flukes of the genus Schistosoma. It is estimated that 230 million people are infected globally, with most cases occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. The parasite has a complex lifecycle involving freshwater snails and human hosts. Symptoms vary depending on the parasite species but commonly include abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in stool or urine. Diagnosis is made by detecting parasite eggs in stool or urine samples under microscopy. Praziquantel is the treatment of choice. Prevention focuses on improving sanitation, snail control, and health education to reduce human contact with infected freshwater sources.
Visceral leishmanasis
Visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the L. donovani parasite and transmitted through sandfly bites. It is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, South America, and around the Mediterranean. The patient is a 45-year-old male from Pakistan presenting with fever, weight loss, and wasting for 4-5 weeks. Laboratory findings show anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. Sodium stibogluconate is the first-line treatment, though amphotericin B or pentamidine may be used if initial treatment fails.
HANTA VIRUS
this is a very serious hemorrhagic virus even if, it is very rare in our settings , we should be aware of it and sometime include it in our differential of renal failure with hemorrhagic fever or cardiopulmonary stuffs.
Haematuria prof mohamed sobh
1. Hematuria is defined as more than 5 red blood cells per high power field in urine. It can be transient and microscopic or gross.
2. Causes of hematuria include glomerular and non-glomerular diseases of the kidneys, as well as conditions of the ureters, bladder, and urethra.
3. Evaluation of hematuria involves microscopic examination to confirm red blood cells and exclude other causes that can cause a positive dipstick. Further tests are aimed at identifying the specific underlying condition and its location.
Haematuria Prof. Mohamed Sobh
1. Hematuria is defined as more than 5 red blood cells per high power field in urine. It can be transient and microscopic or gross.
2. Causes of hematuria include glomerular and non-glomerular diseases of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra as well as coagulation disorders and malignancies.
3. Evaluation of hematuria involves urine microscopy to exclude myoglobinuria or hemoglobinuria, urine culture, renal ultrasound, and possibly renal biopsy depending on the suspected cause and severity.
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Schistosomiasis is caused by Schistosoma parasites. It is transmitted through skin contact with fresh water contaminated with parasite larvae from infected snails. The parasite eggs travel to the liver and intestines causing inflammation and damage over time. Acute symptoms include fever and rash while chronic cases lead to liver and intestinal damage. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding parasite eggs in stool or biopsy samples. Praziquantel treatment is effective against all stages of infection. Prevention relies on sanitation to stop the transmission cycle between humans and snails in fresh water sources.
Schistosomiasis
1) Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms (trematode worms) of the genus Schistosoma.
2) It is found most commonly in Africa, South America, East Asia, and the Middle East, infecting over 230 million people annually, with over 90% of cases occurring in Africa.
3) The parasite has a complex lifecycle involving freshwater snails and human hosts. People become infected when larval forms of the parasite penetrate their skin during contact with infected water, then develop into adults that reside in blood vessels, releasing eggs that can cause damage to internal organs.
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- 1. HX ●25 y/o African male ●Intermittant gross hematuria X 8 mo’s ●Dysuria and Increased Frequency ●Infantryman in Croatia since June 1994 ●4 yrs ago treated for something similiar
- 2. HX ●Somali tribe of kenya (nomadic) ●Garrisa District (NorthEastern Province) of Kenya ●Traveled widely in search of bride ●Had Swum in Tana River in past 4 yrs approximately 15 times
- 3. Laboratory ●U/A (+) RBC’s, (-) WBC’s, (-) nitrites, (-) leukocyte esterase ●U/A had single egg discovered in multiple slides of centrifuged urine ●However, diagnositic specimen ●Schistosomasis hematobium
- 4. Schistosomiasis Frank Meissner, LtCol, USAF, MC, FS Emergency Medicine
- 5. The fact that illness is associated with the poor-who are, from the perspective of the privileged, aliens in one's midst-reinforces the association of illness with the foreign: with an exotic, often primitive place. Susan Sontag
- 6. Introduction ●Chronic trematode (fluke) infection of humans ●Major worldwide health problem ●Three major species Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. haematobium
- 7. Geographic Distribution ●S. mansoni - Africa, Arabia, South America, and parts of the Caribbean ●S. japonicum - Japan, China, and the Philippines ●S. haematobium - Africa and the Middle East ●A minor species, S. mekongi - mainland Indochina
- 9. Epidemiology I ●Highly endemic, 2-3 million people ●Infection rates by region as high as 60% ●Risk elevated in rainy seasons March to May and Late September to November
- 10. Epidemiology II ●Haematobium coastal plain and lower Tana River Valley ●Taveta vicinity (extreme southwestern Coast Province) ●Kitui District (Eastern Province) ●Nyanza Province (bordering Lake Victoria)
- 11. Epidemiology III ●Intestinal Shistosomasis less widely distributed ●Kitui and Machakos Districts (Eastern Province) ●Taveta vicinity ●Bordering Lake Victoria ●Rusinga and Mfango Islands (Lake Victoria)
- 13. Epidemiology
- 14. Clinical Features I ●Three stages of disease may occur ●First stage, schistosomal dermatitis ●Develops acutely within a day of cercarial penetration of the skin ●Swimmer's itch, similar reaction in US ●26 percent of Michigan residents have antischistosomal antibodies
- 15. Clinical Features II ●Second stage of disease ●Acute schistosomiasis, or Katayama fever ●Four to eight weeks after heavy, primary, infection ●Fever, cough, hepatosplenomegaly, malaise, myalgias, urticaria, and eosinophilia
- 16. Clinical Findings III ●Stage III - Chronic schistosomiasis ●Caused by heavy deposition of eggs in intestine or bladder and in the liver ●S. haematobium infection, principal symptoms -terminal hematuria, dysuria, and frequency ●Hydronephrosis and pyelonephritis may develop 2ndary fibrosis and infection
- 17. Non-Haematobium infection I ●S. mansoni, S. mekongi, or S. japonicum infection ●Fever, malaise, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or hepatosplenomegaly ●Presinusoidal hepatic trapping of eggs ●Granulomatous reaction induces portal hypertension collateral esophageal varices
- 18. Non-Haematobium infection II ●Eggs may be shunted from liver to lung, with PAH ●Death 2ndary variceal bleeding ●Hepatic encephalopathy rare- hepatic parenchyma spared ●Less common sequelae - intestinal polyps, bladder carcinoma, persistent Salmonella infections
- 19. Non-Haematobium infection III ●Infrequently, focal neurologic dysfunction 2ndary aberrant localization in CNS tissue ●Embolic deposition of S. japonicum eggs may produce cerebral granulomas ●S. mansoni may lead to transverse myelitis involving the midthoracic or lumbar spinal cord
- 20. Diagnosis I ●Suggested - history of possible exposure ●Exposure may be years distant ●Compatable gastrointestinal or urinary tract symptoms, hepatosplenomegaly, eosinophilia, or combination of findings ●Serologic tests are rarely helpful
- 21. Diagnosis II ●Document presence of active infection ●=> find viable eggs ●Assess intensity of infection -quantitate egg excretion
- 22. Diagnosis III ●Stool examination should include search for all Schistosoma species ●S. haematobium, urine should be obtained between 10:00 A.M. and 2:00 P.M. ●Microscopic examination of biopsy specimens of rectal mucosa
- 24. Treatment ●Praziquantel is drug of choice ●S. haematobium, single dose 40 mg/kg po ●S. japonicum, S. mansoni, and S. mekongi, 20 mg/kg po TID X 1 day ●Drug efficacious, paucity of side effects, is convenient
- 25. Conclusions ●Geographic Medicine NOT Tropical Medicine ●Detailed history of location and activities important in making geographic medicine diagnosis ●Knowledge of ecology of parasites important
- 26. Meissner 6 W’s- ID Hx/o ●WHERE & WHEN? (travel history) ●You did WHAT WITH WHO, WHERE ?!!!!!!!! (sexual history) ●WACKY WAYS to WASTE time? (avocational/occupational history)
- 27. Meissner 6 W’s- ID Hx/o ●WEIRD and non-WEIRD WILDLIFE? (Zoonoses) ●Wolfing WHAT? (food and ingestion history) ●WEAK-knead WIMP (immunocompromised/immunosuppressed host)